[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Buddhist Literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha) › [Taishō Tripiṭaka (Chinese Buddhist canon)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho) › [釋氏要覽](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2127) › 1.70 # 釋氏要覽 1.70 釋氏要覽 1.70 - **Language:** Classical Chinese ### [1.70](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2127.1.70) 五分律云。齊幾名上座。佛言上更無人名上座○毘尼母云。從無夏至九夏。是下座。自十夏至十九夏。是中座自二十夏。至四十夏。是上座。五十夏已上一切沙門之所尊。敬名耆宿（準百一羯\[序-予+(林/言)\]云。雖夏臘六十。應須是知律。有戒行者。方名耆宿）○毘婆沙論云。有三上座。一生年上座。即尊長耆舊具戒名真生故。二世俗上座。即知法富貴。大財大位大族大力大眷屬。雖年二十。皆應和合推為上座。三法性上座。即阿羅漢。頌曰。心掉多綺語。染意亂思惟。雖久住林園。而非真上座。具戒智正念。寂靜心解脫。彼於法能觀。是名真上座○十誦律云。具十法名上座謂有住處（言住處者。婆沙論云。謂道及果空三摩地。能引彼力殊勝。能令身心安住不動。故名上座住處矣）。無畏。無煩惱。多知識多聞。辯言具足。義趣明了。聞者信受。善能安痒入他家。能為白衣說法。令他捨惡從善。自具四諦法樂。無有所乏名上座○律中。僧坊上座（即律三網上座）僧上座（即壇上上座。或堂中首座）別房上座（即今禪居諸寮首座）住家上座（即計齊席上座）○婆沙論云。夫上座者。心安住故不為世違順傾動。是名上座。 > The Mahīśāsaka-vinaya states: "At what point is one called an elder? The Buddha said: 'One who has no one senior above him is called an elder.'" The Vinayamātṛkā states: "From no summer retreats up to nine summer retreats is a junior seat; from ten summer retreats to nineteen summer retreats is a middle seat; from twenty summer retreats to forty summer retreats is an elder; from fifty summer retreats and above, one who is venerated and respected by all śramaṇas is called a venerable elder (according to the Baiyi jiemo, even if one has sixty summer retreats, one must still be one who understands the vinaya and has moral conduct before being called a venerable elder)." The Mahāvibhāṣā states: "There are three kinds of elders: 1. elders by birth-years, which means the senior and aged who uphold the precepts, being truly born \[in the Dharma\]; 2. elders by worldly status, which means those who understand the law and are wealthy and noble, having great wealth, high office, a great clan, great power, and a large retinue; even if only twenty years of age, all should harmoniously nominate them as elders; 3. elders by Dharmatā, which means arhats." A verse states: "With a restless mind and much frivolous talk, an afflicted mind and disordered thoughts, though one dwells long in the grove, one is not a true elder. Endowed with precepts, wisdom, and right mindfulness, with a tranquil mind and liberation, able to contemplate the Dharma—such a one is called a true elder." The Daśādhyāya-vinaya states: "Endowed with ten qualities, one is called an elder: namely, possessing an abiding place (regarding 'abiding place,' the Vibhāṣā says it refers to the path and fruits, and the samādhi of emptiness; being able to produce its superior power and cause body and mind to abide securely and unshakeably, it is called the elder's abiding place); being fearless; being free of defilements; having many spiritual companions; having broad learning; possessing eloquent speech; having clear comprehension of principles; being trusted and accepted by those who hear; skillfully bringing peace and composure when entering other households; being able to teach the Dharma to white-robed laity to make them abandon evil and follow good; and possessing within oneself the joy of the Dharma of the four truths without lacking anything—such a one is called an elder." In the vinaya, there are the elder of the monastery (namely, the elder among the three administrators in the vinaya), the elder of the saṃgha (namely, the elder on the platform or the head of the hall), the elder of individual quarters (namely, the current head monk of the various cloisters in Chan residences), and the elder of the household (namely, the elder who counts seats at meals). The Vibhāṣā states: "As for an elder, because their mind abides securely, it is not swayed by worldly favor or adversity; this is called an elder." > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) - [Previous: 1.69](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2127.1.69) - [Next: 1.71](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2127.1.71) - [Up: 1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2127.1) ## Translations (1) - [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2127~en-mt.1.70) — English, machine translation --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2127.1.70](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2127.1.70) · Pramāṇa