[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Buddhist Literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha) › [Taishō Tripiṭaka (Chinese Buddhist canon)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho) › [大乘義章](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1851) › 7.6 # 大乘義章 7.6 大乘義章 7.6 - **Language:** Classical Chinese ### [7.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1851.7.6) 次明開合廣略之義。開合不定。或總為一，通名為業。或分為二：一者作業、二無作業，此如上辨。或說為三，於中有三：一就具分別，謂身口意三種之業。二隨義分別：一者作業，所謂身口二種作業；二無作業，所謂身口無作之業。三者非作非無作業，所謂意業。三就性分別，所謂善、惡、無記之業。或說為四，謂黑白等四種之業。或說為五，如《雜心》說：身業有二，作與無作，口業亦爾，則以為四；意唯有作，通前說五。若依《成實》，意地亦有作無作業。若從是義，說業為六。或分為九，身口意業各有三種，善、惡、無記，則為九也。又如《成實．九業品》中更說為九。何者是乎？彼說欲界有其三種：一是作業、二無作業、三者非作非無作業，此如上辨；色界亦爾，則以為六；無色有二：一無作業、二者非作非無作業，通前為八；及無漏業，通前為九。或分十三，如《毘曇》說：身口有五，一者善作、二不善作、三無記作。無作有二，通前為五。無作二者，一善無作、二惡無作。無記羸劣，不發無作。身業既然，口業亦爾，則以為十。意地唯有三種作業，通前十三。若依《成實》，意地亦有善惡無作，據斯以論，業有十五。或復說為二十三業。善業有十，謂不殺等；不善亦十，謂殺盜等；通身口意三種無記，便是二十三種業也。廣以分之，數別難窮（此三門竟）。 > Next, the meaning of opening and combining, detailed and brief, is explained. Opening and combining are not fixed. Sometimes they are subsumed into one, collectively termed "karma". Sometimes they are divided into two: first, active karma (vijñapti-karma), and second, unmanifest karma (avijñapti-karma), as discriminated above. Sometimes they are spoken of as three, within which there are three \[ways of categorization\]: First, distinguishing them according to instrument, namely the three kinds of karma of body, speech, and mind. Second, distinguishing them according to meaning: first, active karma, namely the two active karmas of body and speech; second, unmanifest karma, namely the unmanifest karma of body and speech; third, karma that is neither active nor unmanifest, namely mental karma. Third, distinguishing them according to nature, namely wholesome, unwholesome, and indeterminate karma. Sometimes they are spoken of as four, namely the four kinds of karma such as dark and bright. Sometimes they are spoken of as five; as the \*Saṃyuktābhidharmahṛdaya\* says: bodily karma has two, manifest and unmanifest; speech karma is also like this, thus making four; mind has only manifest, and combined with the preceding, this makes five. If relying on the \*Tattvasiddhi\*, the mind-ground also has manifest and unmanifest karma. If following this meaning, karma is spoken of as six. Sometimes they are divided into nine: bodily, verbal, and mental karmas each have three types—wholesome, unwholesome, and indeterminate—which makes nine. Moreover, as in the "Chapter on the Nine Karmas" of the \*Tattvasiddhi\*, they are further spoken of as nine. What are these? It explains that the desire realm has three: first, manifest karma; second, unmanifest karma; third, karma that is neither manifest nor unmanifest, as discriminated above; the form realm is also like this, thus making six; the formless \[realm\] has two: first, unmanifest karma; second, karma that is neither manifest nor unmanifest, which combined with the preceding makes eight; and untainted karma, combined with the preceding makes nine. Sometimes they are divided into thirteen; as the Abhidharma says: body and speech have five: first, wholesome manifest; second, unwholesome manifest; third, indeterminate manifest. Unmanifest has two, which combined with the preceding makes five. The two unmanifests are: first, wholesome unmanifest; second, unwholesome unmanifest. Indeterminate is weak and feeble, and does not issue unmanifest \[karma\]. Since bodily karma is such, speech karma is also like this, thus making ten. The mind-ground has only three kinds of manifest karma, which combined with the preceding makes thirteen. If relying on the \*Tattvasiddhi\*, the mind-ground also has wholesome and unwholesome unmanifest karma; discussing it based on this, there are fifteen karmas. Or again, they are spoken of as twenty-three karmas: wholesome karmas are ten, namely non-killing and so forth; unwholesome are also ten, namely killing, stealing, and so forth; combined with the three indeterminate karmas of body, speech, and mind, this is precisely twenty-three kinds of karma. If dividing them broadly, the varieties of numbers are inexhaustible. (This concludes the third section.) > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) - [Previous: 7.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1851.7.5) - [Next: 7.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1851.7.7) - [Up: 7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1851.7) ## Translations (1) - [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1851~en-mt.7.6) — English, machine translation --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1851.7.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1851.7.6) · Pramāṇa