[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Buddhist Literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha) › [Taishō Tripiṭaka (Chinese Buddhist canon)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho) › [翻譯名義集](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2131) › 4.99 # 翻譯名義集 4.99 翻譯名義集 4.99 - **Language:** Classical Chinese ### [4.99](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2131.4.99) 【羯磨】南山引《明了論疏》，翻為業也，所作是業；亦翻所作。《百論》云：「事也，若以義求，翻為辦事。謂施造遂法，必有成濟之功焉。」天台禪門，翻為作法。一切羯磨，須具四法：一法、二事、三人、四界。第一法者，羯磨三種：一、心念法，發心念境，口自傳情，非謂不言，而辦前事。二、對首法，謂各共面對，同秉法也。三、眾法。四人已上秉於羯磨，以三羯磨通前單白，故云白《四律》云：「若作羯磨，不如白法作白，不如羯磨法作羯磨。如是漸漸令戒毀壞，以滅正法。隨順文句，勿令增減。」《僧祇》云：「非羯磨地，不得行僧事。」 > Karma (Karmavācanā / Ritual Action): Nanshan cites the \*Commentary on the Clear Treatise\* (\*Vibhāṣā\* / \*Vinayaviniccaya-ṭīkā\*): "It is translated as 'action' (karma), because what is performed is action; it is also translated as 'activity'." The \*Śata-śāstra\* says: "It means 'affair'. If sought by its meaning, it is translated as 'accomplishing affairs', meaning that undertaking and completing according to the Dharma will surely achieve functional efficacy." The Tiantai Dhyāna-gate translates it as "procedural action" (zuofa). All karmavācanā must possess four factors: first, the Dharma; second, the matter; third, the persons; and fourth, the boundary (sīmā). Regarding the first, the Dharma, there are three kinds of karmavācanā: 1. Mindful intention (manasikāra): generating the intention directed at the object and expressing the intent oneself by mouth; it does not mean not speaking, but rather accomplishing the matter by oneself. 2. Face-to-face procedure: where individuals face one another and together execute the Dharma. 3. Saṅgha procedure: four or more people executing the karmavācanā. Because the three motions encompass the preceding single motion, it is called a "motion and three proclamations" (jñapticaturtha-karma). The \*Dharmaguptaka-vinaya\* says: "If performing a karmavācanā, do not fail to make a motion according to the rules of motion, and do not fail to make a karmavācanā according to the rules of karmavācanā. \[Failing in this\] gradually leads to the destruction of the precepts and thereby the extinction of the true Dharma. Conform to the phrasing and do not allow additions or subtractions." The \*Mahāsāṃghika-vinaya\* says: "If it is not within a karmavācanā ground, one must not conduct saṅgha affairs." > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) - [Previous: 4.98](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2131.4.98) - [Next: 4.100](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2131.4.100) - [Up: 4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2131.4) ## Translations (1) - [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2131~en-mt.4.99) — English, machine translation --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2131.4.99](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2131.4.99) · Pramāṇa