[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Buddhist Literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha) › [Taishō Tripiṭaka (Chinese Buddhist canon)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho) › [翻譯名義集](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2131) › 4.8 # 翻譯名義集 4.8 翻譯名義集 4.8 - **Language:** Classical Chinese ### [4.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2131.4.8) 【俱舍】或云比吒，或云摘迦，此翻為藏。即包含攝持之義。非藏無以積錢財，非藏無以蘊文義。故《攝論》云：「何名為藏？答：『由能攝故，謂攝一切所應知義，無令分散，故名為藏。』」《四教義》云：「今言三名，各含一切文理，故名藏也。阿含即定藏，毘尼即戒藏，阿毘曇即慧藏。今問：『經云貪著小乘三藏學者，且三藏之名，既通大小二教，何故《法華》判局小乘？』答曰：『三藏屬小，凡有二義：一者，小乘三藏，皆佛所說。如《出耀經》云：「佛在波羅奈僊人鹿野苑中，告五比丘：『此苦原本，本所未聞，本所未見。』」廣說此法，為契經藏。佛在羅閱城，時迦蘭陀子，名須陳那，出家學道，最初犯律，故說戒藏。佛在毘舍離，見跋耆子本末因緣，告諸比丘，諸無五畏恚恨之心者，便不墮惡趣，亦復不生入地獄中，廣說如阿毘曇。是知小乘俱是佛說，斯異大乘論藏，自屬菩薩之所造也。二者，小乘三藏，部帙各別，大乘經律二藏混同，是故《法華》判其三藏屬小乘也。又《大論》處處以摩訶衍，斥三藏法非大菩薩，先德妄破天台立教，此由失究經論所以。』問：『《法華》既云三藏學者，《大論》安云佛在世時無三藏名？』答：『佛滅度後，阿難結集修多羅藏，優波離結集毘奈耶藏，迦葉結集阿毘曇藏。是則《法華》梵本，恐無此名，多是譯師加三藏名，顯小乘教。如今經自餘諸品，皆是結集者所置也。』問：『今列三藏，依何詮次？』答：『《四教義》云：「說時非行時，教起之次，阿含為先；修行之初，木叉為首。」』故《出耀經》說教次第，先經次律而後論也。《四教儀》以論居中者，以經是所解，論是能釋，故先經而次論。然觀諸文，前後非一，亦各隨人，不可確執。苟以義局，徒自矛盾。」或標四藏者，《大論》：「四名雜藏。」或言五藏者，《西域記》云：「四名雜集藏，五名禁呪藏。」以上座部唯結三藏，若大眾部別為五藏。又《經音義》列八藏：一、胎化藏，二、中陰藏，三、摩訶衍方等藏，四、戒律藏，五、十住菩薩藏，六、雜藏，七、金剛藏，八、佛藏。 > 【Piṭaka】 Also called \*piṭaka\* (bǐzhà) or \*cakkā\* (zhājiā), translated here as 'treasury' (\*zàng\*). That is, the meaning of containing, encompassing, and sustaining. Without a treasury, one cannot amass money and wealth; without a treasury, one cannot store texts and meanings. Thus the \*Mahāyānasaṃgraha\* states: "What is called a treasury? Answer: 'Due to its ability to encompass—namely, encompassing all meanings that ought to be known without letting them be dispersed; hence it is called a treasury.'" The \*Sijiao yi\* states: "Now, speaking of the three names, each contains all texts and principles, hence they are called treasuries. The Āgamas are the treasury of concentration; the Vinaya is the treasury of precepts; the Abhidharma is the treasury of wisdom. Now it is asked: 'The scriptures speak of those who greedily grasp the study of the Hīnayāna Tripiṭaka. Since the name Tripiṭaka applies to both the Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna teachings, why does the \*Lotus Sūtra\* define it as restricted to the Hīnayāna?' Answer: 'The Tripiṭaka belongs to the Hīnayāna for two reasons in general: first, the Hīnayāna Tripiṭaka was entirely spoken by the Buddha. As the \*Chuyao jing\* states: "The Buddha was in the Ṛṣipatana Deer Park in Vārāṇasī, and addressed the five bhikṣus: 'This root of suffering was originally unheard, originally unseen.'" Expounding this teaching at length constitutes the Sūtra Piṭaka. When the Buddha was in Rājagṛha, at that time Kalanda's son, named Sudinna, left home to study the Way and was the first to violate the discipline, and so the Buddha spoke the Vinaya Piṭaka. When the Buddha was in Vaiśālī, seeing the fundamental and secondary causes and conditions of the Vṛji sons, he addressed the bhikṣus: "Whoever is free from the five fears and thoughts of resentment will not fall into evil destinies, nor will they again be born entering hell," expounding at length as in the Abhidharma. Thus it is known that the Hīnayāna was entirely spoken by the Buddha, which differs from the Mahāyāna Abhidharma Piṭaka, which was composed by bodhisattvas themselves. Second, the texts and divisions of the Hīnayāna Tripiṭaka are each distinct, whereas the Sūtra and Vinaya Piṭakas of the Mahāyāna are intermingled; therefore the \*Lotus Sūtra\* determines its Tripiṭaka as belonging to the Hīnayāna. Moreover, the \*Mahāprajñāpāramitōpadeśa\* everywhere uses Mahāyāna to rebuke the Tripiṭaka Dharma as not belonging to great bodhisattvas; former worthies falsely attacked Tiantai's establishment of the teachings because they failed to thoroughly investigate the reasons in the sūtras and treatises.' Question: 'Since the \*Lotus Sūtra\* speaks of "scholars of the Tripiṭaka", how could the \*Mahāprajñāpāramitōpadeśa\* say that in the Buddha's lifetime there was no name "Tripiṭaka"?' Answer: 'After the Buddha's parinirvāṇa, Ānanda compiled the Sūtra Piṭaka, Upāli compiled the Vinaya Piṭaka, and Kāśyapa compiled the Abhidharma Piṭaka. If so, the Sanskrit text of the \*Lotus Sūtra\* probably lacked this name, and it was mostly the translators who added the name Tripiṭaka to make clear the Hīnayāna teaching. Just as in the present scriptures, the various other chapters were all arranged by the compilers.' Question: 'Now in listing the Tripiṭaka, what order of exposition is followed?' Answer: 'The \*Sijiao yi\* states: "The time of speaking is not the time of practice; in the order of the arising of the teachings, the Āgamas come first; at the beginning of cultivation and practice, the prātimokṣa comes foremost."' Hence the order of expounding the teachings in the \*Chuyao jing\* places sūtras first, then vinaya, and thereafter abhidharma. That the \*Sijiao yi\* places abhidharma in the middle is because the sūtras are what is explained, and the treatises are what explains them; hence sūtras come first and then treatises. However, observing the various texts, their order is not uniform, and each also varies according to the author; one cannot adhere rigidly to one. If one restricts it dogmatically by concept, one merely brings about self-contradiction." As for those who indicate four piṭakas, the \*Mahāprajñāpāramitōpadeśa\* states: "The fourth is named the Miscellaneous Piṭaka." For those who speak of five piṭakas, the \*Xiyu ji\* states: "The fourth is named the Miscellaneous Collection Piṭaka, and the fifth is named the Dhāraṇī-Mantra Piṭaka." This is because the Sthaviravāda compiled only three piṭakas, whereas the Mahāsāṃghika separately made five piṭakas. Furthermore, the \*Jingyinyi\* lists eight piṭakas: 1. the Womb-Transformation Piṭaka, 2. the Intermediate State Piṭaka, 3. the Mahāyāna Vaipulya Piṭaka, 4. the Precept and Vinaya Piṭaka, 5. the Ten Abodes Bodhisattva Piṭaka, 6. the Miscellaneous Piṭaka, 7. the Vajra Piṭaka, and 8. the Buddha Piṭaka. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) - [Previous: 4.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2131.4.7) - [Next: 4.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2131.4.9) - [Up: 4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2131.4) ## Translations (1) - [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2131~en-mt.4.8) — English, machine translation --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2131.4.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2131.4.8) · Pramāṇa