[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Arts, Poetics, Architecture & Lexicography](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art) › [Dramaturgy and Theory of Theatre](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya) › [Rasārṇavasudhākara](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara) › [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt) › 1 # Rasarnavasudhakara 1 English (machine translation) 1 - **Language:** English ## Contents - [1.58](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.58) — 2 parts - [1.65](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.65) — 1 part - [1.67](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.67) — 1 part - [1.69](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.69) — 1 part - [1.71](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.71) — 1 part - [1.73](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.73) — 1 part - [1.75](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.75) — 1 part - [1.81](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.81) — 1 part - [1.85](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.85) — 1 part - [1.89](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.89) — 1 part - [1.93](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.93) — 1 part - [1.94](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.94) — 1 part - [1.98](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.98) — 1 part - [1.100](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.100) — 1 part - [1.101](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.101) — 1 part - [1.102](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.102) — 1 part - [1.103](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.103) — 1 part - [1.104](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.104) — 1 part - [1.105](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.105) — 1 part - [1.106](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.106) — 1 part - [1.108](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.108) — 1 part - [1.112](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.112) — 1 part - [1.115](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.115) — 1 part - [1.118](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.118) — 1 part - [1.119](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.119) — 1 part - [1.120](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.120) — 1 part - [1.121](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.121) — 1 part - [1.123](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.123) — 1 part - [1.129](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.129) — 1 part - [1.130](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.130) — 1 part - [1.131](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.131) — 2 parts - [1.132](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.132) — 1 part - [1.133](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.133) — 1 part - [1.134](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.134) — 1 part - [1.135](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.135) — 1 part - [1.142](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.142) — 2 parts - [1.144](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.144) — 1 part - [1.146](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.146) — 3 parts - [1.149](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.149) — 2 parts - [1.157](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.157) — 1 part - [1.165](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.165) — 1 part - [1.171](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.171) — 1 part - [1.181](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.181) — 2 parts - [1.185](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.185) — 1 part - [1.188](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.188) — 1 part - [1.190](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.190) — 1 part - [1.194](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.194) — 1 part - [1.196](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.196) — 1 part - [1.200](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.200) — 1 part - [1.201](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.201) — 1 part - [1.202](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.202) — 1 part - [1.203](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.203) — 1 part - [1.205](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.205) — 1 part - [1.206](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.206) — 1 part - [1.207](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.207) — 1 part - [1.209](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.209) — 1 part - [1.212](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.212) — 1 part - [1.213](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.213) — 1 part - [1.216](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.216) — 1 part - [1.219](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.219) — 1 part - [1.222](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.222) — 1 part - [1.225](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.225) — 1 part - [1.226](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.226) — 1 part - [1.227](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.227) — 1 part - [1.228](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.228) — 1 part - [1.229](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.229) — 1 part - [1.232](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.232) — 1 part - [1.239](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.239) — 1 part - [1.240](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.240) — 1 part - [1.253](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.253) — 1 part - [1.258](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.258) — 1 part - [1.259](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.259) — 3 parts - [1.267](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.267) — 1 part - [1.273](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.273) — 1 part - [1.287](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.287) — 1 part - [1.289](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.289) — 1 part - [1.291](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.291) — 1 part - [1.294](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.294) — 2 parts - [1.296](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.296) — 1 part - [1.298](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.298) — 1 part - [1.299](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.299) — 1 part - [1.300](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.300) — 2 parts - [1.301](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.301) — 2 parts - [1.308](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.308) — 1 part - [1.309](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.309) — 1 part - [1.314](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.314) — 1 part - [1.315](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.315) — 1 part - [1.319](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.319) — 1 part - [1.320](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.320) — 3 parts - [1.323](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.323) — 1 part - [1.324](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.324) — 1 part - [1.325](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.325) — 2 parts - [1.327](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.327) — 1 part - [1.329](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.329) — 2 parts - [1.333](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.333) — 2 parts - [1.335](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.335) — 2 parts - [1.337](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.337) — 2 parts - [1.339](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.339) — 2 parts - [1.341](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.341) — 1 part - [1.343](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.343) — 2 parts - [1.346](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.346) — 1 part - [1.355](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.355) — 1 part - [1.359](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.359) — 2 parts - [1.362](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.362) — 2 parts - [1.366](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.366) — 1 part - [1.367](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.367) — 1 part - [1.368](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.368) — 2 parts - [1.369](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.369) — 1 part - [1.370](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.370) — 1 part - [1.371](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.371) — 1 part - [1.374](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.374) — 1 part - [1.375](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.375) — 2 parts - [1.376](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.376) — 1 part - [1.380](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.380) — 2 parts - [1.382](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.382) — 1 part - [1.384](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.384) — 1 part - [1.385](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.385) — 1 part - [1.387](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.387) — 2 parts - [1.389](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.389) — 2 parts - [1.397](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.397) — 1 part - [1.401](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.401) — 1 part - [1.404](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.404) — 1 part - [1.406](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.406) — 1 part - [1.410](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.410) — 1 part - [1.416](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.416) — 2 parts - [1.418](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.418) — 1 part - [1.419](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.419) — 1 part - [1.420](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.420) — 1 part - [1.422](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.422) — 1 part - [1.424](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.424) — 1 part - [1.425](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.425) — 1 part - [1.426](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.426) — 1 part - [1.427](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.427) — 1 part - [1.428](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.428) — 3 parts - [1.429](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.429) — 1 part - [1.430](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.430) — 1 part - [1.431](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.431) — 1 part - [1.432](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.432) — 1 part - [1.433](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.433) — 1 part - [1.435](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.435) — 1 part - [1.436](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.436) — 1 part - [1.437](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.437) — 1 part - [1.439](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.439) — 1 part - [1.441](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.441) — 2 parts - [1.464](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.464) — 1 part - [1.467](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.467) — 1 part - [1.469](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.469) — 1 part - [1.470](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.470) — 2 parts - [1.471](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.471) — 2 parts - [1.472](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.472) — 1 part - [1.473](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.473) — 2 parts - [1.478](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.478) — 1 part - [1.479](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.479) — 3 parts - [1.480](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.480) — 2 parts - [1.481](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.481) — 3 parts - [1.482](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.482) — 1 part - [1.483](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.483) — 2 parts - [1.484](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.484) — 3 parts - [1.485](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.485) — 2 parts - [1.486](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.486) — 1 part - [1.487](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.487) — 1 part - [1.488](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.488) — 2 parts - [1.489](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.489) — 2 parts - [1.491](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.491) — 2 parts - [1.492](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.492) — 3 parts - [1.495](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.495) — 3 parts - [1.497](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.497) — 2 parts - [1.498](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.498) — 1 part - [1.501](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.501) — 1 part - [1.503](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.503) — 1 part - [1.504](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.504) — 2 parts - [1.506](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.506) — 2 parts - [1.508](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.508) — 2 parts - [1.509](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.509) — 1 part - [1.512](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.512) — 1 part - [1.514](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.514) — 1 part - [1.517](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.517) — 1 part - [1.519](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.519) — 1 part - [1.521](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.521) — 1 part - [1.524](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.524) — 2 parts - [1.525](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.525) — 1 part - [1.526](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.526) — 1 part - [1.528](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.528) — 3 parts - [1.529](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.529) — 1 part - [1.530](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.530) — 1 part - [1.538](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.538) — 1 part - [1.539](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.539) — 1 part - [1.540](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.540) — 1 part - [1.545](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.545) — 1 part - [1.546](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.546) — 2 parts - [1.547](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.547) — 1 part - [1.548](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.548) — 1 part - [1.549](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.549) — 1 part - [1.550](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.550) — 1 part - [1.551](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.551) — 2 parts - [1.554](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.554) — 1 part - [1.555](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.555) — 1 part - [1.557](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.557) — 1 part - [1.558](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.558) — 1 part - [1.561](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.561) — 1 part - [1.564](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.564) — 2 parts - [1.565](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.565) — 1 part - [1.566](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.566) — 1 part - [1.568](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.568) — 1 part - [1.569](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.569) — 1 part - [1.570](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.570) — 2 parts - [1.571](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.571) — 1 part - [1.573](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.573) — 2 parts - [1.574](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.574) — 3 parts - [1.575](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.575) — 1 part - [1.579](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.579) — 3 parts ### [1.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.1) We worship that divine couple, the friendship of the erotic and the heroic sentiments, / the fragrant charm of artless innocence and boldness, the gracious harmony of gentle feminine and vigorous masculine dance. ### [1.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.2) I bow always to the doe-eyed Goddess of Speech, whose hand holds the vīṇā, / who consists of eternal bliss, the beloved of the lotus-seated Brahmā. ### [1.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.3) There is a certain supreme reality, the shoot of ultimate bliss, / whose chest is curious to feel the firmness of Kamalā's breasts. ### [1.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.4) From his lotus feet was born the caste freed of impurities, / which has attained kinship with the fruit of Bhagīratha's austerities. ### [1.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.5) In it was born Dācaya Nāyaka, the autumn full moon to the ocean of the Recerla lineage, / a repository of arts, endowed with noble splendour. ### [1.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.6) Along the difficult path of whose sword-edge on the field of battle / the Fortune of Victory crossed over from the elephant forces of the Pāṇḍya king. ### [1.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.7) When he, a human Nārāyaṇa, reigned, the royal fortune remained steadfast; / and the earth, like a female elephant, was subdued by him who was a goad to wicked king-elephants. ### [1.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.8) His wife, celebrated like the goddess Lakṣmī of Viṣṇu, was richly fortunate, / Pocamāmbā, noble in virtue, born from the lotus lineage. ### [1.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.9) To the two of them were born three sons, wish-fulfilling trees of the earth, / who struck terror into enemy heroes: / King Siṃha, Vennama Nāyaka, / and King Reca, foremost among heroes. ### [1.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.10) By these \[three\], who served as its feet, Dharma, though standing on a single foot in the Kali age, / regained its full complement of feet and no longer longs for the Kṛta age. ### [1.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.11) While King Siṃha governed the entire earth among them, / wondrously, kings who bowed down rose up, while those who did not bow down fell low. ### [1.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.12) Constantly establishing settlements of brāhmaṇas free from peril / in the presence of Kṛṣṇaileśvara, at Meleśvara where great provisions were amassed, / that lord repaid his debt to the Creator, who was deeply preoccupied with the heavy exertion of producing his exceptional virtues. ### [1.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.13) Seeing his scimitar, curved like the tongue of the Lord of Death, / the sudden breaking out of sweat brings calm / to the heat of accumulated pride in the hearts of his terrified enemies. ### [1.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.14) His younger brother, the illustrious King Reca of noble conduct, manifestly / achieved immense renown as a master of heroes, affixing the seal of valour, / having obtained a son, Nāgaya Nāyaka, the sole crest-jewel among heroes of the earth, / who bore the title Kaṭhārīrāya and was marked as Rāhuttarāya. ### [1.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.15) This very King Siṃha was plainly Vasudeva, / whose two sons, Ananta and Mādhava, were protectors of the world. ### [1.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.16) Between them, the younger, lord Mādhava Nāyaka, / whose prowess was famous throughout the quarters of space, / had sons who perpetuated the dynasty, kings headed by the noble lord of Vedagiri. ### [1.17](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.17) His elder brother bore on earth the famous and true name 'Anapota' / because he was not woven over (aprota) by the faults of kings, / as well as the name 'Ananta' because he bore the weight of the earth like the serpent Śeṣa. ### [1.18](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.18) His brother was an embodiment of Balabhadra; his dear queen was always Rukmiṇī; / his son was Pradyumna; and his host of grandsons were Aniruddha and others. / Thus he, King Annapota, was Viṣṇu himself; moreover, on his lotus face / he displayed the beauty of a lovely smile (sudarśana), and the glory of the Sudarśana discus in his lotus hand whose essence was pure goodness. ### [1.19](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.19) When he protects this earthly world, having made it rich in somasūta sacrifices, / Hari feels ashamed while guarding heaven, which possesses only one son of Soma. ### [1.20](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.20) When he—a Paraśurāma to the Lunar race, / terrible in the strength of his arms, an Arigāyagobāla— / remains vigilant and rules, / eternal welfare stays awake for all worlds. ### [1.21](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.21) By gifts of golden mountains (hemādri) he placed the golden mountain \[Meru\] into the hands of the gods of the earth \[brāhmaṇas\], / and by means of a beautiful flight of steps / made Śrīparvata accessible to the feet of all people. ### [1.22](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.22) Wondrously, he bears the epithet 'Bhārgava to the Lunar race', / though he destroys many a hero (unlike Paraśurāma who destroyed Naikavīra), is counted in countless battles (yet of countless wisdom), does not break the orderly course of his steps (never falling in battle), / and was born free of caste intermixture. ### [1.23](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.23) Fleeing again and again after being repulsed from the battleground, / the enemy kings saw him standing before them, multiplied in every blade; / even as they turned back and looked this way and that, / they acknowledged his title 'Khaḍganārāyaṇa' as plainly true. ### [1.24](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.24) To that ruler of the earth there was a queen known as Annamāmbā, / radiantly resplendent, as Śivā is to Śiva who bears the moon on his diadem. ### [1.25](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.25) Just as Śrutakīrti delighted Śatrughna and Subhadrā delighted Arjuna with her fame, / so that youthful woman delighted her husband, the illustrious king. ### [1.26](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.26) To the two of them were born two sons: the elder, the lord of Vedagiri, / and the second, unmatched in fame, was King Siṃha. ### [1.27](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.27) Now may the long-lived and illustrious King Siṃhabhūpāla / place this earth firmly established, without pretext, upon the altar of his shoulders. ### [1.28](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.28) He possesses an uninjured bowstring (as Śiva has the serpent Śeṣa as his bowstring), an excellent golden bow (as Meru is Śiva's bow), / arrows destroying the strong (as Śiva's arrow destroyed the demon Bāṇa), and numerous hostile cities for his range (as Śiva burnt the triple city); / thus, people generally speak of this King Siṃha / as Maheśa himself in the manner of his extraordinary preparation for battle. ### [1.29](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.29) And when he prepares for battle, / enemies have no refuge except grazing on grass, fleeing from their own city, / wandering in the forest, or attending upon his lotus feet. ### [1.30](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.30) Delighting the virtuous, unfolding the water-lily, / nourishing delightful arts, and maintaining talk of long life, / this king brings forth the rise of allies— / as well as the joys of the cakravāka and the splendid delight of lotuses—ah, how wonderful! ### [1.31](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.31) Raindrops from dense clouds, fallen into oysters in the ocean / only under the Svāti asterism, assume the nature of pearls. / But the drops of water poured in his giving, falling into the hands of the wise, / became rubies, costly garments, mansions in abundance, and gold. ### [1.32](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.32) Recognising policy as non-policy, virtue as vice, / and their own position as tenable no longer, / enemy kings bow down before the footstool of his lotus feet, / for he is skilled in the virtues of statecraft. ### [1.33](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.33) Thinking, 'To save their lives, those feudatory kings have often taken refuge in my livelihood; / they deserve protection out of compassion,' / she wished to whisper this in his ear: I imagine the wish-granting cow sought the vicinity / of the outer corners of his eyes, resting near the edge of his ears as a true friend. ### [1.34](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.34) When questioned by their inner chambers, 'How did you save your lives / in the battle against Pratigaṇḍabhairava?' his enemies were overcome with shame; / and the emerald shoots of light from the earrings swinging against their cheeks, / expert in deciphering facial changes, declared the answer. ### [1.35](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.35) Resembling the Mandāra, Pārijātaka, / Candana, Santāna, and the wish-fulfilling jewel, / bearing the names of Anapota, Dāca, Vallabha, / Vedagiri, Svāmi, Māda, and Dāmaya, ### [1.36](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.36) having splendid power, born of himself, / delighting the earth with gifts accessible to no other person, / he shines like the ocean, / adorned with the delight of the lovely lotus of royal splendour. ### [1.37](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.37) His first prince, the jewel Śrī Annapota, rich in virtues, / excels one in bodily splendour, two when the bow is drawn, / three when irresistible strength of arm mounts \[in combat\], / four in truthful speech, and even five in generosity. ### [1.38](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.38) When opposing kings, scorched by the heat of valorous combat, / plunge into the water at the blade's edge of prince Dācaya's sword, / wondrous it is that their women have their tilakas erased, their dark curls scattered, / the saffron smeared on their breasts rubbed away, and the black collyrium washing from their eye-corners. ### [1.39](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.39) When his beloved jewel of a son, the full moon Vallabharāya, / reaches his fullness, / the peerless majesty of the virtuous rises up, / yet wondrous is the flourishing of lotuses! ### [1.40](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.40) With these and other sons, this king Siṃha / attains stability, just as a king \[does\] / through the six well-ordered constituents of state. ### [1.41](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.41) Knowing how to protect the good and discipline the wicked / in accordance with justice, that king dwelt / in the ancestral capital named Rājācala. ### [1.42](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.42) Protecting the realm between the Vindhya and Śrīśaila / with his sons who continue his lineage, / that Indra of enjoyment enjoys wealth. ### [1.43](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.43) While that ruler of the earth, Siṃha, son of Annapota, ruled the world, / hardness was found only in the rounded breasts of fair-browed women; unsteadiness, in the corners of their eyes; / unevenness, in the three folds of their waists; slowness of pace, in their languid, playful gait; / crookedness, in their hair; and slimness, only in their waists. ### [1.44](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.44) Therefore I, in order to please the learned, / shall state the theoretical definition of dramaturgy, / which is the single cause for the pre-eminence of the fine arts of auspicious form. ### [1.45](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.45) Long ago, Purandara and the other gods, bowing to the four-faced Brahmā, / joined their hands in supplication / and questioned the omniscient one: ### [1.46](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.46) 'O Venerable One, we wish to hear that which is audible, visible, and delightful, / conforming to dharma, conferring fame and wealth, and displaying all arts and crafts; ### [1.47](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.47) an unsurpassed fifth Veda accessible to all castes.' / Thus questioned by them, Brahmā, recalling all the Vedas, ### [1.48](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.48) and taking the essence from them, created the Nāṭyaveda. / Having taught it to the teacher Bharata, the Lord of Creatures said: ### [1.49](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.49) 'Together with your sons, make this Veda manifest through dramatic performance.' / Thus enjoined by him, Bharata, along with his sons, ### [1.50](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.50) produced a performance before Indra in the celestial assembly Sudharmā with troupes of apsarases, / and composed the treatise on dramaturgy for the benefit of the entire world. ### [1.51](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.51) Then, following along with it, Śāṇḍilya, Kohala, / Dattila, Mataṅga, and others born from him ### [1.52](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.52) composed treatises of diverse kinds, famous on the earth. / Because these texts are exceedingly profound and their arrangement is scattered, ### [1.53](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.53) and because the tradition has been interrupted and those who know it are rare, / the path of dramaturgy has become largely untrodden and obscure. ### [1.54](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.54) Therefore, this effort of ours, having the purpose of elucidating it, / brings joy to the minds of the wise who grasp only the essence. ### [1.55](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.55) Does a modern lamp not dispel a mass of darkness? / Does the moonlight not shine at that very moment to break the cakora bird's fast? / Does the morning sun not swiftly open the beds of lotuses? / Therefore, even in the present time, the speech of persons like me must surely bring delight. ### [1.56](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.56) Bearing clear and delightful aesthetic sentiments, charming through the brilliance of its subject-matter, / accompanied by a hero, the path of dramaturgy should be cultivated like a hoard of gold. ### [1.57](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.57) Because through representations—involuntary physical reactions and the rest—spectators / come to perceive the actor as identical with the hero, that is called drama. ### [1.58](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.58) For the perfection of aesthetic sentiment is the very life-breath of drama; therefore it is defined: / when brought to relish by determinants, consequents, ### [1.58.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.58.p1) involuntary physical reactions, and transitory emotional states, the durable emotional state is considered an aesthetic sentiment. ### [1.58.p2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.58.p2) Now, determinants: ### [1.59](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.59) In this context, the determinant is to be known as the cause that makes the aesthetic sentiment known. ### [1.60](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.60) This is understood by the wise to be twofold: the primary determinant and the excitant determinant. / Through being the substrate and the object, the hero and the heroine also \[are determinants\]. ### [1.61](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.61) Here, the hero: / There, the primary determinant is considered to be the hero, a virtuous man. / His virtues are high status, generosity, steadfastness, skill, ### [1.62](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.62) radiance, righteousness, noble birth, eloquence, / gratitude, knowledge of policy, purity, sense of honour, ### [1.63](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.63) splendour, accomplishment in the arts, and pleasing the subjects. / These are stated by the wise to be the common virtues of the hero. ### [1.64](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.64) Among them, high status: / Sovereignty that surpasses all others is cited as high status. ### [1.65](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.65) As \[in the following verse\]: / The grandson of Kuśa, lotus-eyed, / his mind profound as the ocean, / the sole hero with arms long as city-bars, / ruled the earth together with its oceans under a single umbrella. ### [1.65.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.65.p1) || (Raghuvaṃśa 18.4) ### [1.66](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.66) Now, generosity (audārya): / The habit of making gifts is known as generosity by the wise. ### [1.67](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.67) As \[in the following verse\]: / To the people dwelling in Sāketa both of them / were of admirable character: / the petitioner had no desire for more than what was to be given to his guru, / and the king gave far more than what the petitioner desired. ### [1.67.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.67.p1) || (Raghuvaṃśa 5.37) ### [1.68](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.68) Now, steadfastness (sthairya): / The wise call persevering in action until its fruit is attained 'steadfastness'. ### [1.69](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.69) As \[in the following verse\]: / The new ruler, firm in action, did not cease from duty / until the emergence of its fruit, / nor did the other \[former ruler\], firm in mind, / cease from the practice of yoga until the vision of the Supreme Self. ### [1.69.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.69.p1) || (Raghuvaṃśa 8.22) ### [1.70](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.70) Now, dexterity (dakṣatā): / Acting swiftly in a difficult task is pronounced to be dexterity. ### [1.71](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.71) As \[in the following verse\]: / When a yak turned around to protect its tail and exposed its neck, / that compassionate \[king\] split the falling arrow / with another \[arrow\]. ### [1.71.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.71.p1) || \[\*1\] / \[\*1\] Some MSS. have the following example: / In battle, his right hand moving to the mouth of the quiver / and his left \[drawing the bow\] could not be seen; / pulled to the ear once, his bowstring seemed to give birth / to foe-slaying arrows for fighting. || (Raghuvaṃśa 7.57) ### [1.72](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.72) Now, splendour (aujjvalya): / Splendour is declared by the wise to be that which causes delight to the eyes. ### [1.73](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.73) As \[in the following verse\]: / Drinking in Rāghava with their eyes, / those women did not turn to other sensory objects; / for the function of their remaining senses / entered their eyes entirely, as it were. ### [1.73.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.73.p1) || (Raghuvaṃśa 7.12) ### [1.74](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.74) Now, righteousness (dhārmikatva): / Having a mind inclined towards dharma is called righteousness. ### [1.75](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.75) As \[in the following verse\]: / Punishing those deserving punishment for preservation \[of order\], / marrying for the sake of progeny, / even wealth and pleasure for that wise \[king\] / were nothing but dharma. ### [1.75.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.75.p1) || (Raghuvaṃśa 1.25) ### [1.76](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.76) Now, noble birth (kulīnatva): / Origin in an illustrious lineage is defined as noble birth. ### [1.77](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.77) As \[in the following verse\]: / Whose maternal and paternal grandfathers are the Sun and the Moon, / and who was chosen as husband of their own accord / by both Urvaśī and the Earth. ### [1.78](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.78) Now, eloquence (vāgmitā): / Eloquence is defined by the wise as speaking appropriately for the occasion. ### [1.79](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.79) As \[in the following verse\]: / Surely it is the valour of the Wielder of the Thunderbolt (Indra) / that his partisans triumph over his enemies; / even an echo from the cave of a mountain / emerging from a lion splits the temples of elephants. ### [1.80](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.80) Now, gratitude (kṛtajñatva): / Being mindful of benefits received is gratitude. ### [1.81](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.81) As \[in the following verse\]: / O monkey, for a single act of help I would give my life; / for the remainder being performed daily, we remain indebted. ### [1.81.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.81.p1) || (Hanumannāṭaka 13.35) ### [1.82](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.82) Now, political wisdom (nayajñatva): / Skill in the expedients such as conciliation and the rest is defined as political wisdom. ### [1.83](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.83) As \[in the following verse\]: / Ceaselessly directed by him to their proper places, / having divided them well with proper execution of employment, / the political expedients, as if entering into rivalry, / bear fruit in extensive achievements of purpose of great future value. ### [1.84](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.84) Now, purity (śucitā): / Purity of the inner organ (mind) is celebrated as purity. ### [1.85](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.85) As \[in the following verse\]: / Who are you, fair lady, or whose wife are you? / Or what is your purpose in coming to me? / Tell me, knowing that the mind of the self-controlled Raghu kings / turns away from other men's wives. ### [1.85.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.85.p1) || (Raghuvaṃśa 16.8) ### [1.86](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.86) Now, self-respect (mānitā): / Inability to tolerate pettiness or servility is declared to be self-respect. ### [1.87](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.87) As \[in the following verse\]: / When the Enemy of the Three Cities (Śiva) was pleased, when the hero, whose heads were cut off and grew again in the sport of his itching circle of arms, desired a boon, / his heads, turning away from the wretchedness of begging, quarreled among themselves from all sides saying, 'You choose!', 'You choose!'—how can that Ten-Necked (Rāvaṇa) be described? ### [1.88](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.88) Now, spiritedness (tejasvitā): / Spiritedness is described as impatience of contempt and the like. ### [1.89](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.89) As \[in the following verse\]: / He who three times seven times completely slaughtered the lineage of kṣatriyas, / the hero who pierced Mount Krauñca, who made a wondrous descent of swans across the earth, / the conqueror of the foe of Tāraka whose army consisted of gaṇas led by Heramba and Bhṛṅgi— / this descendant of Jamadagni (Paraśurāma) approaches asking for you, out of rage at the breaking of the bow of his guru, Śiva. ### [1.89.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.89.p1) (Mahāvīracarita 2.17) ### [1.90](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.90) Now, mastery of the arts (kalāvattva): / Mastery of the arts is declared to be proficiency in all branches of learning. ### [1.91](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.91) As \[in the following verse\]: / In assemblies, he, the limit of discernment and devoid of arrogance, / knew the relative merits of the collection of arts accumulated by learned men, / just as \[one knows the grade\] of gold upon a touchstone. ### [1.92](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.92) Now, winning the subjects' hearts (prajā-rañjakatva): / Winning hearts is indeed causing delight to all minds. ### [1.93](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.93) As \[in the following verse\]: / Every subject thought, 'I alone am favored by the lord of the earth'; / just like the ocean towards hundreds of rivers, nowhere was there neglect from him. ### [1.93.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.93.p1) And endowed with all the virtues mentioned, a hero is superior (uttama). 71cd ### [1.94](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.94) One lacking a few is middling (madhya); one lacking many virtues is indeed inferior (adhama). ### [1.94.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.94.p1) This hero is of four kinds: the high-spirited and noble (dhīrodātta), the high-spirited and playful (dhīralalita), 72 ### [1.95](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.95) and the one named dhīrapraśānta, and then the dhīroddhata is famous. ### [1.96](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.96) Among these, the dhīrodātta \[hero\]: Compassionate, deeply profound, humble, possessing strength of character, / resolute in his vows, forbearing, averse to self-praise, / with hidden pride—such a one is cited by the wise as the dhīrodātta. ### [1.97](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.97) Among these \[qualities\], compassionateness: Abounding in supreme compassion is cited as compassionateness. ### [1.98](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.98) For example: With the blood-stained tips of his arrows, on the banners of the kings / these letters were inscribed by him: 'Now fame has been taken by the descendant of Raghu, / not your lives, out of mercy.' ### [1.98.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.98.p1) || (Raghuvaṃśa 7.65) ### [1.99](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.99) Deep profundity: Profundity is absence of agitation even when a cause for disturbance exists. ### [1.100](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.100) For example: When wearing auspicious silk and when putting on bark garments, / the people, astonished, saw the expression of his face to be the same. ### [1.100.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.100.p1) || \[Raghuvaṃśa 12.8\] ### [1.101](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.101) Humility: At the mere sight from afar of the king wishing to alight hastily from his chariot, / Hari himself alighted first; / he enhances humility with deference. ### [1.101.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.101.p1) || (Śiśupālavadha 13.7) ### [1.102](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.102) Strength of character, for example: Smiling, the mighty-armed one, having looked at the skeleton, mighty in power, / cast it away with his big toe a full ten yojanas. ### [1.102.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.102.p1) || (Rāmāyaṇa 1.1.65) ### [1.103](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.103) Being resolute in vows, for example: Unable to dissuade him from the command of their father who had gone to heaven, / \[Bharata\] then begged for the two sandals to make them the tutelary deities of the kingdom. ### [1.103.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.103.p1) || (Raghuvaṃśa 12.17) ### [1.104](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.104) Possessing forbearance, for example: Keśava gave no answer / to the king of Cedi who was heaping curses; / indeed, the lion roars in response to the thunder of clouds, / not to the howls of a jackal. ### [1.104.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.104.p1) || (Śiśupālavadha 16.25) ### [1.105](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.105) Aversion to self-praise, for example: While being extolled by the ascetics whose purpose had been achieved, / his head, fierce in valour, shone bowed down in modesty. ### [1.105.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.105.p1) || (Raghuvaṃśa 15.27) ### [1.106](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.106) Hidden pride, for example: How much land is this that is bounded by the ocean, which, once conquered, is relinquished / by a hero like you proclaiming victory thrice seven times? / I am a child, with fresh arms; and such is this terrible heroic vow! / Therefore cease from wrath, be gracious, O venerable one; by birth alone you are to be worshipped by us. ### [1.106.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.106.p1) (Anargharāghava 4.35) ### [1.107](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.107) Now the dhīralalita: Free from care is the dhīralalita, youthful, subjugated by women. ### [1.108](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.108) For example: That passionate lover personally conducted the authority appropriate to his family / for some years; / after that, having entrusted it to his ministers, / his fresh youth became submissive to women. ### [1.108.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.108.p1) || (Raghuvaṃśa 19.4) ### [1.109](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.109) Now the dhīraśānta: Of a tranquil nature, enduring distress, and discerning, / endowed with grace and other virtues, a Brahmin or a minister or a merchant— / such is cited as the dhīraśānta, such as Cārudatta, Mādhava, and others. ### [1.110](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.110) For example: Though dark as a blue lotus petal, bearing a dust-covered body, / with graceful yet formidable movements, magnificent, with a face like the moon— / his left hand, revealing audacity, strips away decorum, / with dripping mud of blood, sporting with human flesh. ### [1.111](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.111) || (Mālatīmādhava 5.5) Now the dhīroddhata: Envious, proud, deceitful, wrathful, fickle, / boastful—such as the descendant of Bhṛgu—is cited as the dhīroddhata. ### [1.112](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.112) For example: Even if the bow of the divine Lord, the husband of Bhavānī, / was broken by him whose mind is calm with a continuous flow of compassion for living beings, / yet his son Skanda brought joy to the universe by slaying Tāraka blinded with arrogance; / or how could I, a disciple dear as Skanda, be forgotten? ### [1.112.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.112.p1) (Mahāvīracarita 2.28) ### [1.113](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.113) And these heroes are remembered as common to all aesthetic sentiments; / with reference to the erotic sentiment, a threefold nature of them is spoken of by the wise: ### [1.114](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.114) || 79 by the division into the husband, the illicit lover, and the patron of courtesans. / The husband, moreover, is described by the wise as one who takes the hand in marriage according to rule. ### [1.115](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.115) For example: That friend of Meru, knowing proper conduct, for the continuity of his family, / took in marriage according to rule the mind-born daughter of the ancestors, / Menā, who was worthy of honour even by sages, suitable to himself. ### [1.115.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.115.p1) || (Kumārasambhava 1.18) ### [1.116](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.116) He too is declared fourfold in conduct by experts in poetry, / by the division into the faithful, the deceitful, the brazen, and the courteous. ### [1.117](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.117) Among these: The faithful \[husband\] is devoted to one wife. ### [1.118](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.118) Among them, the dhīrodātta-anukūla, for example: That the enemy of the ten-faced \[Rāvaṇa\], having abandoned Sītā, did not marry another, / \[and\] that he performed sacrifices with her very image as companion— / by that news reaching the range of her hearing, / she somehow endured the unbearable sorrow of abandonment by her husband. ### [1.118.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.118.p1) || (Raghuvaṃśa 14.87) ### [1.119](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.119) The dhīralalita-anukūla, for example: Having attended to his subjects, he, blessed with good offspring, / sported at times with his queen / in the city pleasure-garden, like the protector of the Maruts, companion of Śacī, / in the Nandana grove. ### [1.119.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.119.p1) || (Raghuvaṃśa 8.32) ### [1.120](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.120) The dhīraśānta-anukūla, for example: Why are you unkind to me, dear Mādhava? / Am I not indeed that very one whom formerly / your hand, a great festival embodied as it were, / having taken up the lovely bracelet with its own accord, delighted? ### [1.120.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.120.p1) || (Mālatīmādhava 9.9) ### [1.121](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.121) The dhīroddhata-anukūla, for example: Was the noose of creeper-like arms loosened on your neck inadvertently by me? / Were you not honoured face to face today upon turning over as sleep was broken? / Not even in a dream have I been seen belittled by conversation with other women; / what fault do you see in me, my beloved, that makes me deserve reproach from your attendants? ### [1.121.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.121.p1) || (Veṇīsaṃhāra 2.9) ### [1.122](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.122) Now the deceitful \[hero\]: The deceitful one is a committer of concealed offences. ### [1.123](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.123) For example: When a rival woman's name was uttered in a dream, the women, / without even speaking, struck back at him / with tear-drops fallen upon the hem of the bedsheet, / and with tossings and turnings that broke their bracelets in anger. ### [1.123.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.123.p1) || (Raghuvaṃśa 19.22) ### [1.124](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.124) Now the brazen \[hero\]: The brazen one is fearless even when displaying marks of enjoyment with another young woman. ### [1.125](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.125) For example, my own: What fault is there if a necklace of gems is on the neck? Does Śaṅkara not / bear the spotless crescent moon as an ornament? Is there not blackness in the moon? / Therefore that was done very well, enough with words; you have not offended at all; / it is I who have offended, O beloved, simply unable to look upon your good fortune! ### [1.126](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.126) Now the courteous \[hero\] (dakṣiṇa): / Even when there are many heroines, he who is equal toward them is called courteous. ### [1.127](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.127) As in: / "The daughter of the king of Kuntala has bathed and waits; it is the turn of the Anga king's sister; / this night was won by Kamalā at dice; and today the Chief Queen must be appeased." / Having thus ascertained concerning the beauties of the inner chambers, when I reported it, / the king, his mind bewildered with irresolution, remained still for two or three nāḍikās. ### [1.128](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.128) Now the paramour (upapati): / But he who, without any formal rite, by a woman who transgresses proper conduct / is brought to a rendezvous, is declared by the wise to be a paramour. ### [1.129](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.129) As in: / "My husband shows resentment even at a sigh; my co-wives scent my thoughts; / my mother-in-law takes gestures as deities; my sisters-in-law deduce secrets from my eyes. / Therefore, here is my folded-hands salutation from afar! What is the use of this casting of side-glances? / O connoisseur of the rich arts of cleverness, this effort of yours here is in vain!" ### [1.129.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.129.p1) Courteousness (dākṣiṇya), compliance (ānukūlya), and boldness (dhārṣṭya), on account of unconstancy, ### [1.130](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.130) are not appropriate for him; treachery (śāṭhya) may occur because his mind may be engaged elsewhere. ### [1.130.p2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.130.p2) A treacherous paramour (śaṭhopapati), as in: ### [1.131](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.131) "At midday, when it was deserted of people and the lotuses were devoured by a cow-elephant, / O undiscerning one, how is it that you went to look at the hemp garden?" ### [1.131.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.131.p1) \["At midday, when it was deserted of people and the lotuses were devoured by a cow-elephant, / O undiscerning one, how is it that you went to look at the hemp garden?"\] ### [1.131.p2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.131.p2) Here, since by the implied sense—"While I, an unchaste woman, had gone to the rendezvous, you went somehow to make love in the hemp garden"—an attachment to another woman is indicated, this is a treacherous paramour. ### [1.132](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.132) Now the gallant (vaiśika): / Handsome, endowed with good character, versed in the scriptures, pleasant to behold, / of noble birth, intelligent, heroic, endowed with attractive attire, young, ### [1.132.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.132.p1) magnanimous, fragrant, generous, patient, of pleasant speech, ### [1.133](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.133) free from hesitation, proud, knowing the divisions of place and time, ### [1.133.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.133.p1) endowed with dexterity, cleverness, charm, good fortune, and the like, ### [1.134](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.134) he who takes delight in the enjoyment of courtesans is a gallant. ### [1.134.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.134.p1) The gallant, such as Kalakaṇṭha and others, is to be found specifically in the bhāṇa and similar \[forms\]. ### [1.135](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.135) He is said to be threefold, through the division into superior, intermediate, and inferior. ### [1.135.p2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.135.p2) Their theoretical definitions are stated in the Bhāvaprakāśikā, as follows: ### [1.136](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.136) "Even though detached by nature, he repeatedly behaves like an attached lover; / generous, sweet-tempered by nature, equal in sorrow and joy, pure; ### [1.137](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.137) skilled in the treatises on erotics, adept at placating an angry woman; / and when his beloved's lower lip quivers \[in deceit\], he becomes slightly indifferent; ### [1.138](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.138) devoted to attentive service, this one is indeed declared superior by the wise. / When mere deceit is observed in her, he neither becomes angry nor stays attached; ### [1.139](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.139) he gives at the proper time, and receives affection through genuine feeling; / impartial with all his possessions, he would again attend upon her alone; ### [1.140](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.140) if a fault is seen, he becomes indifferent: that man is the intermediate one. / Shameless in the treatises on erotics, rough in amorous sport, ### [1.141](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.141) ignorant of fear and indignation, his mind bewildered regarding what should and should not be done, / foolish, remaining emotionally attached even to a woman who is indifferent, ### [1.142](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.142) even though restrained by friends, and even though subjected to harshness, / who desires a woman whose affection has turned to another and who has transferred herself to another lover—he is declared inferior." ### [1.142.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.142.p1) || \[Bhāvaprakāśana 5.37–44\] Thus \[ends the quotation\]. ### [1.142.p2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.142.p2) Now, those who are suitable to render assistance to the heroes of the erotic sentiment ### [1.143](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.143) are described: the companion hero (pīṭhamarda), the parasite (viṭa), the servant (ceṭa), and the jester (vidūṣaka). ### [1.144](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.144) Among them, the companion hero: / A follower of the hero, devoted, slightly inferior to him in qualities, / who appeases an angry woman, is known as a companion hero. ### [1.144.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.144.p1) One who knows the arts of the treatises on erotics is designated a parasite. ### [1.145](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.145) The servant, such as Kalahaṃsa and others, is regarded as skilled in bringing about unions; / the jester is one who creates laughter by distorted limbs, speech, and dress. ### [1.146](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.146) Now the qualities of the companions: / Knowledge of place and time, sweetness of speech, cleverness, / skill in encouraging, narrating faithfully as told, / guarding secrets, and the like are held to be the qualities of companions. ### [1.146.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.146.p1) Here ends the section on the hero. ### [1.146.p2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.146.p2) Now the heroines are examined: ### [1.146.p3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.146.p3) The heroine is considered to be endowed with qualities common to the hero. ### [1.147](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.147) She is threefold: one's own wife (svakīyā), another's woman (parakīyā), and a courtesan (sāmānyā). ### [1.148](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.148) Among these, one's own wife: / She who in times of prosperity and in times of misfortune does not abandon her beloved, / and is endowed with the qualities of good conduct and honesty, is called by the wise one's own wife. ### [1.149](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.149) As in: / "What need have I of a father whose toes were touched by the crowns of lords of kings? / Or what need have I of a father-in-law who shared Indra's great throne? / Dear to me are those lands, those mountains, and that forest-earth / where I revere and rejoice at the feet of the son of Kausalyā." ### [1.149.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.149.p1) (Bālarāmāyaṇa 6.79) ### [1.149.p2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.149.p2) \["What need have I of a father whose toes were touched by the crowns of lords of kings? / Or what need have I of a father-in-law who shared Indra's great throne? / Dear to me are those lands, those mountains, and that forest-earth / where I revere and rejoice at the feet of the son of Kausalyā."\] ### [1.150](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.150) And that own wife is said to be threefold: the artless (mugdhā), the partly experienced (madhyā), and the fully experienced (prauḍhā). ### [1.151](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.151) Among these, the artless: / The artless heroine has fresh youth and fresh desire, is contrary in intercourse, gentle in anger; / she strives in the acts of love secretly, captivating with bashfulness. ### [1.152](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.152) When her beloved has committed an offense, she weeps while looking at him, / and utters nothing at all, whether unpleasant or pleasant. ### [1.153](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.153) Artless on account of youth, as in my own verse: / "Dense darkness has tossed upon the moon; / the pair of arrows achieving uneven targets has been sharpened; / a pair of golden buds has emerged; / and a delicate rippling line has shown itself in the sky of her form." ### [1.154](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.154) Possessing fresh desire, as in my own verse: / "The girl fixes her mind on the business of adornment; / she shows devotion to the marriage of jeweled dolls; / she feels embarrassed by the gentle smiles of her companions; / here, therefore, the fresh descent of love is perceived." ### [1.155](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1.155) Contrariety in love, as in my own verse: / "Seeing her beloved reflected in the gem of her necklace / and imagining that he was embracing her, quickly turning away, / taken by the hand and trembling violently, / she clung in confusion to her female companion." _First 200 of 857 passages. [Read on](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1)_ ## Linked texts (1) - [Rasārṇavasudhākara](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara.1.1) — Siṃhabhūpāla, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.art.natya.rasarnavasudhakara~en-mt.1) · Pramāṇa