[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Buddhist Literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha) › [Taishō Tripiṭaka (Chinese Buddhist canon)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho) › [維摩經略疏](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1778) › 1.98 # 維摩經略疏 1.98 維摩經略疏 1.98 - **Language:** Classical Chinese ### [1.98](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1778.1.98) 四、釋眾者，梵言僧伽，此翻為眾。直一比丘不名為眾，眾多共集名為眾也。律明四人已上皆名為眾，如眾樹共聚乃名為林。《智論》云「僧有四種：一、愚癡僧，謂破戒放逸僧也。二、啞羊僧，雖持禁戒，不能分別三學開遮通塞之相，有疑請決默然無對，猶如啞羊。三、有羞僧者，若出家人修戒定慧，亦能分別為人開決，但未發真，居內外凡，自愧未能成就聖法謬墮僧數，四事敬侍、常愧自責，亦名事和僧。四、真實僧者，從苦忍去四果聖人，皆名真實理和僧也。」前之二種雖有僧名，既非事和不堪僧事；後之二種堪行僧事。 > Fourth, explaining "assembly" (saṃgha): the Sanskrit is saṃgha, translated here as "assembly". A single monk is not called an assembly; many gathering together is called an assembly. The Vinaya clarifies that four or more persons are all called an assembly, just as many trees gathering together are called a forest. The Dàzhìdù lùn says: "There are four kinds of saṃgha: first, the foolish saṃgha, which refers to the saṃgha that breaks precepts and is negligent. Second, the dumb sheep saṃgha: although they observe the prohibitive precepts, they cannot distinguish the characteristics of the three trainings, what is permitted or prohibited, open or blocked; when asked to resolve doubts, they remain silent with no answer, just like dumb sheep. Third, the conscientious saṃgha: if home-leavers cultivate precepts, samādhi, and wisdom, and can also distinguish and resolve doubts for others, but have not yet manifested the true, dwelling among internal and external ordinary beings, they feel ashamed of not yet accomplishing the noble Dharma and mistakenly falling into the number of the saṃgha; they serve reverently with the four requisites, constantly ashamed and reproaching themselves; they are also called the phenomenally harmonious saṃgha. Fourth, the true saṃgha: from the stage of suffering-patience onward, the noble ones of the four fruits are all called the true, principally harmonious saṃgha." Although the former two kinds have the name of saṃgha, since they lack phenomenal harmony, they are unfit for saṃgha affairs; the latter two kinds are fit to carry out saṃgha affairs. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) - [Previous: 1.97](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1778.1.97) - [Next: 1.99](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1778.1.99) - [Up: 1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1778.1) ## Translations (1) - [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1778~en-mt.1.98) — English, machine translation --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1778.1.98](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1778.1.98) · Pramāṇa