[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Buddhist Literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha) › [Taishō Tripiṭaka (Chinese Buddhist canon)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho) › [大乘義章](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1851) › 8.41 # 大乘義章 8.41 大乘義章 8.41 - **Language:** Classical Chinese ### [8.41](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1851.8.41) 次辨開合。開合不定。總之唯一分段生死。或分為二：一者惡趣、二者善趣，以此二門統攝斯盡。或分為三，所謂三界，生死果也。或分為五，謂三惡道、諸天及人。以何義故不說脩羅？依《法念經》，脩羅有二：一鬼、二畜。良以鬼畜兩趣攝故，更不別論。依《伽陀經》，脩羅有三：一畜、二鬼、三者是天。以鬼畜天三趣攝故，不別論之。或分為六，如上所說。脩羅雖復鬼畜等攝，種類眾多，故別分之。隨形異論，差別無量。開合如是（此二門竟）。 > Next, distinguishing opening and combining. Opening and combining are not fixed. In sum, there is only the single cycle of birth and death of fragmented lifespans (pariccheda-saṃsāra). Or they are divided into two: first, the evil destinies; second, the good destinies; these two gates subsume them completely. Or they are divided into three, namely the three realms, which are the fruits of birth and death. Or they are divided into five, namely the three evil paths, the various gods, and humans. For what reason are asuras not mentioned? According to the \*Saddharmasmṛtyupasthāna Sūtra\*, asuras are of two kinds: first, ghosts; second, animals. Truly, because they are subsumed under the two destinies of ghosts and animals, they are not discussed separately. According to the \*Gāthā Sūtra\*, asuras are of three kinds: first, animals; second, ghosts; third, gods. Because they are subsumed under the three destinies of ghosts, animals, and gods, they are not discussed separately. Or they are divided into six, as explained above. Although asuras are subsumed under ghosts, animals, and so forth, their varieties are numerous, hence they are distinguished separately. Discussed according to their different forms, the distinctions are immeasurable. Such is the opening and combining. (This concludes the second section.) > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) - [Previous: 8.40](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1851.8.40) - [Next: 8.42](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1851.8.42) - [Up: 8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1851.8) ## Translations (1) - [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1851~en-mt.8.41) — English, machine translation --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1851.8.41](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1851.8.41) · Pramāṇa