[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Buddhist Literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha) › [Taishō Tripiṭaka (Chinese Buddhist canon)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho) › [妙法蓮華經玄贊](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1723) › 4.54 # 妙法蓮華經玄贊 4.54 妙法蓮華經玄贊 4.54 - **Language:** Classical Chinese ### [4.54](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1723.4.54) 相攝者，《薩遮尼乾子經》立十二濁：一示現劫濁、二示現時濁、三示現眾生濁、四示現煩惱濁、五示現命濁、六示現三乘差別濁、七示現不淨國土濁、八示現難化眾生濁、九示現說種種煩惱濁、十示現外道亂濁、十一示現魔濁、十二示現魔業濁。善男子諸佛國土，皆是出世功德莊嚴，具足清淨，無有諸濁，如是過失，皆是諸佛方便示現，為利眾生唯言示現，故知業等亦可立濁。此十二濁唯大乘有，隨佛化土勝劣二法示現立之，開合不同，五濁唯據穢土相增義門乃通大小乘有，其劫及時即劫濁，眾生及難化眾生即眾生濁，煩惱及說種種煩惱即煩惱濁，命即命濁，外道亂即是見濁，此八濁即五濁，餘之四種謂三乘差別，不淨國土、魔及魔業非五濁攝，五濁據勝唯實雜染，十二濁通能化能障，佛示現故。若依《毘尼母經》，五濁中無見濁立業濁。若依彼經，煩惱及業各合為一，果中分三：一正報體，謂命濁；二內報體，謂眾生濁；三外果體，謂劫濁。障據類同，合立三障，或并法障；濁據滓穢，或合或開隨機不同，遣生厭怖，不可為難。《十地論》第一卷云：「清淨者不濁義，濁有六種，離此諸濁故名清淨。一不欲濁；二威儀濁；三蓋濁；四異想濁，起妬勝心破壞心故；五不足功德濁，善根微少，於彼說中心不樂住；六癡濁，謂愚癡等。」此唯據行濁，不通依諸法，有六對治故，離懈怠故，嚴故，淨故，堅固故，功德具足故，智具足故，此六所治故立六濁，不須和會。餘如別章，恐繁且止。法爾佛出必五濁時，故言諸佛出於五濁惡世。 > Regarding their subsumption of one another: the Satyakanirgrantha-sūtra establishes twelve turbidities: (1) manifestation of the turbidity of the kalpa; (2) manifestation of the turbidity of time; (3) manifestation of the turbidity of sentient beings; (4) manifestation of the turbidity of afflictions; (5) manifestation of the turbidity of lifespan; (6) manifestation of the turbidity of distinctions among the three vehicles; (7) manifestation of the turbidity of impure lands; (8) manifestation of the turbidity of sentient beings difficult to transform; (9) manifestation of the turbidity of expounding diverse afflictions; (10) manifestation of the turbidity of confusion by non-Buddhists; (11) manifestation of the turbidity of Māra; and (12) manifestation of the turbidity of Māra's deeds. Good sons, the lands of all buddhas are adorned with supramundane virtues and fully purified, free of all turbidities; such faults are all expedient manifestations of the buddhas, spoken of only as manifestations for the benefit of sentient beings. Hence we know that karma and the like may also be established as turbidities. These twelve turbidities exist only in the Mahāyāna, established through manifestations according to the two qualities—superior and inferior—of the buddha's transformation lands, differing in their expansion and contraction. The five turbidities, being established only according to the aspect of increasing characteristics in an impure land, are common to both the Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna. Among them, \[the manifestations of\] the kalpa and of time correspond to the turbidity of the kalpa; sentient beings and sentient beings difficult to transform correspond to the turbidity of sentient beings; afflictions and expounding diverse afflictions correspond to the turbidity of afflictions; lifespan corresponds to the turbidity of lifespan; and confusion by non-Buddhists corresponds to the turbidity of views. These eight turbidities are thus the five turbidities. The remaining four—namely, distinctions among the three vehicles, impure lands, Māra, and Māra's deeds—are not subsumed under the five turbidities. The five turbidities are based on predominance and are strictly actual defilements, whereas the twelve turbidities extend to both the transformers and the obstacles, because they are manifested by the Buddha. If we rely on the Vinayamātṛkā-sūtra, there is no turbidity of views among the five turbidities; instead, the turbidity of karma is established. If we rely on that sūtra, afflictions and karma are each combined into one, and within the fruition they are divided into three: first, the primary karmic retribution itself, which is the turbidity of lifespan; second, the internal karmic retribution itself, which is the turbidity of sentient beings; and third, the external fruition itself, which is the turbidity of the kalpa. Obstacles are grouped by kind, combined to establish the three obstacles, or together with the obstacle of phenomena. Turbidities are based on dregs and defilement; they are either combined or separated according to varying capacities to induce revulsion and fear, and should not be objected to. The first fascicle of the Daśabhūmika-śāstra states: "'Purity' means non-turbid. There are six kinds of turbidities, and being free of these turbidities is called purity: (1) the turbidity of non-desire; (2) the turbidity of deportment; (3) the turbidity of hindrances; (4) the turbidity of disparate notions, due to giving rise to a mind of envying the superior and a mind of destructiveness; (5) the turbidity of insufficient merit, where wholesome roots are slight and the mind takes no pleasure in abiding within that expounding; and (6) the turbidity of folly, referring to ignorance and the like." This is based solely on turbidities of practice and does not apply to all phenomena. Because there are six antidotes—because of freedom from laxity, because of adornment, because of purity, because of firmness, because of full endowment with merit, and because of full endowment with wisdom—the six turbidities are established as that which these six treat, and they do not need to be reconciled. The rest is as in a separate chapter; for fear of verbosity, I shall stop here for now. By nature, when a buddha appears, it must be in a time of the five turbidities; therefore it is said that all buddhas appear in the evil world of the five turbidities. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) - [Previous: 4.53](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1723.4.53) - [Next: 4.55](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1723.4.55) - [Up: 4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1723.4) ## Translations (1) - [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1723~en-mt.4.54) — English, machine translation ## Linked texts (3) - [法華義疏](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1721.3.339) — Classical Chinese - [十地經論](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.sanskrit.mahayanasutra.dasabhumika!vyakhyana*zh-bodhiruci.1.38) — Classical Chinese - [阿彌陀經通贊疏](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1758.3.89) — Classical Chinese --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1723.4.54](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1723.4.54) · Pramāṇa