[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Dark Ages](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages) › [Bengal, Orissa and the North-East](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east) › [Riyāẓ al-salāṭīn](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin) › The Riyazu-s-salatin (Abdus Salam) # The Riyazu-s-salatin (Abdus Salam) Translation of [Riyaz al-salatin (Riyāẓ al-salāṭīn)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin) - **Language:** English - **Date:** 1902 CE - **Translator:** [Maulavi Abdus Salam](https://indike.org/pramana/person/abdus-salam) - **Extent:** 481 passages, 103,262 words - **Text:** complete digital text - **Source:** archive.org · The Riyazu-s-salatin, a History of Bengal, by Ghulam Husain Salim, translated from the original Persian by… · Public domain (published before 1930) ## Contents - [1 INTRODUCTION : CONSISTING OF 4 SECTIONS.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.1) - [2 Section I. A Description of the Boundaries and Environs of the Country of Bengal.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.2) - [3 On the Frontiers of Muhammadan Bengal.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.3) — 2 parts - [4 SECTION II.— DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN FEATURES OF THE COUNTRY OF BENGAL.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.4) — 8 parts - [5 SECTION III.—RELATING TO A DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN TOWNS AND FOUNDATION OF CERTAIN CITIES IN THE COUNTRY OF BENGAL.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.5) - [6 CITY OF MURSHIDABAD.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.6) - [7 PORTS OF HUGHLI AND SATGAON.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.7) - [8 THE CITY OF CALCUTTA.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.8) — 9 parts - [9 TOWN OF PURNIAH.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.9) — 4 parts - [10 DHAKAH (OR DACCA) alias JAHANGIRNAGAR.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.10) - [11 SARKAR SUNARGAON.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.11) - [12 ISLAMABAD alias CHATGAON.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.12) - [13 SARKAR BOGLA.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.13) - [14 SARKAR RANGPUR AND GHORAGHAT.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.14) - [15 SARKAR MAHMUDABAD.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.15) - [16 SARKAR BARBAKABAD.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.16) - [17 SARKAR BAZUHA.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.17) - [18 SARKAR SILHAT.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.18) - [19 SARKAR SHARIFABAD.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.19) - [20 SARKAR MADARAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.20) - [21 AKBARNAGAR.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.21) - [22 MALDAH.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.22) - [23 SECTION IV.— A BRIEF NARRATIVE OF THE RULE OF THE RAIAN (THE HINDU CHIEFS), IN ANCIENT TIMES, IN THE KINGDOM OF BENGAL.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.23) - [24 Sarkars North and East of the Ganges.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.24) - [25 Sarkars in the Delta of the Ganges.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.25) - [26 Sarkars South of the Ganges and West of the Bhagirati (Hughli.)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.26) — 5 parts - [27 AN ACCOUNT OF THE DOMINATION OF CERTAIN HINDU RAIS OVER THE KINGDOM OF BENGAL, AND OF THE CAUSE OF THE INTRODUCTION OF IDOL-WORSHIP IN HINDUSTAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.27) — 5 parts - [28](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.28) - [29 CHAPTER I.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.29) - [30 A DESCRIPTION OF THE RULE OF THE MUSALMAN RULERS WHO RULED OVER THIS KINGDOM OF BENGAL, AS VICEROYS OF THE EMPERORS OF DELHI.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.30) — 10 parts - [31 RULE OF 'ALI MARDAN KHILJI IN BENGAL.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.31) - [32 RULE OF GHIASU-D-DIN KHILJI IN BENGAL.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.32) — 4 parts - [33 RULE OF SULTAN NASIRU-D-DIN, SON OF SULTAN SHAMSU-D-DIN ALTAMSH, EMPEROR OF DELHI.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.33) - [34 RULE OF 'ALAU-D-DIN KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.34) - [35 RULE OF SAIFU-D-DIN TURK.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.35) - [36 RULE OF IZZU-D-DIN TUGHAN KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.36) - [37 RULE OF MALIK QURABEG TAMAR KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.37) - [38 RULE OF MALIK JALALU-D-DIN KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.38) - [39 RULE OF ARSALAN KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.39) - [40 RULE OF MUHAMMAD TATAR KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.40) - [41 RULE OF TUGHRAL, STYLED SULTAN MUGHISU-D-DIN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.41) — 9 parts - [42 RULE OF BUGHRA KHAN, STYLED SULTAN NASIRU-D-DIN, SON OF EMPEROR GHIASU-D-DIN BALBAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.42) — 5 parts - [43 RULE OF BAHADUR SHAH.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.43) - [44 RULE OF QADR KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.44) - [45 CHAPTER II. · AN ACCOUNT OF THE INDEPENDENT MUSALMAN KINGS WHO IN THE KINGDOM OF BENGAL MOUNTED THE THRONE, AND RECITED THE KHUTBAH AFTER THEIR OWN NAMES.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.45) - [46 AN ACCOUNT OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF SULTAN FAKHRU-D-DIN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.46) - [47 THE ACCESSION TO THE THRONE OF 'ALI MUBARIK STYLED SULTAN 'ALAU-D-DIN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.47) - [48 REIGN OF HAJI ILYAS STYLED SULTAN SHAMSU-D-DIN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.48) — 6 parts - [49 THE REIGN OF SIKANDAR SHAH, SON OF SHAMSU-D-DIN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.49) — 6 parts - [50 THE REIGN OF GHIASU-D-DIN, SON OF SIKANDAR SHAH.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.50) — 4 parts - [51 REIGN OF SAIFU-D-DIN STYLED SULTANU-S-SALATIN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.51) - [52 REIGN OF SHAMSU-D-DIN, SON OF SULTANU-S-SALATIN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.52) - [53 USURPATION OF RAJAH KANS ZAMINDAR.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.53) — 7 parts - [54 THE REIGN OF JALALU-D-DIN, SON OF RAJAH KANS.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.54) - [55 REIGN OF AHMAD SHAH, SON OF JALALU-D-DIN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.55) - [56 REIGN OF NASIR KHAN, THE SLAVE.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.56) - [57 REIGN OF NASIR SHAH.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.57) - [58 REIGN OF BARBAK SHAH, SON OF NASIRU-D-DIN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.58) - [59 REIGN OF YUSUF SHAH.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.59) - [60 REIGN OF FATH SHAH, SON OF YUSUF SHAH.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.60) - [61 REIGN OF BARBAG, THE EUNUCH, STYLED SULTAN SHAHZADA.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.61) — 5 parts - [62 REIGN OF MALIK ANDIL, THE ABYSSINIAN, STYLED FIRUZ SHAH.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.62) - [63 THE REIGN OF SULTAN MAHMUD, SON OF FIRUZ SHAH.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.63) - [64 THE REIGN OF SIDI BADR, STYLED MUZAFFAR SHAH.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.64) - [65 THE REIGN OF 'ALAU-D-DIN SYED HUSAIN SHARIF MAKI.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.65) — 8 parts - [66 THE REIGN OF NASRAT SHAH, SON OF 'ALAU-D-DIN HUSAIN SHAH.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.66) - [67 REIGN OF FIRUZ SHAH, SON OF NASRAT SHAH.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.67) - [68 REIGN OF SULTAN MAHMUD, SON OF 'ALAU-D-DIN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.68) - [69 ACCESSION OF NASIRU-D-DIN MUHAMMAD HUMAYUN PADSHAH TO THE THRONE OF GAUR.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.69) - [70 THE ACCESSION OF SHER SHAH TO THE THRONE, IN THE CITY OF GAUR.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.70) - [71 RULE OF KHIZR KHAN AT GAUR.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.71) - [72 ACCOUNT OF THE OVER-LORD SHIP OF MUHAMMAD KHAN SUR IN BENGAL.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.72) - [73 RULE OF KHIZR KHAN, STYLED BAHADUR SHAH.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.73) - [74 REIGN OF JALLALU-D-DIN, SON OF MUHAMMAD KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.74) - [75 REIGN OF JALLALU-D-DIN'S SON.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.75) - [76 REIGN OF GHIASU-D-DIN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.76) - [77 REIGN OF TAJ KHAN KRANI.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.77) - [78 REIGN OF SULAIMAN KARANI.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.78) - [79 REIGN OF BAYAZID KHAN, SON OF SULAIMAN KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.79) - [80 REIGN OF DAUD KHAN, SON OF SULAIMAN KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.80) — 8 parts - [81 THE RULE OF NAWAB KHAN JAHAN IN BENGAL, AND AN ACCOUNT OF DAUD KHAN'S DEATH.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.81) - [82 AN ACCOUNT OF THE EXTIRPATION OF CERTAIN GRANDEES OF DAUD KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.82) - [83 CHAPTER III.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.83) - [84 AN ACCOUNT OF THE RULE OF THE NAZIMS WHO WERE APPOINTED TO THE NIZAMAT OF BENGAL BY THE TIMURIDE EMPERORS OF DELHI.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.84) - [85 NIZAMAT OR VICEROYALTY OF RAJAH MAN SINGH.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.85) - [86 NIZAMAT OF QUTBU-D-DIN KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.86) — 3 parts - [87 THE NIZAMAT OF JAHANGIR QULI KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.87) - [88 RULE OF NAWAB ISLAM KHAN, AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE FALL OF 'OSMAN KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.88) — 7 parts - [89 NIZAMAT OF QASIM KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.89) - [90 NIZAMAT OF IBRAHIM KHAN, AND THE ARRIVAL OF PRINCE SHAH JAHAN IN BENGAL.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.90) — 9 parts - [91 AN ACCOUNT OF THE ARRIVAL OF PRINCE SHAH JAHAN'S ARMY IN BENGAL, AND THE FALL OF IBRAHIM KHAN FATEH JANG.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.91) — 2 parts - [92 PRINCE SHAH JAHAN'S FIGHTINGS WITH THE IMPERIAL ARMY, AND HIS WITHDRAWAL TO THE DAKHIN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.92) — 5 parts - [93 THE ASSIGNMENT OF BENGAL IN JAGIR TO MAHABET KHAN AND HIS SON.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.93) - [94 NEZAMAT OF NAWAB MUKKARAM KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.94) - [95 NEZAMAT OF NAWAB FIDAI KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.95) - [96 NEZAMAT OF NAWAB QASIM KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.96) - [97 NEZAMAT OF NAWAB 'AZAM KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.97) - [98 RULE OF NAWAB ISLAM KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.98) - [99 RULE OF PRINCE MUHAMMAD SHUJ'A.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.99) - [100 NIZAMAT OF NAWAB 'ITAQAD KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.100) - [101 AN ACCOUNT OF THE RULE OF SHAH SHUJ'A, FOR THE SECOND TIME, AND THE END OF HIS CAREER.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.101) — 9 parts - [102 VICEROYALTY OF NAWAB MU'AZZAM KHAN, KHAN-I-KHANAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.102) — 6 parts - [103 VICEROYALTY OF NAWAB AMIR-UL-UMARA SHAISTA KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.103) - [104 VICEROYALTY OF NAWAB IBRAHIM KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.104) — 2 parts - [105 VICE ROYALTY OF SHAHZADAH WALAGUHAR MUHAMMAD 'AZIMU-SH-SHAN AND THE FALL OF RAHIM KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.105) — 2 parts - [106 BESTOWAL OF THE NIZAMAT OF BENGAL ON NAWAB JAFAR KHAN, AS DEPUTY TO PRINCE AZIMU-SH-SHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.106) — 3 parts - [107 ACCESSION OF SULTAN FARRUKH-SIR TO THE THRONE OF DELHI.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.107) — 1 part - [108 NIZAMAT OF NAWAB SHUJ'A-UD-DIN MUHAMMAD KHAN WHO WAS ALREADY NAZIM OF THE SUBAH OF ODISA (ORISSA).](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.108) - [109](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.109) — 4 parts - [110 NIZAMAT OF NAWAB SARFARAZ KHAN.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.110) — 3 parts - [111 NIZAMAT OF NAWAB ALI VARDI KHAN MAHABAT JANG.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.111) — 6 parts - [112 NIZAMAT OF NAWAB SIRAJU-D-DAULAH.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.112) — 3 parts - [113 NIZAMAT OF SHUJAU-L-MULK JAFAR ALI KHAN](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.113) — 10 parts - [114 NIZAMAT OF ALIJAH NASIRU-L-MULK IMTIAZU-D-DAULAH QASIM ALI KHAN BAHADUR NASRAT JANG.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.114) — 2 parts - [115 NIZAMAT FOR THE SECOND TIME OF JAFAR ALI KHAN BAHADUR.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.115) - [116 CHAPTER IV.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.116) - [117 DESCRIBING THE DOMINATION OF THE ENGLISH CHRISTIANS IN THE PROVINCES OF THE DAKHIN AND BENGAL, AND CONTAINING TWO SECTIONS.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.117) - [118 SECTION I.—DESCRIPTIVE OF THE ARRIVAL OF THE PORTUGUESE AND FRENCH CHRISTIANS, &c., IN THE DAKHIN AND IN BENGAL.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.118) — 8 parts - [119 SECTION II.— DESCRIPTIVE OF THE DOMINATION OF THE ENGLISH CHRISTIANS OVER THE DOMINIONS OF BENGAL, AND THE DAKHIN, &c.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam.119) — 8 parts --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.east.riyaz-al-salatin~en-abdus-salam) · Pramāṇa