[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Buddhist Literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha) › [Taishō Tripiṭaka (Chinese Buddhist canon)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho) › [中觀論疏](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1824) › 7.4 # 中觀論疏 7.4 中觀論疏 7.4 - **Language:** Classical Chinese ### [7.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1824.7.4) 此品十偈，開為三章：初一偈總非四計、第二八偈釋破四計、第三一偈例破諸法。初偈上半牒、下半總非。但釋四計，凡有二種：一計人四、二計法四。人四者，外道四計：一云苦自作，還是身內之我作此苦；二云大自在天造作六道之苦，名為他作；三云劫初之時先有一男一女生一切眾生，即是共作；四云自然有此苦果，名無因作。二者世俗人云：我自作罪，我自受苦。又云：我不起過，他人以苦加我，名為他作。三云由我起過，故他加我苦，名為共作。四云不覺自他所作，而苦無端生，名無因作法。四者，有言五陰苦自體，從自體生自體，如從火性生火事為自作。有言五陰苦從前五陰生，名他作苦。有言共作，從前五陰，後有自體，故是名共作。無明初念託空而起，是無因作。下半云「於果皆不然」者，四作為因果即是苦。《法華經》云「諸苦所因，貪欲為本。」今觀苦從緣生則無自性，便入實相、斷於貪欲，故諸苦不生。問：為無苦果故於果不然、為乖苦果故不然耶？答：具二義。一者上四句不識苦果，故云不然；二者論主正因緣生苦，因緣生苦即寂滅性，故明無苦。具此二也。 > This chapter has ten gāthās, divided into three sections: the first gāthā generally negates the four views; the second section of eight gāthās explains and refutes the four views; the third section of one gāthā applies the refutation by analogy to all dharmas. In the first gāthā, the first half takes up \[the views\] and the second half generally negates them. In explaining the four views, there are generally two kinds: first, four views concerning persons; second, four views concerning dharmas. As for the four concerning persons, these are four views of non-Buddhists: first, saying that suffering is self-made, namely that the self within the body makes this suffering; second, saying that Maheśvara creates the suffering of the six destinies, which is called other-made; third, saying that at the beginning of the kalpa there was first one man and one woman who gave birth to all sentient beings, which is precisely jointly made; fourth, saying that this fruit of suffering exists spontaneously, which is called causelessly made. Second, worldly people say: 'I myself committed wrongdoing, and I myself suffer the pain.' They also say: 'I committed no fault, but someone else inflicts suffering upon me,' which is called other-made. Third, they say: 'Because I committed a fault, someone else inflicts suffering upon me,' which is called jointly made. Fourth, they say: 'Unaware of being made by oneself or another, suffering arises for no apparent reason,' which is called causelessly made. As for the four concerning dharmas: there are those who say that the suffering of the five aggregates is its own substantial entity, and from its own entity gives rise to its own entity, just as the occurrence of fire arises from fire-nature, which is self-made. There are those who say that the suffering of the five aggregates arises from preceding five aggregates, which is called other-made suffering. There are those who say jointly made, in that relying on the preceding five aggregates, subsequently there is its own entity, which therefore is called jointly made. The first thought of ignorance arising while relying on space is causelessly made. As for the second half stating 'regarding the fruit, none are so,' the four makings are the causes, and the fruit is suffering. The Lotus Sūtra says: 'As for the source of all sufferings, greed and craving are the root.' Now, contemplating that suffering arises from conditions and thus has no intrinsic nature, one then enters into the true aspect and severs greed and craving; therefore all sufferings do not arise. Question: Is it because there is no fruit of suffering that 'regarding the fruit, none are so,' or is it because they run contrary to the fruit of suffering that they are not so? Answer: It possesses two meanings. First, the four lines above do not recognize the fruit of suffering, and hence it says 'none are so'; second, the treatise master correctly \[demonstrates that\] dependent origination produces suffering, and suffering produced by dependent origination is identical with the nature of quiescence, and hence he explains that there is no suffering. It possesses both of these. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) - [Previous: 7.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1824.7.3) - [Next: 7.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1824.7.5) - [Up: 7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1824.7) ## Translations (1) - [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1824~en-mt.7.4) — English, machine translation --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1824.7.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1824.7.4) · Pramāṇa