[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Buddhist Literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha) › [Taishō Tripiṭaka (Chinese Buddhist canon)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho) › [法界圖記叢髓錄](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1887b) › 2.20 # 法界圖記叢髓錄 2.20 法界圖記叢髓錄 2.20 - **Language:** Classical Chinese ### [2.20](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1887b.2.20) 法常公《攝論疏》云：一方便生死，即以無明為緣感生死，非是親因，故稱方便。二因緣生死，即以無漏業為因感生死，由是親因，故名因緣。三有有，則由前因緣感生有果，有此果故名有有。四無有則老死支謝，其報盡後，更無有有果，故曰無有（云云）。 > Master Fachang's Commentary on the Mahāyānasaṃgraha says: First, birth-and-death through upāya: taking ignorance as the condition that induces birth-and-death, which is not the direct cause, it is therefore called upāya. Second, birth-and-death through causes and conditions: taking untainted karma as the cause that induces birth-and-death; because it is the direct cause, it is called causes and conditions. Third, possessing existence: because the previous causes and conditions induce the result of being born into existence, having this result, it is called possessing existence. Fourth, non-existence: the link of old age and death passes away; after its retribution is exhausted, there is no longer any result of possessing existence, hence it is called non-existence \[and so forth\]. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) - [Previous: 2.19](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1887b.2.19) - [Next: 2.21](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1887b.2.21) - [Up: 2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1887b.2) ## Translations (1) - [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1887b~en-mt.2.20) — English, machine translation --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1887b.2.20](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.1887b.2.20) · Pramāṇa