[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Buddhist Literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha) › [Taishō Tripiṭaka (Chinese Buddhist canon)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho) › [四分戒本疏卷第一．第二．第三](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2787) › [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2787~en-mt) › 3.78 # 四分戒本疏卷第一．第二．第三 3.78 English (machine translation) 3.78 - **Language:** English ### [3.78](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2787~en-mt.3.78) "If a bhikṣu eats leftover food kept overnight, it is a prāyaścittika." / In this full text of the precept, there are three clauses: first, the offender; second, food kept overnight; third, eating it immediately assigns the offense. The first clause is clear. Second, "leftover food kept overnight": the Vinaya states: "Having received it today, when tomorrow arrives, it is impure for all Śākyan śramaṇas who have received the full precepts." There are two kinds of food: first, principal food; second, non-principal food. Principal food is the five principal foods such as cooked rice; non-principal food includes root food, fruit food, down to finely ground food. Third, "eating it is a prāyaścittika": the Vinaya states: "If one eats food kept overnight, with each swallow he commits a pāyattika." / Question: Are "leftover" and "kept overnight" identical or different? / Answer: There are four variations. First, leftover but not overnight: having fully received the four kinds of medicine, without having made the verbal declaration, when past midday, if one eats it, one incurs a duṣkṛta. Second, overnight but not leftover: this refers to food that has not been received, or staying overnight together with food; eating it incurs a duṣkṛta, but if it has not been kept overnight, there is no offense. Third, both leftover and overnight: if one eats it, one incurs a prāyaścittika. Fourth, neither leftover nor overnight: eating it incurs no offense. Leftover food kept within the boundary also forms four permutations: first, leftover and overnight, but not kept within the boundary: food received today is placed outside the boundary, not kept overnight together, so it is not kept within; if eaten, one incurs a prāyaścittika. The second, kept within but not leftover, and the third and fourth, both and neither, should be understood accordingly. The Samantapāsādikā says: "When many bhikṣus and one śrāmaṇera travel together, the bhikṣus each carry their own food. When the time comes, each divides his own portion. The śrāmaṇera says to a bhikṣu: 'I take my portion and exchange it with the Venerable.' Having exchanged it, he exchanges it again with the second bhikṣu, down to the most junior. If the śrāmaṇera does not understand, the bhikṣu himself takes the food and instructs him to exchange it together, and it is permissible without offense, because there is no fault of leftover, overnight, or improper contact. Even when carrying rice on a journey, a śrāmaṇera or a junior bhikṣu may cook rice; they only must not light the fire. If the Buddha... they must not blow or stir it, \[otherwise incurring a\] duṣkṛta. Once it is cooked, if they divide and mutually exchange it as above, it is permissible." The Mahīśāsaka Vinaya says: "A bhikṣu gave leftover fruit to a kappiya-maker without the intention of getting it back. Later, the kappiya-maker returned it to the bhikṣu. The Buddha said: 'Once it has left your hand, it is called your food \[given away\], and there is no offense.'" The Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya says: "Regardless of whether received at the proper or improper time, if it exceeds the improper time even by a hair's breadth, if eaten, one incurs a prāyaścittika. If it is kept for more than a kṣaṇa, it is considered stored food; eating it is also a prāyaścittika. That is, food received from dawn to midday: once midday is passed, the limit is one kṣaṇa; if it exceeds two periods, it is called the improper time." The Sarvāstivāda Vinaya says: "A śrāmaṇera brought an impure bowl to his master. The Buddha said: 'Unless there is urgent business, one should not have him hold the bowl. If one has him hold it, one should receive it from him. After washing the bowl, one must not rub or wipe it. When eating, one should guard against unwashed hands. If one rubs one's head, mouth, and hands together, one must immediately wash them again. If one touches one's kāṣāya, one must also wash them.'" The Vinaya states: "Regarding non-offense: if one receives food kept overnight and gives it to one's parents, or gives it to stupa laborers calculating its value, and later begs for food, there is no offense. If a bowl or basin has a crack or hole and solid food gets stuck inside, and after washing according to the Dharma the remainder does not come out, one may eat \[from it\]." Therefore the Vinaya states: "If a bowl is chipped and residues stick to the vessel, if one takes great care to wash it three times, using it while greasy for food is without offense. If one drops overnight ghee or oil into the nose, and spits it out with saliva, discarding the rest, there is no offense." - [Previous: 3.77](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2787~en-mt.3.77) - [Next: 3.79](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2787~en-mt.3.79) - [Up: 3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2787~en-mt.3) ## Linked texts (1) - [四分戒本疏卷第一．第二．第三](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2787.3.78) — Classical Chinese --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2787~en-mt.3.78](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.taisho.2787~en-mt.3.78) · Pramāṇa