[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Buddhist Literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha) › [Taishō Tripiṭaka (Chinese Buddhist canon)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho) › [因明入正理論疏](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1840) › 3.4 # 因明入正理論疏 3.4 因明入正理論疏 3.4 - **Language:** Classical Chinese ### [3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1840.3.4) 相違因義者，謂兩宗相返。此之四過，不改他因，能令立者宗成相違，與相違法而為因故，名相違因。因得果名，名相違也，非因違宗名為相違，故無宗亦違因，例而成難。《理門論》云：「若法能成相違所立，是相違過，即名似因，如無違法。相違亦爾，所成法無，定無有故。」由彼說故，因仍舊定，喻可改依，故下四過，初一改喻、後三依舊。 > As for the meaning of viruddha-hetu: it means that two pratijñās are mutually opposed. These four faults, without changing the other's hetu, can cause the proponent's pratijñā to become contradicted; because it acts as the hetu for the contradictory dharma, it is named viruddha-hetu. The hetu receives the name of its result, hence it is called 'contradictory'; it is not that the hetu contradicts the pratijñā and is therefore called contradictory, so there is no objection by parity that the pratijñā also contradicts the hetu. The Nyāyamukha states: 'If a dharma is capable of establishing the contradictory sādhya, it is the viruddha fault and is named a fallacious hetu (hetv-ābhāsa), just like an uncontradicted dharma. A contradictory one is likewise, because where the dharma to be established is absent, it is definitely absent.' On account of what it states, the hetu remains fixed as before, while the dṛṣṭānta may be changed and relied upon; therefore, of the four faults below, the first one changes the dṛṣṭānta, while the latter three remain as before. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) - [Previous: 3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1840.3.3) - [Next: 3.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1840.3.5) - [Up: 3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1840.3) ## Translations (1) - [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1840~en-mt.3.4) — English, machine translation --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1840.3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1840.3.4) · Pramāṇa