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# Amara's Thesaurus 1.2

Nāmaliṅgānuśāsana (Amarakośa) 1.2

- **Language:** Sanskrit

### [1.2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.1)

Six names of other special drums, (Female) dancer (2) ## The body (1), String attachment (1) ##  
(1.7.422) kolambakastu kāyo 'syā upanāho nibandhanam

> Six names of other special drums, (Female) dancer (2) ## The body (1), String attachment (1) ##  
> (1.7.422) Its body is the \*kolambaka\*; the fastening \[of strings\] is the \*upanāha\*.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.2)

186  
(1.7.423) vādyaprabhedā ḍamarumaḍḍuḍiṇḍimajharjharāḥ  
(1.7.424) mardalaḥ paṇavo 'nye ca nartakīlāsike same

> 186  
> (1.7.423) Varieties of musical instruments are \*ḍamaru\*, \*maḍḍu\*, \*ḍiṇḍima\*, and \*jharjhara\*,  
> (1.7.424) \*mardala\*, \*paṇava\*, and others; \*nartakī\* and \*lāsikā\* are equivalent \[for a female dancer\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.3)

## Dancing speeds low, medium, high, Beating time(1), Musical pause or rest (1)##  
(1.7.425) vilambitaṃ drutaṃ madhyaṃ tattvamogho ghanaṃ kramāt  
(1.7.426) tālaḥ kālakriyāmānaṃ layaḥ sāmyamamathāstriyām

> ## Dancing speeds low, medium, high, Beating time(1), Musical pause or rest (1)##  
> (1.7.425) Slow, fast, and medium \[tempo are called\] \*tattva\*, \*ogha\*, and \*ghana\*, respectively.  
> (1.7.426) \*Tāla\* is the measure of musical time; \*laya\* is \[rhythmic\] equilibrium; these are non-feminine.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.4)

## Dance (6), The musical arts (dance, song, instrument) (1) ##  
(1.7.427) tāṇḍavaṃ naṭanaṃ nāṭyaṃ lāsyaṃ nṛtyaṃ ca nartane  
(1.7.428) tauryatrikaṃ nṛtyagītavādyaṃ nāṭyamidaṃ trayam

> ## Dance (6), The musical arts (dance, song, instrument) (1) ##  
> (1.7.427) \*Tāṇḍava\*, \*naṭana\*, \*nāṭya\*, \*lāsya\*, and \*nṛtya\* designate dancing (\*nartana\*).  
> (1.7.428) The triad of dancing, singing, and instrumental music is the \*tauryatrika\*; this triad is also drama (\*nāṭya\*).  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.5)

## Female impersonator dancer in drama (3), Courtesan (1) ##  
(1.7.429) bhrakuṃsaśca bhrukuṃsaśca bhrūkuṃsaśceti nartakaḥ  
(1.7.430) strīveṣadhārī puruṣo nāṭyoktau gaṇikāñjukā

> ## Female impersonator dancer in drama (3), Courtesan (1) ##  
> (1.7.429) \*Bhrakuṃsa\*, \*bhrukuṃsa\*, and \*bhrūkuṃsa\* refer to a male dancer  
> (1.7.430) dressed in woman's attire; in dramatic speech, a courtesan is called \*ajjukā\*.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.6)

## Husband of sister (1), Learned man (1), Father (1), Prince (2)##  
(1.7.431) bhaginīpatirāvutto bhāvo vidvānathāvukaḥ  
(1.7.432) janako yuvarājastu kumāro bhartṛdārakaḥ

> ## Husband of sister (1), Learned man (1), Father (1), Prince (2)##  
> (1.7.431) A sister's husband is \*āvutta\*; a learned man is \*bhāva\*; a father is \*āvuka\*;  
> (1.7.432) the crown prince is \*kumāra\* and \*bhartṛdāraka\*.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.7)

## King (2), Princess (1), Queen (1), Other wives of a king (1) ##  
(1.7.433) rājā bhaṭṭārako devastatsutā bhartṛdārikā  
(1.7.434) devī kṛtābhiṣekāyāmitarāsu tu bhaṭṭinī

> ## King (2), Princess (1), Queen (1), Other wives of a king (1) ##  
> (1.7.433) A king is \*bhaṭṭāraka\* and \*deva\*; his daughter is \*bhartṛdārikā\*;  
> (1.7.434) \*devī\* applies to a consecrated \[queen\], but \*bhaṭṭinī\* to other \[wives of the king\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.8)

## Interjection for a forbidden act (1), King's brother-in-law (1) ##  
(1.7.435) abrahmaṇyamavadhyoktau rājaśyālastu rāṣṭriyaḥ

> ## Interjection for a forbidden act (1), King's brother-in-law (1) ##  
> (1.7.435) \*Abrahmaṇya\* is an exclamation upon something not to be killed \[or done\]; the king's brother-in-law is the \*rāṣṭriya\*.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.9)

## Mother (1), Young lass (2), Venerable man (1), Catastrophe or end of drama (2) ##  
(1.7.436) ambā mātātha bālā syādvāsūrāryastu māriṣaḥ  
(1.7.437) attikā bhaginī jyeṣṭhā niṣṭhā nirvahaṇe same  
## Vocatives for different female servants (1) each, Gesture (2), Expressive gesture (2) ##  
(1.7.438) haṇḍe hañje halāhvāne nīcāṃ ceṭīṃ sakhīṃ prati  
(1.7.439) aṅgahāro 'ṅgavikṣepo vyañjakābhinayau samau

> ## Mother (1), Young lass (2), Venerable man (1), Catastrophe or end of drama (2) ##  
> (1.7.436) \*Ambā\* is mother; a young girl is \*bālā\* and \*vāsū\*; a venerable man is \*māriṣa\*;  
> (1.7.437) \*attikā\* is an elder sister; \*niṣṭhā\* and \*nirvahaṇa\* are equivalent \[for dramatic resolution\].  
> ## Vocatives for different female servants (1) each, Gesture (2), Expressive gesture (2) ##  
> (1.7.438) \*Haṇḍe\*, \*hañje\*, and \*halā\* are forms of address to a lowborn maidservant, a female servant, and a female friend, respectively.  
> (1.7.439) \*Aṅgahāra\* and \*aṅgavikṣepa\* \[are bodily movement\]; \*vyañjaka\* and \*abhinaya\* are equivalent \[for dramatic representation\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.10)

## Acting by body or expression (1), Eight types of emotions (rasa) listed ##  
(1.7.440) nirvṛtte tvaṅgasattvābhyāṃ dve triṣvāṅgikasāttvike  
(1.7.441) śṛṅgāravīrakaruṇādbhutahāsyabhayānakāḥ

> ## Acting by body or expression (1), Eight types of emotions (rasa) listed ##  
> (1.7.440) Performed by body and temperament, \*āṅgika\* and \*sāttvika\* are in three genders.  
> (1.7.441) The erotic, heroic, pathetic, wondrous, comic, terrible,  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.11)

## Love emotion (3), Heroism (2), Tenderness (7), Merriment (3), Disgust(2) ##  
(1.7.442) bībhatsaraudrau ca rasāḥ śṛṅgāraḥ śucirujjvalaḥ  
(1.7.443) utsāhavardhano vīraḥ kāruṇyaṃ karuṇā ghṛṇā  
(1.7.444) kṛpā dayānukampā syādanukrośo 'pyatho hasaḥ  
(1.7.445) hāso hāsyaṃ ca bībhatsaṃ vikṛtaṃ triṣvidaṃ dvayam

> ## Love emotion (3), Heroism (2), Tenderness (7), Merriment (3), Disgust(2) ##  
> (1.7.442) odious, and furious are the aesthetic sentiments (\*rasa\*); the erotic sentiment is \*śuci\* and \*ujjvala\*;  
> (1.7.443) the heroic enhances energy; \*kāruṇya\*, \*karuṇā\*, \*ghṛṇā\*,  
> (1.7.444) \*kṛpā\*, \*dayā\*, \*anukampā\*, and \*anukrośa\* \[mean compassion\]; then \*hasa\*,  
> (1.7.445) \*hāsa\*, and \*hāsya\* \[mean laughter\]; \*bībhatsa\* and \*vikṛta\* are in three genders \[for the disgusting\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.12)

## Wonderment (4), Terror (9), Anger or horror (2), Fear (6) ##  
(1.7.446) vismayo 'dbhutamāścaryaṃ citramapyatha bhairavam  
(1.7.447) dāruṇaṃ bhīṣaṇaṃ bhīṣmaṃ ghoraṃ bhīmaṃ bhayānakam  
(1.7.448) bhayaṅkaraṃ pratibhayaṃ raudraṃ tūgramamī triṣu  
(1.7.449) caturdaśa darastrāso bhītirbhīḥ sādhvasaṃ bhayam

> ## Wonderment (4), Terror (9), Anger or horror (2), Fear (6) ##  
> (1.7.446) \*Vismaya\*, \*adbhuta\*, \*āścarya\*, and \*citra\* \[mean wonder\]; then \*bhairava\*,  
> (1.7.447) \*dāruṇa\*, \*bhīṣaṇa\*, \*bhīṣma\*, \*ghora\*, \*bhīma\*, \*bhayānaka\*,  
> (1.7.448) \*bhayaṅkara\*, \*pratibhaya\*, \*raudra\*, and \*ugra\*—these  
> (1.7.449) fourteen are in three genders; \*dara\*, \*trāsa\*, \*bhīti\*, \*bhī\*, \*sādhvasa\*, and \*bhaya\* \[mean fear\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.13)

## Mental sentiment or attitude (1), Expression of it (1) ##  
(1.7.450) vikāro mānaso bhāvo 'nubhāvo bhāvabodhakaḥ

> ## Mental sentiment or attitude (1), Expression of it (1) ##  
> (1.7.450) A mental modification is a \*bhāva\*; that which conveys the sentiment is an \*anubhāva\*.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.14)

## Pride (5), Arrogance (6), Disrespect (9) ##  
(1.7.451) garvo 'bhimāno 'haṅkāro mānaścittasamunnatiḥ  
(1.7.452) darpo 'valoko 'vaṣṭambhaścittodrekaḥ smayo madaḥ  
(1.7.453) anādaraḥ paribhavaḥ parībhāvastiraskriyā  
(1.7.454) rīḍhāvamānanāvajñāvahelanamasūrkṣaṇam

> ## Pride (5), Arrogance (6), Disrespect (9) ##  
> (1.7.451) \*Garva\*, \*abhimāna\*, \*ahaṅkāra\*, \*māna\*, and \*cittasamunnati\* \[mean pride\];  
> (1.7.452) \*darpa\*, \*avaloka\*, \*avaṣṭambha\*, \*cittodreka\*, \*smaya\*, and \*mada\* \[mean arrogance\];  
> (1.7.453) \*anādara\*, \*paribhava\*, \*parībhāva\*, \*tiraskriyā\*,  
> (1.7.454) \*vīḍhā\*, \*avamānanā\*, \*avajñā\*, \*avahelana\*, and \*asūrkṣaṇa\* \[mean disrespect\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.15)

## Modesty or shame (5), Bashfulness (1) ##  
(1.7.455) mandākṣaṃ hrīstrapā vrīḍā lajjā sāpatrapānyataḥ

> ## Modesty or shame (5), Bashfulness (1) ##  
> (1.7.455) \*Mandākṣa\*, \*hrī\*, \*trapā\*, \*vrīḍā\*, and \*lajjā\* \[mean shame\]; turning away from shame is \*apatrapā\*.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.16)

## Patience, tolerance (2), Greed (for other's property) (1) ##  
(1.7.456) kṣāntistitikṣābhidhyā tu parasya viṣaye spṛhā

> ## Patience, tolerance (2), Greed (for other's property) (1) ##  
> (1.7.456) \*Kṣānti\* and \*titikṣā\* \[mean endurance\]; but \*abhidhyā\* is longing for another's property.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.17](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.17)

## Jealousy or envy (2), Nitpicking (1), Enmity (3), Grief (3) ##  
(1.7.457) akṣāntirīrṣyāsūyā tu doṣāropo guṇeṣvapi  
(1.7.458) vairaṃ virodho vidveṣo manyuśokau tu śuk striyām

> ## Jealousy or envy (2), Nitpicking (1), Enmity (3), Grief (3) ##  
> (1.7.457) \*Akṣānti\* and \*īrṣyā\* \[mean envy\]; \*asūyā\* is attributing faults even to virtues;  
> (1.7.458) \*vaira\*, \*virodha\*, and \*vidveṣa\* \[mean hostility\]; \*manyu\*, \*śoka\*, and \*śuc\* (feminine) \[mean grief\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.18](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.18)

## Repentance (3), Wrath or rage (7) ##  
(1.7.459) paścāttāpo 'nutāpaśca vipratīsāra ityapi  
(1.7.460) kopakrodhāmarṣaroṣapratighā ruṭ kṛdhau striyau

> ## Repentance (3), Wrath or rage (7) ##  
> (1.7.459) \*Paścāttāpa\*, \*anutāpa\*, and \*vipratīsāra\* \[mean remorse\];  
> (1.7.460) \*kopa\*, \*krodha\*, \*amarṣa\*, \*roṣa\*, and \*pratigha\* \[mean wrath\]; \*ruṭ\* and \*krudh\* are feminine.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.19](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.19)

## Character or good conduct (1), Insanity (2) ##  
(1.7.461) śucau tu carite śīlamunmādaścittavibhramaḥ

> ## Character or good conduct (1), Insanity (2) ##  
> (1.7.461) In the sense of pure conduct, \[the word is\] \*śīla\*; \*unmāda\* and \*cittavibhrama\* \[mean madness\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.20](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.20)

## Affection or kindness (3), Desire or wish (12), Lust (1) ##  
(1.7.462) premā nā priyatā hārdaṃ premasneho 'tha dohadam  
(1.7.463) icchā kāṅkṣā spṛhehā tṛḍ vāñchā lipsā manorathaḥ  
(1.7.464) kāmo 'bhilāṣastarṣaśca so 'tyarthaṃ lālasā dvayoḥ

> ## Affection or kindness (3), Desire or wish (12), Lust (1) ##  
> \*Premā\* (masculine), \*priyatā\*, \*hārdam\*, \*preman\*, and \*snehaḥ\* \[denote affection\]; and \*dohadam\*,  
> \*icchā\*, \*kāṅkṣā\*, \*spṛhā\*, \*īhā\*, \*tṛṣ\*, \*vāñchā\*, \*lipsā\*, \*manorathaḥ\*,  
> \*kāmaḥ\*, \*abhilāṣaḥ\*, and \*tarṣaḥ\* \[denote desire\]; excessive \[desire\] is \*lālasā\* in two genders.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.21](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.21)

## Moral reflection (1), Mental decease (1) Recollection (3) Anxiety (2) ##  
(1.7.465) upādhirnā dharmacintā puṃsyādhirmānasī vyathā  
(1.7.466) syāccintā smṛtirādhyānamutkaṇṭhotkalike same

> ## Moral reflection (1), Mental disease (1), Recollection (3), Anxiety (2) ##  
> \*Upādhiḥ\* (masculine) is moral reflection; \*ādhiḥ\* in the masculine is mental pain;  
> \*cintā\*, \*smṛtiḥ\*, and \*ādhyānam\* \[denote recollection\]; \*utkaṇṭhā\* and \*utkalikā\* are synonymous \[for anxiety\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.22](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.22)

## Perseverance or enthusiasm (2), Fortitude (1) ##  
(1.7.467) utsāho 'dhyavasāyaḥ syāt sa vīryamatiśaktibhāk

> ## Perseverance or enthusiasm (2), Fortitude (1) ##  
> \*Utsāhaḥ\* and \*adhyavasāyaḥ\* \[denote perseverance\]; he who possesses great power is \[called\] \*vīryaḥ\*.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.23](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.23)

## Fraud or deceit (9), Carelessness or error (2) ##  
(1.7.468) kapaṭo 'strī vyājadambhopadhayaś chadmakaitave  
(1.7.469) kusṛtirnikṛtiḥ śāṭhyaṃ pramādo 'navadhānatā

> ## Fraud or deceit (9), Carelessness or error (2) ##  
> \*Kapaṭaḥ\* (not feminine), \*vyājaḥ\*, \*dambhaḥ\*, \*upadhiḥ\*, \*chadman\*, \*kaitavam\*,  
> \*kusṛtiḥ\*, \*nikṛtiḥ\*, and \*śāṭhyam\* \[denote deceit\]; \*pramādaḥ\* and \*anavadhānatā\* \[denote carelessness\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.24](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.24)

## Eagerness or curiosity (4), Women's affectionate actions (six listed) (1) ##  
(1.7.470) kautūhalaṃ kautukaṃ ca kutukaṃ ca kutūhalam  
(1.7.471) strīṇāṃ vilāsabibbokavibhramā lalitaṃ tathā  
(1.7.472) helā līletyamī hāvāḥkriyāḥ śṛṅgārabhāvajāḥ

> ## Eagerness or curiosity (4), Women's affectionate actions (six listed) (1) ##  
> \*Kautūhalam\*, \*kautukam\*, \*kutukam\*, and \*kutūhalam\* \[denote curiosity\];  
> women's \*vilāsa\*, \*bibboka\*, \*vibhrama\*, and likewise \*lalita\*,  
> \*helā\*, and \*līlā\*—these gestures are actions born of the erotic sentiment.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.25](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.25)

## Sport or amusement (6), Concealment or disguise (3) ##  
(1.7.473) dravakeliparīhāsāḥ krīḍā līlā ca narma ca  
(1.7.474) vyājo 'padeśo lakṣyaṃ ca krīḍā khelā ca kūrdanam

> ## Sport or amusement (6), Concealment or disguise (3) ##  
> \*Dravaḥ\*, \*keliḥ\*, \*parīhāsaḥ\*, \*krīḍā\*, \*līlā\*, and \*narma\* \[denote sport\];  
> \*vyājaḥ\*, \*apadeśaḥ\*, and \*lakṣyam\* \[denote pretext\]; \*krīḍā\*, \*khelā\*, and \*kūrdanam\* \[denote playing\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.26](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.26)

## Sweat (3), Unconsciousness (2), camouflage (2), Excitement or hurry (2) ##  
(1.7.475) gharmo nidāghaḥ svedaḥ syātpralayo naṣṭaceṣṭatā  
(1.7.476) avahitthākāraguptiḥ samau saṃvegasaṃbhramau

> ## Sweat (3), Unconsciousness (2), Camouflage (2), Excitement or hurry (2) ##  
> \*Gharmaḥ\*, \*nidāghaḥ\*, and \*svedaḥ\* \[denote sweat\]; \*pralayaḥ\* is loss of consciousness;  
> \*avahitthā\* is concealment of inner feeling; \*saṃvegaḥ\* and \*saṃbhramaḥ\* are equivalent.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.27](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.27)

## Three laughs: loud articulated (1), smile (1), laugh (1), Thrill (goosepimples) (2) ##  
(1.7.477) syādācchuritakaṃ hāsaḥ sotprāsaḥ sa manāk smitam  
(1.7.478) madhyamaḥ syādvihasitaṃ romāñco romaharṣaṇam

> ## Three laughs: loud articulated (1), smile (1), laugh (1), Thrill (goosepimples) (2) ##  
> \*Ācchuritakam\* is sarcastic laughter; slight \[laughter\] is \*smitam\*;  
> moderate \[laughter\] is \*vihasitam\*; \*romāñcaḥ\* and \*romaharṣaṇam\* \[denote horripilation\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.28](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.28)

## Weeping (3), Yawning (2), Dishonest talk (2), Deviation or failure (2) ##  
(1.7.479) kranditaṃ ruditam kruṣṭaṃ jṛmbhastu triṣu jṛmbhaṇam  
(1.7.480) vipralambho visaṃvādo riṅgaṇaṃ skhalanaṃ same

> ## Weeping (3), Yawning (2), Dishonest talk (2), Deviation or failure (2) ##  
> \*Kranditam\*, \*ruditam\*, and \*kruṣṭam\* \[denote weeping\]; \*jṛmbhaḥ\* in three genders and \*jṛmbhaṇam\* \[denote yawning\];  
> \*vipralambhaḥ\* and \*visaṃvādaḥ\* are synonymous; \*riṅgaṇam\* and \*skhalanam\* are equivalent.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.29](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.29)

## Sleep (5), Sleepiness or lassitude (2), Frown (3)##  
(1.7.481) syānnidrā śayanaṃ svāpaḥ svapnaḥ saṃveśa ityapi  
(1.7.482) tandrī pramīlā bhrakuṭirbhrukuṭirbhrūkuṭiḥ striyām

> ## Sleep (5), Sleepiness or lassitude (2), Frown (3) ##  
> \*Nidrā\*, \*śayanam\*, \*svāpaḥ\*, \*svapnaḥ\*, and also \*saṃveśaḥ\* \[denote sleep\];  
> \*tandrī\* and \*pramīlā\* \[denote drowsiness\]; \*bhrakuṭiḥ\*, \*bhrukuṭiḥ\*, and \*bhrūkuṭiḥ\* are in the feminine \[for a frown\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.30](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.30)

## (Angry) staring (1), Natural state or nature (5), trembling (2), Elation or festival (5) ##  
(1.7.483) adṛṣṭiḥ syādasaumye 'kṣṇi saṃsiddhiprakṛtī tvime  
(1.7.484) svarūpaṃ ca svabhāvaśca nisargaścātha vepathuḥ  
(1.7.485) kampo 'tha kṣaṇa uddharṣo maha uddhava utsavaḥ

> ## (Angry) staring (1), Natural state or nature (5), Trembling (2), Elation or festival (5) ##  
> \*Adṛṣṭiḥ\* is an unkind look; while \*saṃsiddhiḥ\*, \*prakṛtiḥ\*,  
> \*svarūpam\*, \*svabhāvaḥ\*, and \*nisargaḥ\* \[denote inherent nature\]; then \*vepathuḥ\*  
> and \*kampaḥ\* \[denote trembling\]; then \*kṣaṇaḥ\*, \*uddharṣaḥ\*, \*mahaḥ\*, \*uddhavaḥ\*, and \*utsavaḥ\* \[denote a festival\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.31](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.31)

pātālabhogivargaḥ}

> \[Section on the Nether World and Serpents\]  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.32](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.32)

## Nether world (5), Hole or empty space (11) ##

> ## Nether world (5), Hole or empty space (11) ##  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.33](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.33)

## The word ##sushhiraM## has a variant ##shushhiraM##. Similar for ##sushhiH## also ##  
(1.8.486) adhobhuvanapātālaṃ balisadma rasātalam  
(1.8.487) nāgaloko 'tha kuharaṃ suṣiraṃ vivaraṃ bilam  
(1.8.488) chidraṃ nirvyathanaṃ rokaṃ randhraṃ śvabhraṃ vapā suṣiḥ

> ## The word sushhiraM has a variant shushhiraM. Similar for sushhiH also ##  
> \*Adhobhuvanam\*, \*pātālam\*, \*balisadma\*, \*rasātalam\*,  
> and \*nāgalokaḥ\* \[denote the underworld\]; then \*kuharam\*, \*suṣiram\*, \*vivaram\*, \*bilam\*,  
> \*chidram\*, \*nirvyathanam\*, \*rokam\*, \*randhram\*, \*śvabhram\*, \*vapā\*, and \*suṣiḥ\* \[denote an aperture\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.34](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.34)

## Hole in the ground (2), Darkness (5), Complete darkness (1), Partial darkness (1) ##  
(1.8.489) gartāvaṭau bhuvi śvabhre sarandhre suṣiraṃ triṣu  
(1.8.490) andhakāro 'striyāṃ dhvāntaṃ tamisraṃ timiraṃ tamaḥ  
(1.8.491) dhvānte gāḍhe 'ndhatamasaṃ kṣīṇe 'vatamasaṃ tamaḥ

> ## Hole in the ground (2), Darkness (5), Complete darkness (1), Partial darkness (1) ##  
> \*Gartaḥ\* and \*avaṭaḥ\* \[denote a pit\] in the earth; \*suṣiram\* is in three genders for what is perforated;  
> \*andhakāraḥ\* (not feminine), \*dhvāntam\*, \*tamisram\*, \*timiram\*, and \*tamaḥ\* \[denote darkness\];  
> when darkness is dense, it is \*andhatamasam\*; when diminished, darkness is \*avatamasam\*.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.35](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.35)

## Universal darkness (1), Snake (2), King of snakes (2), A type of snake (2), Python or large snake (3) ##  
(1.8.492) viṣvaksaṃtamasaṃ nāgāḥ kādraveyāstadīśvare  
(1.8.493) śeṣo 'nanto vāsukistu sarparājo 'tha gonase  
(1.8.494) tilitsaḥ syādajagare śayurvāhasa ityubhau

> ## Universal darkness (1), Snake (2), King of snakes (2), A type of snake (2), Python or large snake (3) ##  
> All-pervading darkness is \*saṃtamasam\*; \*nāgāḥ\* and \*kādraveyāḥ\* \[denote serpents\]; as for their sovereign,  
> \*śeṣaḥ\* and \*anantaḥ\*, while \*vāsukiḥ\* is the king of serpents; then for a \*gonasa\*,  
> \*tilitisaḥ\*; for a python, \*ajagaraḥ\*, \*śayuḥ\*, and \*vāhasaḥ\* are both used.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.36](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.36)

## Water snake (2), A type of nonpoisonous snake (2), A variegated snake (2), Shedded snake (2) ##  
(1.8.495) alagardo jalavyālaḥ samau rājilaḍuṇḍumau  
(1.8.496) māludhāno mātulāhirnirmukto muktakañcukaḥ

> ## Water snake (2), A type of nonpoisonous snake (2), A variegated snake (2), Shedded snake (2) ##  
> \*Alagardaḥ\* and \*jalavyālaḥ\* \[denote a water-snake\]; \*rājilaḥ\* and \*ḍuṇḍubhaḥ\* are equivalent;  
> \*māludhānaḥ\* and \*mātulāhiḥ\* \[are equivalent\]; one that has cast its skin is \*nirmuktaḥ\* and \*muktakañcukaḥ\*.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.37](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.37)

## Snake or serpent (33) ##  
(1.8.497) sarpaḥ pṛdākurbhujago bhujaṅgo 'hirbhujaṅgamaḥ  
(1.8.498) āśīviṣo viṣadharaścakrī vyālaḥ sarīsṛpaḥ  
(1.8.499) kuṇḍalī gūḍhapāccakṣuḥśravāḥ kākodaraḥ phaṇī  
(1.8.500) darvīkaro dīrghapṛṣṭho dandaśūko bileśayaḥ  
(1.8.501) uragaḥ pannago bhogī jihmagaḥ pavanāśanaḥ  
(1.8.502) lelihāno dvirasano gokarṇaḥ kañcukī tathā  
(1.8.503) kumbhīnasaḥ phaṇadharo harirbhogadharastathā

> ## Snake or serpent (33) ##  
> \*Sarpaḥ\*, \*pṛdākuḥ\*, \*bhujagaḥ\*, \*bhujaṅgaḥ\*, \*ahiḥ\*, \*bhujaṅgamaḥ\*,  
> \*āśīviṣaḥ\*, \*viṣadharaḥ\*, \*cakrī\*, \*vyālaḥ\*, \*sarīsṛpaḥ\*,  
> \*kuṇḍalī\*, \*gūḍhapāt\*, \*cakṣuḥśravāḥ\*, \*kākodaraḥ\*, \*phaṇī\*,  
> \*darvīkaraḥ\*, \*dīrghapṛṣṭhaḥ\*, \*dandaśūkaḥ\*, \*bileśayaḥ\*,  
> \*uragaḥ\*, \*pannagaḥ\*, \*bhogī\*, \*jihmagaḥ\*, \*pavanāśanaḥ\*,  
> \*lelihānaḥ\*, \*dvirasanaḥ\*, \*gokarṇaḥ\*, \*kañcukī\*, likewise  
> \*kumbhīnasaḥ\*, \*phaṇadharaḥ\*, \*hariḥ\*, and likewise \*bhogadharaḥ\*.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.38](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.38)

## Body of a snake (1), Fang (2), Pertaining to a snake (1), Hood of a snake(2) ##  
(1.8.504) aheḥ śarīraṃ bhogaḥ syādāśīrapyahidaṃṣṭrikā  
(1.8.505) triṣvāheyaṃ viṣāsthyādi sphaṭāyāṃ tu phaṇā dvayoḥ

> ## Body of a snake (1), Fang (2), Pertaining to a snake (1), Hood of a snake (2) ##  
> A snake's body is \*bhogaḥ\*; \*āśīḥ\* also denotes a serpent's fang;  
> \*āheyam\* in three genders \[denotes what comes from a snake, such as\] poison, bones, etc.; for a hood, \*phaṇā\* occurs in two genders.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.39](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.39)

## Snake's venom (3), List of nine specific venoms ##  
(1.8.506) samau kañcukanirmokau kṣveḍastu garalaṃ viṣam  
(1.8.507) puṃsi klībe ca kākolakālakūṭahalāhalāḥ  
(1.8.508) saurāṣṭrikaḥ śauklikeyo brahmaputraḥ pradīpanaḥ  
(1.8.509) dārado vatsanābhaśca viṣabhedā amī nava

> ## Snake's venom (3), List of nine specific venoms ##  
> \*Kañcukaḥ\* and \*nirmokaḥ\* are equivalent; \*kṣveḍaḥ\*, \*garalam\*, and \*viṣam\* \[denote poison\];  
> in the masculine and neuter are \*kākolaḥ\*, \*kālakūṭaḥ\*, and \*halāhalaḥ\*;  
> \*saurāṣṭrikaḥ\*, \*śauklikeyaḥ\*, \*brahmaputraḥ\*, \*pradīpanaḥ\*,  
> \*dāradaḥ\*, and \*vatsanābhaḥ\*—these are the nine varieties of poison.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.40](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.40)

## Poison expert (2), Snake catcher (2) ##  
(1.8.510) viṣavaidyo jāṅguliko vyālagrāhyahituṇḍikaḥ

> ## Poison expert (2), Snake catcher (2) ##  
> \*Viṣavaidyaḥ\* and \*jāṅgulikaḥ\* \[denote a poison-doctor\]; \*vyālagrāhī\* and \*ahituṇḍikaḥ\* \[denote a snake-catcher\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.41](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.41)

narakavargaḥ}

> \[Section on Hell\]  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.42](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.42)

## Hell (4), Six specific hells listed, (Hell-bound) souls (1), River in hell (1), Misery (in hell) (1) ##  
(1.9.511) syānnārakastu narako nirayo durgatiḥ striyām  
(1.9.512) tadbhedāstapanāvīcimahārauravarauravāḥ  
(1.9.513) saṃghātaḥ kālasūtraṃ cetyādyāḥ sattvāstu nārakāḥ  
(1.9.514) pretā vaitaraṇī sindhuḥ syādalakṣmīstu nirrtiḥ

> ## Hell (4), Six specific hells listed, (Hell-bound) souls (1), River in hell (1), Misery (in hell) (1) ##  
> \*Nārakaḥ\*, \*narakaḥ\*, \*nirayaḥ\*, and \*durgatiḥ\* in the feminine \[denote hell\];  
> its varieties are \*Tapana\*, \*Avīci\*, \*Mahāraurava\*, \*Raurava\*,  
> \*Saṃghāta\*, and \*Kālasūtra\*, and so forth; the beings \[dwelling there\] are \*nārakāḥ\* \[or\]  
> \*pretāḥ\*; the river is \*Vaitaraṇī\*; and misfortune is \*nirṛtiḥ\*.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.43](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.43)

## Condemnation (to hell) (2), Agony (3) ##  
(1.9.515) viṣṭirājūḥ kāraṇā tu yātanā tīvravedanā

> \[Forced\] unpaid labour is viṣṭi and ājū; while kāraṇā, yātanā, and tīvravedanā \[mean agony or torture\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.44](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.44)

## Pain or suffering of various types (9) ##  
(1.9.516) pīḍā bādhā vyathā duḥkhamāmanasyaṃ prasūtijam  
(1.9.517) syātkaṣṭaṃ kṛcchramābhīlaṃ triṣveṣāṃ bhedyagāmi yat

> Pīḍā, bādhā, vyathā, duḥkha, and āmanasya \[arise\] from birth; / kaṣṭa, kṛcchra, and ābhīla are \[used\] in the three genders for whatever takes the gender of the substantive.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.45](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.45)

vārivargaḥ}

> Section on Water  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.46](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.46)

## Sea or ocean (15), Specific oceans (two listed) ##  
(1.10.518) samudro 'bdhirakūpāraḥ pārāvāraḥ saritpatiḥ  
(1.10.519) udanvānudadhiḥ sindhuḥ sarasvānsāgaro 'rṇavaḥ  
(1.10.520) ratnākaro jalanidhiryādaḥpatirapāmpatiḥ  
(1.10.521) tasya prabhedāḥ kṣīrodo lavaṇodastathāpare

> Samudra, abdhi, akūpāra, pārāvāra, saritpati, / udanvat, udadhi, sindhu, sarasvat, sāgara, arṇava, / ratnākara, jalanidhi, yādaḥpati, and apāmpati \[denote the ocean\]; / its divisions are the Milk Ocean (kṣīroda), the Salt Ocean (lavaṇoda), and others.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.47](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.47)

## Water (27), watery (2) ##  
(1.10.522) āpaḥ strī bhūmni vārvāri salilaṃ kamalaṃ jalaṃ  
(1.10.523) payaḥ kīlālamamṛtaṃ jīvanaṃ bhuvanaṃ vanam  
(1.10.524) kabandhamudakaṃ pāthaḥ puṣkaraṃ sarvatomukham  
(1.10.525) ambhorṇastoyapānīyanīrakṣīro 'mbuśambaram  
(1.10.526) meghapuṣpaṃ ghanarasastriṣu dve āpyamammayam

> Āpas is feminine in the plural; vār, vāri, salila, kamala, jala, / payas, kīlāla, amṛta, jīvana, bhuvana, vana, / kabandha, udaka, pāthas, puṣkara, sarvatomukha, / ambhas, arṇas, toya, pānīya, nīra, kṣīra, ambu, śambara, / meghapuṣpa, and ghanarasa \[denote water;\] in the three genders are the two \[words\]: āpya and ammaya \[‘watery’\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.48](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.48)

## Wave (4), Big wave (2), Whirlpool (1), Droplet (4) ##  
(1.10.527) bhaṅgastaraṅga ūrmirvā striyāṃ vīcirathormiṣu  
(1.10.528) mahatsūllolakallolau syādāvarto 'mbhasāṃ bhramaḥ  
(1.10.529) pṛṣanti bindupṛṣatāḥ pumāṃso vipruṣaḥ striyām

> Bhaṅga, taraṅga, or ūrmi; \[and\] in the feminine vīci \[mean wave\]; among great / waves are ullola and kallola; an eddy of water is āvarta; / pṛṣat, bindu, and pṛṣata are masculine; vipruṣ is feminine \[for droplets\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.49](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.49)

## Circular motion in a water drain (4), Bank or shore (5) ##  
(1.10.530) cakrāṇi puṭabhedāḥ syurbhramāśca jalanirgamāḥ  
(1.10.531) kūlaṃ rodhaśca tīraṃ ca pratīraṃ ca taṭaṃ triṣu

> Cakrāṇi, puṭabhedāḥ, and bhramāḥ are drains for water (jalanirgama); / kūla, rodhas, tīra, pratīra, and taṭa \[denote bank, taking\] the three genders.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.50](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.50)

## Two banks listed, The channel or bed of a river (1) ##(1.10.532) pārāvāre parārvācī tīre pātraṃ tadantaram

> Pārāvāre and parārvācī \[denote\] the far and near bank; the bed (pātra) is the space between them.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.51](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.51)

## Island (2), Islet in the river bank (1), Sandy beach (2) ##  
(1.10.533) dvīpo 'striyāmantarīpaṃ yadantarvāriṇastaṭam  
(1.10.534) toyotthitaṃ tatpulinaṃ saikataṃ sikatāmayam

> Dvīpa (not feminine) and antarīpa \[denote an island\]; that bank inside water / rising from the water is pulina; saikata means full of sand (sikatāmaya).  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.52](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.52)

## Mud or clay (5), Overflow (2), Ditches (for water) made in dry beds (2) ##  
(1.10.535) niṣadvarastu jambālaḥ paṅko 'strī śādakardamau  
(1.10.536) jalocchvāsāḥ parīvāhāḥ kūpakāstu vidārakāḥ

> Niṣadvara, jambāla, paṅka (not feminine), śāda, and kardama \[denote mud\]; / overflows of water are parīvāhas; small ditches are kūpakas and vidārakas.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.53](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.53)

## Navigable (1), Boat (3), Raft or small boat (3), Stream of water (1) ##  
(1.10.537) nāvyaṃ triliṅgaṃ nautārye striyāṃ naustaraṇistariḥ  
(1.10.538) uḍupaṃ tu plavaḥ kolaḥ sroto 'mbusaraṇaṃ svataḥ

> Nāvya \[‘navigable’\] has the three genders when crossed by boat; in the feminine are nau, taraṇi, and tari \[for boat\]; / uḍupa, plava, and kola \[denote a raft or small boat\]; srotas is the natural flowing of water.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.54](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.54)

## Toll (for crossing river) (2), Wooden water carrier (1), Merchants on waterways (2), Helmsman (2) ##  
(1.10.539) ātarastarapaṇyaṃ syād droṇī kāṣṭāmbuvāhinī  
(1.10.540) sāṃyātrikaḥ potavaṇik karṇadhārastu nāvikaḥ

> Fare for crossing \[a river\] is ātara and tarapaṇya; droṇī is a wooden water-carrier; / sāṃyātrika and potavaṇik \[denote a merchant travelling by sea\]; the helmsman is karṇadhāra and nāvika.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.55](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.55)

## Steersman or rower (2), Mast (2), Oar (2), Rudder (2) ##  
(1.10.541) niyāmakāḥ potavāhāḥ kūpako guṇavṛkṣakaḥ  
(1.10.542) naukādaṇḍaḥ kṣepaṇī syādaritraṃ kenipātakaḥ

> Niyāmakas and potavāhas \[are steersmen\]; the mast is kūpaka and guṇavṛkṣaka; / the boat's pole (kṣepaṇī) is naukādaṇḍa; the rudder is aritra and kenipātaka.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.56](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.56)

## Scraper or shovel (2), Bucket (2), Half of a boat (1), Alit (1) ##  
(1.10.543) abhriḥ strī kāṣṭakuddālaḥ sekapātraṃ tu secanam  
(1.10.544) klībe 'rdhanāvaṃ nāvo 'rdhe 'tītanauke 'tinu triṣu

> Abhri (feminine) and kāṣṭakuddāla \[denote a wooden shovel\]; a bailer is sekapātra and secana; / ardhanāva in the neuter means half a boat; atinu in the three genders means having left the boat.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.57](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.57)

## Clear or transparent (2), Turbid (3), Deep (3), Shallow (1) ##  
(1.10.545) triṣvāgādhātprasanno 'cchaḥ kaluṣo 'naccha āvilaḥ  
(1.10.546) nimnaṃ gabhīraṃ gambhīramuttānaṃ tadviparyaye

> In the three genders: down to the bottom, clear is prasanna and accha; turbid is kaluṣa, anaccha, and āvila; / deep is nimna, gabhīra, and gambhīra; uttāna is its opposite \[shallow\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.58](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.58)

## Bottomless or very deep (2), Fisherman (3), (Fishing) net (2), (Hemp) rope (2) ##  
(1.10.547) agādhamatalasparśe kaivarte dāśadhīvarau  
(1.10.548) ānāyaḥ puṃsi jālaṃ syācchaṇasūtraṃ pavitrakam

> Agādha means bottomless; for fisherman \[stand\] kaivarta, dāśa, and dhīvara; / ānāya in the masculine and jāla mean net; hemp rope is pavitraka.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.59](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.59)

## Fish storage (2), Fishing (2), Fish (8), Specific (flat) fish (2) ##  
(1.10.549) matsyādhānī kuveṇī syād baḍiśaṃ matsyavedhanam  
(1.10.550) pṛthuromā jhaṣo matsyo mīno vaisāriṇo 'ṇḍajaḥ  
(1.10.551) visāraḥ śakulī cātha gaḍakaḥ śakulārbhakaḥ

> Matsyādhānī and kuveṇī \[mean a fish basket\]; fish-hook is baḍiśa and matsyavedhana; / pṛthuroman, jhaṣa, matsya, mīna, vaisāriṇa, aṇḍaja, / visāra, and śakulī \[mean fish\]; then gaḍaka is a small śakula fish.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.60](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.60)

## Porpoise (2), Specific small fish (2), Type of carp (2), Type of white fish (2) ##  
(1.10.552) sahasradaṃṣṭraḥ pāṭhīna ulūpī śiśukaḥ samau  
(1.10.553) nalamīnaścilicimaḥ proṣṭhī tu śapharī dvayoḥ

> Sahasradaṃṣṭra and pāṭhīna \[denote the boal carp\]; ulūpin and śiśuka are synonyms \[for porpoise\]; / nalamīna and cilicima \[denote a specific small fish\]; proṣṭhī and śapharī both \[mean a small carp\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.61](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.61)

## Tiny fish (1), List of specific seven fishes, Aquatic creatures (2) ##  
(1.10.554) kṣudrāṇḍamatsyasaṃghātaḥ potādhānamatho jhaṣāḥ  
(1.10.555) rohito madguraḥ śālo rājīvaḥ śakulastimiḥ  
(1.10.556) timiṅgalādayaścātha yādāṃsi jalajantavaḥ

> A school of tiny fish-fry is potādhāna; then \[large\] fishes are: / rohita, madgura, śāla, rājīva, śakula, timi, / and timiṅgala and so on; then yādāṃsi means aquatic creatures.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.62](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.62)

## List of four aquatic creatures, Crab (2), Turtle or tortoise (3) ##  
(1.10.557) tadbhedāḥ śiśumārodraśaṅkavo makarādayaḥ  
(1.10.558) syātkulīraḥ karkaṭakaḥ kūrme kamaṭhakacchapau

> Varieties thereof are: the porpoise (śiśumāra), otter (udra), cone-shell (śaṅku), makara, and so on; / crab is kulīra and karkaṭaka; for tortoise \[stand\] kūrma, kamaṭha, and kacchapa.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.63](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.63)

## Shark (2), Crocodile (2), Worm (3), Crocodile in Ganges (2) ##  
(1.10.559) grāho 'vahāro nakrastu kumbhīro 'tha mahīlatā  
(1.10.560) gaṇḍūpadaḥ kiñculako nihākā godhikā same

> Shark is grāha and avahāra; nakra and kumbhīra \[denote crocodile\]; then earthworm is mahīlatā, / gaṇḍūpada, and kiñculaka; nihākā and godhikā are equivalent \[for the monitor lizard or water-lizard\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.64](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.64)

## Leech (3), Pearl oyster (2), Conch (2) ##  
(1.10.561) raktapā tu jalaukāyāṃ striyāṃ bhūmni jalaukasaḥ  
(1.10.562) muktāsphoṭaḥ striyāṃ śuktiḥ śaṅkhaḥ syātkamburastriyau

> Raktapā and jalaukā \[mean leech\], jalaukasaḥ in the feminine plural; / muktāsphoṭa and, in the feminine, śukti \[mean pearl oyster\]; śaṅkha and kambu (not feminine) \[mean conch\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.65](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.65)

## Small shell (2), Bivalve shell (2), Frog (6) ##  
(1.10.563) kṣudraśaṅkhāḥ śaṅkhanakhāḥ śambūkā jalaśuktayaḥ  
(1.10.564) bheke maṇḍūkavarṣābhūśālūraplavadardurāḥ

> Small conches are śaṅkhanakhas; śambūkas are freshwater bivalves; / for frog \[stand\] bheka, maṇḍūka, varṣābhū, śālūra, plava, and dardura.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.66](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.66)

## Small worm (2), Female frog (2), Female turtle (2) ##  
(1.10.565) śilī gaṇḍūpadī bhekī varṣābhvī kamaṭhī ḍuliḥ

> Śilī and gaṇḍūpadī \[mean female earthworm\]; female frog is bhekī and varṣābhvī; female tortoise is kamaṭhī and ḍuli.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.67](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.67)

## Female sheat fish (1), Cocle (2), Lake or pond (2), Deep lake (1) ##  
(1.10.566) madgurasya priyā śṛṅgī durnāmā dīrghakośikā  
(1.10.567) jalāśayā jalādhārāstatrāgādhajalo hradaḥ

> (1.10.566) The mate of the madgura fish is śṛṅgī; durnāmā and dīrghakośikā \[are synonyms for a bivalve snail\]; / (1.10.567) jalāśaya and jalādhāra \[denote a reservoir\]; a lake of deep water is a hrada.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.68](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.68)

## Trough near a well (2), Well (4) ##  
(1.10.568) āhāvastu nipānaṃ syādupakūpajalāśaye  
(1.10.569) puṃsyevāndhuḥ prahiḥ kūpa udapānṃ tu puṃsi vā

> (1.10.568) Āhāva and nipāna denote a water-trough near a well; / (1.10.569) andhu, prahi, and kūpa are masculine; udapāna is masculine or \[neuter\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.69](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.69)

## Wooden contraption for extracting water from well (1), Facing of well ##  
(1.10.570) nemistrikāsya vīnāho mukhabandhanamasya yat

> (1.10.570) Nemi is feminine \[for the wheel-frame\]; the masonry of its mouth is a vīnāha.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.70](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.70)

## Square or large pond (2), Natural pond (2) ##  
(1.10.571) puṣkariṇyāṃ tu khātaṃ syādakhātaṃ devakhātakam

> (1.10.571) An excavated \[reservoir\] is a puṣkariṇī; an unexcavated one is a devakhātaka.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.71](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.71)

## Deep pond or tank (5), Basin (2), Large circular reservoir (2) ##  
(1.10.572) padmākarastaḍāgo 'strī kāsāraḥ sarasī saraḥ  
(1.10.573) veśantaḥ palvalaṃ cālpasaro vāpī tu dīrghikā

> (1.10.572) Padmākara, taḍāga (not feminine), kāsāra, sarasī, and saraḥ \[denote a lake or pond\]; / (1.10.573) a small pond is veśanta and palvala; a vāpī is a dīrghikā.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.72](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.72)

## Moat or ditch (2), Dike or dam (1), Watering basin around a tree (3), River (16) ##  
(1.10.574) kheyaṃ tu parikhādhārastvambhasāṃ yatra dhāraṇam  
(1.10.575) syādālavālamāvālamāvāpo 'tha nadī sarit  
(1.10.576) taraṅgiṇī śaivalinī taṭinī hrādinī dhunī  
(1.10.577) srotasvinī dvīpavatī sravantī nimnagāpagā  
(1.10.578) kūlaṅkaṣā nirjhariṇī rodhovakrā sarasvatī

> (1.10.574) A ditch is a kheya or parikhā; that wherein water is held is an ādhāra; / (1.10.575) ālavāla, āvāla, and āvāpa \[denote a tree-basin\]; then \[for a river:\] nadī, sarit, / (1.10.576) taraṅgiṇī, śaivalinī, taṭinī, hrādinī, dhunī, / (1.10.577) srotasvinī, dvīpavatī, sravantī, nimnagā, apagā, / (1.10.578) kūlaṅkaṣā, nirjhariṇī, rodhovakrā, and sarasvatī.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.73](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.73)

## River Ganges (8) ##  
(1.10.579) gaṅgā viṣṇupadī jahnutanayā suranimnagā  
(1.10.580) bhāgīrathī tripathagā trisrotā bhīṣmasūrapi

> (1.10.579) Gaṅgā, viṣṇupadī, jahnutanayā, suranimnagā, / (1.10.580) bhāgīrathī, tripathagā, trisrotā, and bhīṣmasū \[are names of the Ganges\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.74](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.74)

## River Yamuna (4), River Narmada (4) ##  
(1.10.581) kālindī sūryatanayā yamunā śamanasvasā  
(1.10.582) revā tu narmadā somodbhavā mekalakanyakā

> (1.10.581) Kālindī, sūryatanayā, yamunā, and śamanasvasā \[are names of the Yamunā\]; / (1.10.582) revā, narmadā, somodbhavā, and mekalakanyakā \[are names of the Narmadā\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.75](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.75)

## River created at the time of Gauri's marriage (2), River brought down by ##kaartaviiryaarjuna##(2) ##  
(1.10.583) karatoyā sadānīrā bāhudā saitavāhinī

> (1.10.583) Karatoyā and sadānīrā \[are names of the Karatoyā\]; bāhudā and saitavāhinī \[are names of the Bāhudā\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.76](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.76)

## River Shatardu (2), River Vipasha (2), River Shona (2), Canal (1) ##  
(1.10.584) śatadrustu śutudriḥ syādvipāśā tu vipāṭ striyām  
(1.10.585) śoṇo hiraṇyavāhaḥ syātkulyālpā kṛtrimā sarit

> (1.10.584) Śatadru and śutudri \[denote the Sutlej\]; vipāśā and vipāṭ (in the feminine) \[denote the Beas\]; / (1.10.585) śoṇa and hiraṇyavāha \[denote the river Śoṇa\]; an artificial, small river is a kulyā.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.77](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.77)

## List of five rivers, additional list includes:## kaushikii, gaNDakii, charmaNvatii,godaa, veNii ## etc.##  
## Mouth of a river (1), Channel or water-course (1) ##  
(1.10.586) śarāvatī vetravatī candrabhāgā sarasvatī  
(1.10.587) kāverī sarito 'nyāśca sambhedaḥ sindhusaṅgamaḥ  
(1.10.588) dvayoḥ praṇālī payasaḥ padavyāṃ triṣu tūttarau

> (1.10.586) Śarāvatī, vetravatī, candrabhāgā, sarasvatī, / (1.10.587) and kāverī are other rivers; sambheda is a confluence of streams; / (1.10.588) praṇālī is in two genders for a water-channel; the following two are in three genders.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.78](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.78)

## Things born in a river ##devikaa## or ##sarayuu##: sample construction ##  
(1.10.589) devikāyāṃ sarayvāṃ ca bhave dāvikasāravau

> (1.10.589) What is produced in the Devikā and the Sarayū are called dāvika and sārava.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.79](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.79)

## Night-blooming lotus: White (2), Red (2) ##  
(1.10.590) saugandhikaṃ tu kalhāraṃ hallakaṃ raktasandhyakam

> (1.10.590) The saugandhika is the kalhāra; the hallaka is the raktasandhyaka.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.80](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.80)

## Water lily (2), Blue (2), White (2), Root (of) lily (1), Pistia Stratiotes (2) ##  
(1.10.591) syādutpalaṃ kuvalayamatha nīlāmbujanma ca  
(1.10.592) indīvaraṃ ca nīle 'sminsite kumudakairave  
(1.10.593) śālūkameṣāṃ kandaḥ syādvāriparṇī tu kumbhikā

> (1.10.591) Utpala and kuvalaya \[denote a water lily\]; and when blue, nīlāmbujanma / (1.10.592) and indīvara; when it is white, kumuda and kairava; / (1.10.593) their root is śālūka; and the vāriparṇī is kumbhikā.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.81](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.81)

## Aquatic plant, moss (3), Full of lilies (2), Full of lotuses (3) ##  
(1.10.594) jalanīlī tu śaivālaṃ śaivalo 'tha kumudvatī  
(1.10.595) kumudinyāṃ nalinyāṃ tu visinīpadminīmukhāḥ

> (1.10.594) Jalanīlī, śaivāla, and śaivala \[denote duckweed/moss\]; a place abundant in water lilies is kumudvatī / (1.10.595) or kumudinī; in the case of lotus beds, visinī, padminī, and so forth.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.82](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.82)

## Lotus (16) ##  
(1.10.596) vā puṃsi padmaṃ nalinamaravindaṃ mahotpalam  
(1.10.597) sahasrapatraṃ kamalaṃ śatapatraṃ kuśeśayam  
(1.10.598) paṅkeruhaṃ tāmarasaṃ sārasaṃ sarasīruham  
(1.10.599) bisaprasūnarājīvapuṣkarāmbhoruhāṇi ca

> (1.10.596) Padma (optional masculine), nalina, aravinda, mahotpala, / (1.10.597) sahasrapatra, kamala, śatapatra, kuśeśaya, / (1.10.598) paṅkeruha, tāmarasa, sārasa, sarasīruha, / (1.10.599) and bisaprasūna, rājīva, puṣkara, and ambhoruha \[denote the lotus\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.83](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.83)

## Lotus: white (2), red (3), Stalk of water lily (3) ##  
(1.10.600) puṇḍarīkaṃ sitāmbhojamatha raktasaroruhe  
(1.10.601) raktotpalaṃ kokanadaṃ nālo nālamathāstriyām

> (1.10.600) Puṇḍarīka is a white lotus; then, for a red lotus: / (1.10.601) raktotpala and kokanada; a stalk is nāla (not feminine) or nāla.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.84](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.84)

## Lotus fibre (2), Collection of water lilies (1) ##

> ## Lotus fibre (2), Collection of water lilies (1) ##  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.85](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.85)

## The words ##khaNDA## or ##shhaNDa## mean an assemblage in general. ##  
(1.10.602) mṛṇālaṃ bisamabjādikadambe khaṇḍamastriyām

> (1.10.602) Mṛṇāla and bisa \[denote a lotus-fibre\]; a cluster of lotuses and the like is khaṇḍa (not feminine).  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.86](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.86)

## Parts of water lily: root (2), filament (2), new leaf (2), Lotus seed (2) ##  
(1.10.603) karahāṭaḥ śiphākandaḥ kiñjalkaḥ kesaro 'striyām  
(1.10.604) saṃvartikā navadalaṃ bījakośo varāṭakaḥ

> (1.10.603) Karahāṭa and śiphākanda \[denote the tuber\]; kiñjalka and kesara (not feminine) \[denote the filament\]; / (1.10.604) saṃvartikā is a young leaf; the seed-vessel is a varāṭaka.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.87](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.87)

kāṇḍasamāptiḥ

> End of the book.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.88](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.88)

## All the 10 sections of the first part with main and related words are thus finished. ##  
(1.11.605) uktaṃ svarvyomadikkāladhīśabdādi sanāṭyakam  
(1.11.606) pātālabhoginarakaṃ vāri caiṣāṃ ca saṅgatam  
(1.11.607) ityamarasiṃhakṛtau nāmaliṅgānuśāsane  
(1.11.608) svarādikāṇḍaḥ prathamaḥ sāṅga eva samarthitaḥ

> (1.11.605) Heaven, sky, directions, time, intellect, sound, and so on, together with drama, / (1.11.606) the underworld, serpent-demons, hell, and water, along with what pertains to them, have been declared. / (1.11.607) Thus in the Nāmaliṅgānuśāsana composed by Amarasiṃha, / (1.11.608) the first book, beginning with heaven, is completed along with all its subdivisions.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.89](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.89)

amarakośa evaṃ nāmaliṅgānuśāsanaṃ khāṇḍa 2

> Amarakośa, namely Nāmaliṅgānuśāsana, Book 2.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.90](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.90)

amarakośe dvitīyaṃ bhūmyādikāṇḍam |

> In the Amarakośa, the second book, beginning with the earth.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.91](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.91)

vargabhedāḥ|

> Division of sections.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.92](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.92)

(2.0.1) vargāḥ pṛthvīpurakṣmābhṛdvanauṣadhimṛgādibhiḥ

> (2.0.1) The sections concerning the earth, cities, mountains, forests, plants, animals, and so forth,  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.93](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.93)

(2.0.2) nṛbrahmakṣatraviṭ śūdraiḥ sāṅgopāṅgairihoditāḥ

> (2.0.2) as well as humans, Brāhmaṇas, Kṣatriyas, Vaiśyas, and Śūdras, are declared here along with their parts and subordinate parts.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.94](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.94)

bhūmivargaḥ

> The Earth Section.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.95](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.95)

(2.1.3) bhūrbhūmiracalānantā rasā viśvambharā sthitā

> (2.1.3) Bhū, bhūmi, acalā, anantā, rasā, viśvambharā, sthitā,  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.96](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.96)

(2.1.4) dharā dharitrī dharaṇiḥ kṣoṇirjyā kāśyapī kṣitiḥ

> (2.1.4) dharā, dharitrī, dharaṇi, kṣoṇi, jyā, kāśyapī, kṣiti,  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.97](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.97)

(2.1.5) sarvaṃsahā vasumatī vasudhorvī vasundharā

> (2.1.5) sarvaṃsahā, vasumatī, vasudhā, urvī, vasundharā,  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.98](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.98)

(2.1.6) gotrā kuḥ pṛthivī pṛthvī kṣmāvanirmedinī mahī

> (2.1.6) gotrā, ku, pṛthivī, pṛthvī, kṣmā, avani, medinī, mahī,  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.99](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.99)

(2.1.7) vipulā gahvarī dhātrī gaurilā kumbhinī kṣamā

> (2.1.7) vipulā, gahvarī, dhātrī, gaurilā, kumbhinī, kṣamā,  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.100](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.100)

(2.1.8) bhūtadhātrī ratnagarbhā jagatī sāgarāmbarā

> (2.1.8) bhūtadhātrī, ratnagarbhā, jagatī, and sāgarāmbarā \[are names of the earth\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.101](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.101)

(2.1.9) mṛnmṛttikā praśastā tu mṛtsā mṛtsnā ca mṛttikā

> (2.1.9) Mṛd and mṛttikā \[denote earth or clay\]; excellent earth is mṛtsā and mṛtsnā.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.102](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.102)

(2.1.10) urvarā sarvasasyāḍhyā syādūṣaḥ kṣāramṛttikā  
(2.1.11) ūṣavānūṣaro dvāvapyanyaliṅgau sthalaṃ sthalī

> (2.1.10) Rich in all crops is urvarā; saline soil is ūṣa; / (2.1.11) ūṣavat and ūṣara both have varying genders; dry land is sthala and sthalī;  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.103](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.103)

(2.1.12) samānau marudhanvānau dve khilāprahate same

> (2.1.12) maru and dhanvan are equivalent \[for desert\]; the two words khila and aprahata are synonymous \[for untilled land\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.104](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.104)

(2.1.13) triṣvatho jagatī loko viṣṭapaṃ bhuvanaṃ jagat

> \[The following\] in three \[genders\]: now, jagatī, loka, viṣṭapa, bhuvana, and jagat \[mean the world\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.105](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.105)

(2.1.14) loko 'yaṃ bhārataṃ varṣam śarāvatyāstu yo 'vadheḥ

> This world is the land (varṣa) of Bhārata. But from the boundary of the Śarāvatī,  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.106](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.106)

(2.1.15) deśaḥ prāgdakṣiṇaḥ prācya udīcyaḥ paścimottaraḥ

> the region to the south-east is Prācya, and \[that\] to the north-west is Udīcya.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.107](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.107)

(2.1.16) pratyanto mlecchadeśaḥ syānmadhyaddeśastu madhyamaḥ

> Pratyanta is a border country of foreigners (mleccha), while the middle region is Madhyadeśa.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.108](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.108)

(2.1.17) āryāvartaḥ puṇyabhūmirmadhyaṃ vindhyahimālayoḥ

> Āryāvarta, the sacred land, is the middle between the Vindhya and the Himālaya.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.109](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.109)

(2.1.18) nīvṛjjanapado deśaviṣayau tū 'pavartanam

> Nīvṛt and janapada \[mean country\]; deśa and viṣaya \[also mean country\]; upavartana \[is a small district\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.110](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.110)

(2.1.19) triṣvāgoṣṭhānnaḍaprāye naḍvānnaḍvala ityapi

> In three genders: up to an animal pen (goṣṭha); for \[a place\] abounding in reeds, naḍvān and naḍvala;  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.111](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.111)

(2.1.20) kumudvānkumudaprāye vetasvānbahuvetase

> kumudvān for \[a place\] abounding in white water-lilies; vetasvān for one with many reeds;  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.112](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.112)

(2.1.21) śādvalaḥ śādaharite sajambāle tu paṅkilaḥ

> śādvala for green with fresh grass; and paṅkila for possessing mud.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.113](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.113)

(2.1.22) jalaprāyamanūpaṃ syātpuṃsi kacchastathāvidhaḥ

> Anūpa is \[a land\] abounding in water; kaccha is similar, in the masculine.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.114](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.114)

(2.1.23) strī śarkarā śarkarilaḥ śārkaraḥ śarkarāvati

> Śarkarā is feminine; śarkarila and śārkara are used of \[a region\] containing gravel;  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.115](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.115)

(2.1.24) deśa evādimāvevavamunneyāḥ sikatāvati

> these two are applied only to a region; likewise one should deduce \[the words\] for \[a region\] full of sand.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.116](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.116)

(2.1.25) deśo nadyambuvṛṣṭyambusaṃpannavrīhipālitaḥ

> A region whose crops are sustained and nourished by river water \[or\] rainwater  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.117](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.117)

(2.1.26) syānnadīmātṛko devamātṛkaśca yathākramam

> is nadīmātṛka and devamātṛka respectively.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.118](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.118)

(2.1.27) surājñi deśe rājanvānsyāttato 'nyatra rājavān

> \[A land\] having a good king is rājanvat; otherwise it is rājavat.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.119](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.119)

(2.1.28) goṣṭhaṃ gosthānakaṃ tattu gauṣṭhīnaṃ bhūtapūrvakam

> Goṣṭha is a cattle-pen; but what was formerly such is gauṣṭhīna.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.120](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.120)

(2.1.29) paryantabhūḥ parisaraḥ seturālau striyāṃ pumān

> A boundary land is parisara; setu is masculine \[when meaning\] an embankment (āli), \[which is\] feminine.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.121](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.121)

(2.1.30) vāmalūraśca nākuśca valmīkaṃ puṃnapuṃsakam

> Vāmalūra and nāku \[are masculine\], and valmīka is masculine and neuter \[for an anthill\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.122](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.122)

(2.1.31) ayanam vartma mārgādhvapanthānaḥ padavī sṛtiḥ

> Ayana, vartman, mārga, adhvan, panthan, padavī, sṛti,  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.123](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.123)

(2.1.32) saraṇiḥ paddhatiḥ padyā vartanyekapadīti ca

> saraṇi, paddhati, padyā, vartanī, and ekapadī \[mean path or road\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.124](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.124)

(2.1.33) atipanthāḥ supanthāśca satpathaścārcite 'dhvani

> Atipanthāḥ, supanthāḥ, and satpatha are used for a good road;  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.125](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.125)

(2.1.34) vyadhvo duradhvo vipathaḥ kadadhvā kāpathaḥ samāḥ

> vyadhvan, duradhvan, vipatha, kadadhvan, and kāpatha are equivalent \[for a bad road\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.126](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.126)

(2.1.35) apanthāstvapathaṃ tulye śṛṇgāṭakacatuṣpathe

> Apanthāḥ and apatha are equal; śṛṅgāṭaka and catuṣpatha \[mean a crossroad\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.127](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.127)

(2.1.36) prāntaraṃ dūraśūnyo 'dhvā kāntāraṃ vartma durgamam

> Prāntara is a long, desolate path; kāntāra is an impassable path.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.128](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.128)

(2.1.37) gavyūtiḥ strī krośayugaṃ nalvaḥ kiṣkucatuḥśatam

> Gavyūti is feminine \[meaning\] two krośas; a nalva is four hundred kiṣkus.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.129](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.129)

(2.1.38) ghaṇṭāpathaḥ saṃsaraṇaṃ tatpurasyopaniṣkaram

> Ghaṇṭāpatha and saṃsaraṇa \[mean highway\]; that is the public square outside a city (upaniṣkara).  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.130](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.130)

(2.1.39) dyāvāpṛthivyau rodasyau dyāvābhūmī ca rodasī

> Dyāvāpṛthivyau, rodasyau, dyāvābhūmī, and rodasī \[mean heaven and earth\],  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.131](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.131)

(2.1.40) divaspṛthivyau gañjā tu rumā syāllavaṇākaraḥ | iti bhūmivargaḥ

> and divaspṛthivyau. Gañjā and rumā are a salt-mine. / Thus ends the section on the earth (bhūmivarga).  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.132](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.132)

puravargaḥ|

> Section on the city (puravarga):  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.133](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.133)

(2.2.41) pūḥ strī purīnagaryau vā pattanaṃ puṭabhedanam | atha puravargaḥ

> Pūḥ is feminine; purī, nagarī, pattana, and puṭabhedana \[mean city\]. / Now the section on the city:  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.134](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.134)

(2.2.42) sthānīyaṃ nigamo 'nyattu yanmūlanagarātpuram

> Sthānīya and nigama \[mean a market town\]; but another town \[subordinate to\] a chief city  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.135](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.135)

(2.2.43) tacchākhānagaraṃ veśo veśyājanasamāśrayaḥ

> is a branch town (śākhānagara); veśa is the quarter of courtesans.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.136](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.136)

(2.2.44) āpaṇastu niṣadyāyāṃ vipaṇiḥ paṇyavīthikā

> Āpaṇa is in the sense of niṣadyā \[a shop\]; vipaṇi is a street of stalls (paṇyavīthikā).  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.137](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.137)

(2.2.45) rathyā pratolī viśikhā syāccayo vapramastriyām

> Rathyā, pratolī, and viśikhā \[mean street\]; caya and vapra, not feminine, \[mean a rampart\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.138](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.138)

(2.2.46) prākāro varaṇaḥ sālaḥ prācīnaṃ prātanto vṛtiḥ

> Prākāra, varaṇa, sāla, prācīna, and prātanta \[mean an enclosure wall\]; vṛti \[is a hedge\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.139](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.139)

(2.2.47) bhittiḥ strī kuḍyameḍūkaṃ yadantarnyastakīkasam

> Bhitti is feminine, and kuḍya \[means wall\]; eḍūka is that in which bones are placed inside \[a tomb\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.140](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.140)

(2.2.48) gṛhaṃ gehodavasitaṃ veśma sadma niketanam

> Gṛha, geha, udavasita, veśman, sadman, niketana,  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.141](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.141)

(2.2.49) niśāntaṃ pastyasadanaṃ bhavanāgāramandiram

> niśānta, pastya, sadana, bhavana, āgāra, mandira,  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.142](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.142)

(2.2.50) gṛhāḥ puṃsi ca bhūmnyeva nikāyyanilayālayāḥ

> gṛha only in the masculine plural, and nikāyya, nilaya, and ālaya \[mean a house\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.143](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.143)

(2.2.51) vāsaḥ kuṭī dvayoḥ śālā sabhā saṃjavanaṃ tvidam

> Vāsa; kuṭī is in two genders; śālā, sabhā; and saṃjavana is  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.144](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.144)

(2.2.52) catuḥśālaṃ munīnāṃ tu parṇaśāloṭajo 'striyām

> a four-winged house (catuḥśāla); for sages, parṇaśālā and uṭaja, not feminine, \[mean a leaf-hut\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.145](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.145)

(2.2.53) caityamāyatanaṃ tulye vājiśālā tu mandurā

> Caitya and āyatana are equal \[for a shrine\]; a stable for horses is mandurā;  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.146](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.146)

(2.2.54) āveśanaṃ śilpiśālā prapā pānīyaśālikā

> āveśana is a workshop for artisans; prapā is a water-booth (pānīyaśālikā);  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.147](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.147)

(2.2.55) maṭhaśchātrādinilayo gañjā tu madirāgṛham

> maṭha is an abode for students and others; and gañjā is a tavern.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.148](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.148)

(2.2.56) garbhāgāraṃ vāsagṛhamariṣṭaṃ sūtikāgṛham

> Garbhāgāra is an inner bedchamber; ariṣṭa is a lying-in chamber (sūtikāgṛha).  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.149](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.149)

(2.2.57) kuṭṭimo 'strī nibaddhā bhūścandraśālā śirogṛham

> Kuṭṭima, not feminine, is paved ground; candraśālā is an upper-room (śirogṛha).  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.150](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.150)

(2.2.58) vātāyanaṃ gavākṣo 'tha maṇḍapo 'strī janāśrayaḥ

> Vātāyana and gavākṣa \[mean window\]; and maṇḍapa, not feminine, is a public hall.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.151](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.151)

(2.2.59) harmyādi dhanināṃ vāsaḥ prāsādo devabhūbhujām

> Harmya and the like are the dwelling of the wealthy; a palace (prāsāda) belongs to gods and kings;  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.152](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.152)

(2.2.60) saudho 'strī rājasadanamupakāryopakārikā

> saudha, not feminine, is a royal mansion; upakāryā and upakārikā \[mean a royal tent\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.153](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.153)

(2.2.61) svastikaḥ sarvatobhadro nandyāvartādayo 'pi ca

> Svastika, sarvatobhadra, nandyāvarta, and others,  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.154](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.154)

(2.2.62) vicchandakaḥ prabhedā hi bhavantīśvarasadmanām

> and vicchandaka, are varieties of the palaces of princes.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.155](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.155)

(2.2.63) stryagāraṃ bhūbhujāmantaḥpuraṃ syādavarodhanam

> Stryagāra for kings is the inner apartments (antaḥpura), avarodhana,  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.156](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.156)

(2.2.64) śuddhāntaścāvarodhaśca syādaṭṭaḥ kṣaumamastriyām

> śuddhānta, and avarodha; aṭṭa and kṣauma, not feminine, \[mean an upper story or tower\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.157](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.157)

(2.2.65) praghāṇapraghaṇālindā bahirdvāraprakoṣṭhake

> Praghāṇa, praghaṇa, and alinda \[mean a portico\] in the room outside the door.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.158](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.158)

(2.2.66) gṛhāvagrahaṇī dehalyaṅgaṇaṃ catvarājire

> Gṛhāvagrahaṇī and dehalī \[mean threshold\]; aṅgaṇa, catvara, and ajira \[mean a courtyard\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.159](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.159)

(2.2.67) adhastāddāruṇi śilā nāsā dārupari sthitam

> Śilā is the wood below \[the sill\]; nāsā is the wood resting above \[the lintel\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.160](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.160)

(2.2.68) pracchannamantardvāraṃ syātpakṣadvāraṃ tu pakṣakam

> Pracchanna is a secret door (antardvāra); a side door is pakṣaka.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.161](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.161)

(2.2.69) valīkanīdhre paṭalaprānte 'tha paṭalaṃ chadiḥ

> Valīka and nīdhra mean the edge of a roof (paṭala); and paṭala and chadis \[mean a roof\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.162](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.162)

(2.2.70) gopānasī tu valabhī chādane vakradāruṇi

> Gopānasī and valabhī refer to the curved timber in a roof.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.163](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.163)

(2.2.71) kapotapālikāyāṃ tu viṭaṅkaṃ puṃnapuṃsakam

> Viṭaṅka, masculine and neuter, means a dove-cot (kapotapālikā).  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.164](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.164)

(2.2.72) strī dvārdvāraṃ pratīhāraḥ syāddhitardistu vedikā

> \[The word\] dvār \[is\] feminine; dvāra and pratīhāra \[are masculine and neuter synonyms for door\]. / A vedikā (raised platform) is hitardi.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.165](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.165)

(2.2.73) toraṇo 'strī bahirdvāram puradvāraṃ tu gopuram

> Toraṇa, not feminine, is an outer gateway; / but the gate of a city is a gopura.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.166](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.166)

(2.2.74) kūṭaṃ pūrdvāri yaddhastinakhastasminnatha triṣu

> The kūṭa (projection) on a city gate is a hastinakha. / Now, in three genders:  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.167](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.167)

(2.2.75) kapāṭamararaṃ tulye tadviṣkambho 'rgalaṃ na nā

> Kapāṭa and arara are identical \[for a door-leaf\]; / its crossbar is an argala, not masculine.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.168](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.168)

(2.2.76) ārohaṇaṃ syātsopānaṃ niśreṇistvadhirohiṇī

> Ārohaṇa and sopāna \[designate\] a staircase; / niśreṇi and adhirohiṇī \[designate\] a ladder.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.169](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.169)

(2.2.77) saṃmārjanī śodhanī syātsaṃkaro 'vakarastathā

> Saṃmārjanī and śodhanī \[mean\] a broom; / likewise saṃkara and avakara \[mean\] sweepings or rubbish.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.170](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.170)

(2.2.78) kṣipte mukhaṃ niḥsaraṇaṃ saṃniveśo nikarṣaṇam

> In the sense of what is discarded \[sweepings\], mukha, niḥsaraṇa, / saṃniveśa, and nikarṣaṇa \[are synonyms\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.171](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.171)

(2.2.79) samau saṃvasathagrāmau veśmabhūrvāsturastriyām

> Saṃvasatha and grāma are equivalent \[for a village\]; / homestead land is vāstu, not feminine.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.172](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.172)

(2.2.80) grāmānta upaśalyaṃ syātsīmasīme striyāmubhe

> The edge of a village is upaśalya; / both sīman and sīmā are feminine \[for a boundary\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.173](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.173)

(2.2.81) ghoṣa ābhīrapallī syātpakkaṇaḥ śabarālayaḥ | iti puravargaḥ

> Ghoṣa is a settlement of herdsmen; / pakkaṇa is a dwelling of Śabaras. / Thus the section on cities.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.174](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.174)

śailavargaḥ|

> The section on mountains.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.175](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.175)

(2.3.82) mahīdhre śikharikṣmābhṛdahāryadharaparvatāḥ | atha śailavargaḥ

> For mahīdhra (mountain): śikharin, kṣmābhṛt, ahārya, dhara, parvata, / — Now begins the section on mountains —  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.176](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.176)

(2.3.83) adrigotragirigrāvācalaśailaśiloccayāḥ

> adri, gotra, giri, grāvan, acala, śaila, and śiloccaya.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.177](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.177)

(2.3.84) lokālokaścakravālastrikūṭastrikakutsamau

> Lokāloka and cakravāla \[are synonymous\]; / trikūṭa and trikakud are equivalent.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.178](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.178)

(2.3.85) astastu caramakṣmābhṛdudayaḥ pūrvaparvataḥ

> Asta is the western mountain; / udaya is the eastern mountain.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.179](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.179)

(2.3.86) himavānniṣadho vindhyo mālyavānpāriyātrikaḥ

> Himavat, Niṣadha, Vindhya, / Mālyavat, Pāriyātra,  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.180](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.180)

(2.3.87) gandhamādanamanye ca hemakūṭādayo nagāḥ

> Gandhamādana, Hemakūṭa, / and others are mountains.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.181](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.181)

(2.3.88) pāṣāṇaprastaragrāvopalāśmānaḥ śilā dṛṣat

> Pāṣāṇa, prastara, grāvan, upala, / aśman, śilā, and dṛṣad \[denote stone\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.182](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.182)

(2.3.89) kūṭo 'strī śikharaṃ śṛṅgaṃ prapātastvataṭo bhṛguḥ

> Kūṭa, not feminine, śikhara, and śṛṅga \[mean a peak\]; / prapāta, ataṭa, and bhṛgu \[mean\] a precipice.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.183](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.183)

(2.3.90) kaṭako 'strī nitambo 'dreḥ snuḥ prasthaḥ sānurastriyām

> Kaṭaka, not feminine, and nitamba \[mean\] the ridge of a mountain; / snu, prastha, and sānu, not feminine, \[mean a tableland\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.184](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.184)

(2.3.91) utsaḥ prasravaṇaṃ vāripravāho nirjharo jharaḥ

> Utsa and prasravaṇa \[mean a spring\]; / a stream of water is a nirjhara or jhara (cascade).  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.185](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.185)

(2.3.92) darī tu kandaro vā strī devakhātabile guhā

> Darī, or kandara \[masculine or\] feminine, / a cave made by the gods, a cavity, is a guhā.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.186](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.186)

(2.3.93) gahvaraṃ gaṇḍaśailāstu cyutāḥ sthūlopalā gireḥ

> Gahvara \[is a cave\]; / gaṇḍaśailas are large rocks fallen from a mountain.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.187](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.187)

(2.3.94) dantakāstu bahistiryak pradeśānnirgatā gireḥ

> Dantakas are \[crags\] projecting / horizontally out from a mountain.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.188](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.188)

(2.3.95) khaniḥ striyāmākaraḥ syātpādāḥ pratyantaparvatāḥ

> Khani, in the feminine, and ākara \[mean\] a mine; / foothills are pratyantaparvatas or pādās.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.189](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.189)

(2.3.96) upatyakādrerāsannā bhūmirūrdhvamadhityakā

> Upatyakā is land near \[the base of\] a mountain; / above \[it\] is adhityakā (a plateau).  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.190](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.190)

(2.3.97) dhāturmanaḥśilādyadrergairikaṃ tu viśeṣataḥ

> A mineral is realgar and so forth of a mountain; / in particular, \[red chalk is\] gairika.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.191](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.191)

(2.3.98) nikuñjakuñjau vā klībe latādipihitodare | iti śailavargaḥ

> Nikuñja and kuñja are optionally neuter, / meaning an interior enclosed by creepers and the like. / Thus the section on mountains.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.192](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.192)

vanauṣadhivargaḥ|

> The section on forest plants.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.193](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.193)

(2.4.99) aṭavyaraṇyaṃ vipinaṃ gahanaṃ kānanaṃ vanam | atha vanauṣadhivargaḥ

> Aṭavī, araṇya, vipina, gahana, kānana, and vana \[denote a forest\]. / Now begins the section on forest plants.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.194](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.194)

(2.4.100) mahāraṇyamaraṇyānī gṛhārāmāstu niṣkuṭāḥ

> A great forest is an araṇyānī; / domestic pleasure-gardens are niṣkuṭas.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.195](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.195)

(2.4.101) ārāmaḥ syādupavanaṃ kṛtrimaṃ vanameva yat

> Ārāma and upavana \[denote\] / a plantation that is an artificial wood.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.196](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.196)

(2.4.102) amātyagaṇikāgehopavane vṛkṣavāṭikā

> The pleasure-garden of a minister or courtezan / is a vṛkṣavāṭikā.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.197](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.197)

(2.4.103) pumānākrīḍa udyānaṃ rājñaḥ sādhāraṇaṃ vanam

> Ākrīḍa, masculine, \[and\] udyāna \[denote\] / a royal pleasure-grove common \[to all\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.198](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.198)

(2.4.104) syādetadeva pramadavanamantaḥpurocitam

> This very \[garden\], when reserved for the women's quarters, / is a pramadavana.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.199](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.199)

(2.4.105) vīthyālirāvaliḥ paṅktiḥ śreṇī lekhāstu rājayaḥ

> Vīthi, āli, āvali, paṅkti, / śreṇī, lekhā, and rāji \[mean a row\].  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

### [1.2.200](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2.200)

(2.4.106) vanyā vanasamūhe syādaṅkuro 'bhinavodbhidi

> Vanyā is an assemblage of woods; / aṅkura is a freshly sprouted shoot.  
> — English (machine translation) (machine translation)

_First 200 of 1,594 passages. [Read on](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2)_

## Translations (1)

- [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa~en-mt.1.2.1) — English, machine translation

## Linked texts (14)

- [Amarakośasaṃgraha](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.sesa.amarakosasangraha.1.130) — Sanskrit
- [Agnipurāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.agni.359_26) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
- [Laghukośasaṃgraha](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.laghukosa.3.22) — Sanskrit
- [Laghuyogavāsiṣṭha](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.advaita.prakarana.laghuyogavasistha.49.45) — Sanskrit
- [Alaṅkāramaṇihāra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.alamkara.yasobhusana.alankaramanihara.2.28.900_335) — Śrīkṛṣṇa, Sanskrit
- [Rukmiṇīpāṇigrahaṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.lit.kavya.mahakavya.krsna.rukminipanigrahana.2.1.39-2) — Govinda Antarvāṇi, Sanskrit
- [Bhāvaprakāśa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.sangraha.bhavaprakasa.70) — Bhāvamiśra 1550, Sanskrit
- [Śabdacandrikā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.nighantu.paryaya.sabdacandrika.1.44) — Cakrapāṇidatta, Sanskrit
- [Śabdaratnākarī](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.sabdaratnakari.1.p58) — Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa, Sanskrit
- [Abhidhānaratnamālā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.abhidhanaratnamala.2.94) — Halāyudha (lexicographer), Sanskrit
- [Nighaṇṭuśeṣa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.sesa.nighantusesa.3.189) — Hemacandra, Sanskrit
- [Śabdakalpadruma](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.sabdakalpadruma.708.2) — Rājā Sir Rādhākānta Deb, Sanskrit
- [Kośakalpataru](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.kosakalpataru.14.4-2) — Viśvanātha, Sanskrit
- [Nānārthārṇavasaṃkṣepa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.nanartha.nanartharnava.10.1286) — Keśavasvāmin, Sanskrit

---
Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.kosa.paryaya.amarakosa.1.2) · Pramāṇa