[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Buddhist Literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha) › [Taishō Tripiṭaka (Chinese Buddhist canon)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho) › [唯識二十論述記](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1834) › 2.168 # 唯識二十論述記 2.168 唯識二十論述記 2.168 - **Language:** Classical Chinese ### [2.168](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1834.2.168) 言現量者，諸部說異。且薩婆多用世友說：以根名見，根體是現量，以顯現義是根義故，此能量境，故名現量，是持業釋。法救說：識名見，能量境故，識名現量，持業如前。妙音：慧名見，能量法勝慧，名現量。正量部說：心、心所法，和合名見，心、心所法，合名現量。經部師說：根、識和合，假名為見，假能量境，假名現量。吠世史迦德句義中，覺為現量。數論師說：十一根中，五根是現量，若歸於本，自性是現量。大乘師說：根名為現，依、發、屬、助、如，根五義勝餘故。然是色法，不能量境，唯心、心所能量度故。心、心所法正是量體，依現之量，名為現量，此依士釋。若無著以前，但說二分，唯一見分為現量體。無著以後，陳那菩薩立三分者，見、自證分為現量體。護法以後，見分、自證、證自證分為現量體。安慧諸識雖皆有執，然無隨念、計度分別，明現取境，名為現量。無漏皆現量，如說善等性。小乘有五，外道有二，大乘有四，合有十一種，出現量體，廣如餘處，此略顯示。 > Regarding 'direct perception' (pratyakṣa): the various schools explain it differently. To begin with, the Sarvāstivāda adopts the explanation of Vasumitra: seeing is named after the sense-faculty (indriya), and the substance of the sense-faculty is direct perception, because the meaning of 'manifesting' is the meaning of the faculty; this \[faculty\] can measure the object, hence it is called direct perception, which is a karmadhāraya compound. Dharmatrāta explains: consciousness is called seeing; because it can measure the object, consciousness is called direct perception, a karmadhāraya as before. Ghoṣaka says: wisdom (prajñā) is called seeing; the superior wisdom that can measure phenomena is called direct perception. The Saṃmatīya school says: the conjunction of mind and caittas is called seeing; the combination of mind and caittas is called direct perception. The Sautrāntika masters say: the conjunction of faculty and consciousness is nominally called seeing; it nominally can measure the object, so it is nominally called direct perception. In the Vaiśeṣika categories (padārtha), intellection (buddhi) is direct perception. The Sāṃkhya masters say: among the eleven faculties, the five \[sensory\] faculties are direct perception; if reduced to their origin, primordial nature (prakṛti) is direct perception. The Mahāyāna masters say: the sense-faculty is called 'present' (praty-), because the five meanings of faculty—basis, arising, belonging, assisting, and conforming—are superior to the rest. However, because it is material form, it cannot measure objects; only mind and caittas can measure. Mind and caittas are the true substance of the means of cognition; the cognition that relies on the present \[faculty\] is called direct perception (pratyakṣa), which is a tatpuruṣa compound. Prior to Asaṅga, only two aspects were spoken of, taking the perceiving aspect alone as the substance of direct perception. After Asaṅga, Bodhisattva Dignāga established three aspects, taking the perceiving aspect and the self-verifying aspect as the substance of direct perception. After Dharmapāla, the perceiving aspect, the self-verifying aspect, and the aspect that verifies self-verification are taken as the substance of direct perception. Sthiramati holds that although all consciousnesses possess grasping, yet being free from recollective and calculating conceptualizations, their clearly manifesting apprehension of objects is called direct perception. All uncontaminated states are direct perception, as in the explanation of the nature of the wholesome and so forth. There are five among the Hīnayāna, two among non-Buddhists, and four in the Mahāyāna, making eleven kinds in total that present the substance of direct perception; this is detailed elsewhere, and only briefly indicated here. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) - [Previous: 2.167](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1834.2.167) - [Next: 2.169](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1834.2.169) - [Up: 2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1834.2) ## Translations (1) - [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1834~en-mt.2.168) — English, machine translation --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1834.2.168](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1834.2.168) · Pramāṇa