[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Dark Ages](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages) › [Mughals (1526–1857)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal) › [Later Mughals (1707–1857)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later) › [Tārīkh-i Irādat Khān](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan) › Táríkh, of Irádat Khán (Elliot & Dowson, extracts) # Táríkh, of Irádat Khán (Elliot & Dowson, extracts) Translation of [Tarikh-i Iradat Khan (Tārīkh-i Irādat Khān)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan) - **Language:** English - **Date:** 1877 CE - **Translators:** [Henry Miers Elliot](https://indike.org/pramana/person/elliot), [John Dowson](https://indike.org/pramana/person/dowson) - **Extent:** 46 passages, 9,977 words - **Text:** complete digital text - **Source:** archive.org · The History of India, as told by its own Historians. The Muhammadan Period. The posthumous papers of Sir H.… · Public domain (published before 1930) ## Contents - [1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.1) - [2 A'zam Shah.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2) — 2 parts - [3 Shah 'Alam Bahadur Shah.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.3) — 4 parts - [4 The sons of Bahadur Shah.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.4) - [5 Character of Bahadur Shah. His Court.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.5) — 3 parts - [6 Prince Kám Bakhsh.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.6) - [7 Gháziu-d dín Khán Fíroz Jang.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.7) - [8 Intrigues of the four Princes.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.8) - [9 Death and Character of Khán-khánán.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.9) - [10 Death of Bahadur Shah.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.10) - [11 Jahandar Shah.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.11) — 9 parts - [12 Letters of Aurangzeb.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.12) - [13 To Shah A'zam Shah.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.13) - [14 To the Prince Kám Bakhsh.](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.14) ## Text ### [1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.1) My attachment and regard to His Majesty (Aurangzeb) were so great, that observing his life drawing to a close, I did not wish to quit the presence. \* \* On the evening before my departure, the Emperor, opening the window of his sleeping apartment, called me to him, and said, "Separation now takes place between us, and our meeting again is uncertain. Forgive then whatever, wittingly or unwittingly, I may have done against thee, and pronounce the words I forgive! three times with sincerity of heart. As thou hast served me long, I also forgive thee whatever knowingly or otherwise thou mayest have done against me." Upon hearing these expressions, sobs became like a knot in my throat, so that I had not power to speak. At last, after His Majesty had repeatedly pressed me, I made a shift to pronounce the words I forgive! three times, interrupted by heavy sobs. He shed many tears, repeated the words, and, after blessing me, ordered me to retire. \* \* The Prince Bedar Bakht, being appointed to the government of Malwa, I paid my respects to him at Ujjain. In a short time such a friendship grew up between us, that a greater between a prince and subject cannot be conceived. He would not be an instant without me : he would not eat of anything but he sent me part of it : he did nothing of importance without asking my advice, and considered my opinion as religiously decisive. In short, the particulars of his favour are beyond relation ; but on this account I became envied by all his dependents. \* \* ### A'zam Shah. ### [2.1.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2.1.1) A'zam Shah, being informed of the (death of Aurangzeb) by his agents and the nobles who affected to embrace his interest, arrived on the 3rd of Zi-l hijja at the camp at Ahmadnagar. \* \* Many of the chief Imperial servants, as \* \* had a real attachment to him. Some neither loved nor hated him, and a few, though they disliked, yet from inability to oppose prudently submitted to his authority. Three Mughal chiefs only delayed to come in to offer their allegiance — Firoz Jang, his son Chin Kalich Khan, and Muhammad Amin Khan. On the 10th Zi-l hijja, 1118, A'zam Shah ascended the throne of empire amidst the usual rejoicings, and conferred favours on the nobility according to their stations, but on few in a manner affording satisfaction. \* \* While he was only a prince, most of the nobility were attached to him, and regarded him as possessing every approved quality for empire ; but almost immediately after his accession to the throne, the general opinion was altered, through his own conduct. He slighted the principal nobility, and betrayed great parsimony to the army, acting as if he had no occasion for their services. This proceeded from a vain belief that none dared to oppose him, and that his elder brother, Shah 'Alam, relinquishing to him such a vast empire as Hindustan without a struggle, would fly for safety to another clime. At the same time he openly declared his jealousy of his own son, Bedar Bakht, whose favour with the late Emperor had displeased him. ### [2.1.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2.1.2) He treated the old nobility with contempt, and would say publicly that they were not fit for his service. A'zam Shah proceeded with the Imperial camp towards Agra by regular stages, taking the route by the ghat of Tūmrī. \* \* \* The route of Tūmrī was hilly, full of woods, and for many long spaces void of water; so that during two days' march, great numbers of men, women, children, and animals perished through want of water. \* \* ### [2.1.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2.1.3) Bedar Bakht had the greatest and most sincere affection for his grandfather, who equally loved him. \* \* In obedience to the orders of his father, he departed from Gujarāt without delay, at the head of only 3000 horse, his own dependents, and carried with him about thirty lacs of rupees in treasure, property of his own, not presuming to touch twenty lacs in the Imperial treasury, lest it should raise suspicions of his fidelity in the mind of his father. For the same reason, he made not any addition to his force, though he could with ease have raised a great army, and might have procured a kror of rupees from the bankers and renters. \* \* On the eve of his march he despatched a letter to me, and several others on his route; but the couriers brought none to hand in due time, the public roads being guarded by officers who had orders to search all messengers and inspect letters. \* \* At length, on the 1st Muharram, the Prince's letters were brought to me all at once, and immediately after I departed from Māndū. \* \* The Prince was moving into Ujjain when he perceived me at a distance, and said to his attendants, "Is not that Irādat Khan that I see?" He stopped his train, and opening wide his arms he cried, "Come, come, my friend! in expectation of whom my eyes have been strained even to dimness." ### [2.1.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2.1.4) Bedar Bakht did not enter the city and palaces of Ujjain, but pitched his camp on the bank of the river, at about a kos distant. Here he was attended by 'Abdu-llah Khan, the Sūbahdār of Mālwā, and continued one month and twenty days expecting the arrival of his father, when that rash prince wrote him the following farmān: "Why have you not hastened on, nor sunk the boats in the Satlej, to prevent the approach of the enemy; Though he dare not face me, yet you have been guilty of high neglect." Bedar Bakht, agreeably to the orders of his father, moved towards A'gra, and was joined from the presence by Zu-l fikar Khan, Ram Singh Hada Zamindar of Kota, and Dalpat Bundela, also by Amanu-llah Khan, who were sent by A'zam Shah as much to watch the Prince's motions as to assist him. Mirza Raja Jai Singh, Khan-'alam, a Dakhin chief, with his brother Munawwar Khan, and other officers, also joined from the presence with about 6000 horse. ### [2.1.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2.1.5) Prince Muhammad A'zimu-sh Shan, who had by Aurangzeb's orders left his government of Bengal to proceed to the presence, had reached the vicinity of Agra when he heard of the Emperor's decease; upon which he marched to secure that city for (his father) Shah 'Alam. When Bedar Bakht approached the banks of the Chambal, and A'zam Shah arrived near Gwalior, A'zimu-sh Shan detached a considerable body from Agra, under Muhtasham Khan, to guard the fords. Bedar Bakht was fond of enterprise, jealous of his honour, and of high mind, tempered with prudence. A rivalship for glory had always subsisted between him and his father. A'zam Shah, who was of rash courage, never looked beyond the present in his conduct. Like the whisker-twisting vaunters of Hindustan, if his son made any delay on his march, he would jest and sneer, attributing it to cowardice and dread of the enemy. On this account Bedar Bakht resolved to cross the Chambal immediately, and attack the posts of Muhtasham Khan; but this proceeding was strongly opposed by Zu-l fikar Khan, an experienced general of approved conduct. As Zu-l fikar Khan, in the opinion of some, was suspected of treachery, they seized this opportunity to persuade the Prince that he corresponded with Shah 'Alam, and wished to delay engaging till his approach, in order to complete his designs of desertion to his cause. ### [2.1.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2.1.6) The day following, suddenly, before morning prayer, the march for battle was sounded, and the Prince, completely armed, mounted the elephant which he always rode in the day of battle. I speeded to attend him. He had moved some distance from the tents before I came up. I found him with an angry countenance, uttering contemptuous exclamations and reproachful terms of Zü-l fikār Khān as deceiver, traitor, false wretch and the like, to some servile attendants round his elephant. \* \* In the difference between A'zam Shāh and his son Bedār Bakht, justice was on the side of the father; for Bedār Bakht was rival to his father, and waited opportunity to dethrone him. As for me, I was never in the service of A'zam Shāh, nor had ever made him professions of duty, being wholly devoted to his son. Being alone with Bedār Bakht one night, he suddenly threw his arms about my neck, and holding down his head upon my breast said, "If a sovereign and parent seeks the life of a son, and that son is truly informed of his intention, how should he act in self-defence? Have you a precedent for it?" I replied, "Such a question is unnecessary. The behaviour of your grandfather to his father is sufficient precedent; and sovereigns are forced to expedients which are not justifiable in other men." Conversation of this sort often passed between us; and one evening he asked me how he might gain an opportunity of seizing his father. I replied, "An opportunity will offer thus. ### [2.1.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2.1.7) When he has gained the victory over Shāh 'Ālam, you will be the first to congratulate him. The troops will then be separated here and there in search of plunder, or looking after the dead and wounded; and as the tents will not be ready, your father will only be under a shāmiyāna (canopy), surrounded by a few kanāts (screens). You will be admitted to audience, attended by such of your followers as may have deserved notice for their gallant conduct in action; and at such a time they will be allowed their arms. It is probable that your father will not have many persons with him between the kanāts. Then is your time." The Prince eagerly exclaimed, "You have spoken well! Dare you at such a time strike the blow?" I replied that though the act was easy, yet a sacred oath rested on our family never to shed the blood of a prince unless by chance in battle, if engaged in the cause of a rival, when it would be excusable. I then said, "Your other opportunity will be thus. Should the enemy fly, an army will be sent in pursuit, and probably under your command, while your father, setting his mind at ease, will be employed, without suspicion, in pleasure and rejoicing. You may return suddenly upon him, and gain your wishes. Should this opportunity not occur, as you are his eldest son and have seen much service, he will certainly appoint you to the government of the Dakhin. You will then have a powerful army at your disposal. ### [2.1.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2.1.8) As your father's behaviour is offensive to the people, and many of the courtiers dislike him, they will aid your pretensions. Use open force and try for whom God will decide." ### [2.2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2.2.1) Bedar Bakht, having crossed the Chambal at an unobserved ford, the troops of 'Azimu-sh Shan, who were stationed on the banks of the river in another quarter, left their artillery at the various posts and fled to Agra, happy to save their lives. Zu-l fikar, who had advised the Prince to remain on the other side, seeing he had crossed, now came up reluctantly, and congratulated him on the success of his march. \* \* Some days after this, A'zam Shah approaching near, Bedar Bakht moved a kos in front, the spot he was upon being chosen for his father's tents, and on the morning of his arrival he went forth two kos from the camp to meet him. A'zam Shah loved him as a son, though from the attention shown him by Aurangzeb he had regarded him as a rival. When he now beheld him after a long absence, paternal fondness for the instant overcame his jealousy, and he received him with strong marks of affection, conferring upon him a princely khil'at, etc. ### [2.2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2.2.2) Empire having been decreed to Shah 'Alam, from the agency of destiny, such vanity took possession of the mind of A'zam Shah, that he was convinced his brother, though supported by the myriads of Tur and Sallam, durst not meet him in the field. Hence those who brought intelligence of his approach he would abuse as fools and cowards, so that no one cared to speak the truth; as was formerly the case with the Emperor Humayun during the rebellion of the Afghan Sher Shah. Even his chief officers feared to disclose intelligence; so that he was ignorant of the successful progress of his rival. At length Shah 'Alam, having reached Mattra, sent by a celebrated darwesh the following message to A'zam Shah: "By the divine auspices, we inherit from our ancestors an extensive empire, comprehending many kingdoms. It will be just and glorious not to draw the sword against each other, nor consent to shed the blood of the faithful. Let us equally divide the empire between us. Though I am the elder son, I will leave the choice in your power." A'zam Shah, vain-glorious and haughty, replied that he would answer his brother on the morrow in the field, and upon this the messenger departed. A'zam Shah marched the next morning, and encamped between Jaju and Agra, on a barren plain, void of water, so that the army was much distressed. Intelligence arrived during this day, that Shah 'Alam was encamped seven kos distant, and intended moving on the morrow, but to what quarter was not known. ### [2.2.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2.2.3) I have already mentioned that my design is not to write the history of kings, but of myself and what I have seen. Accordingly, of the battle between the two brothers, I shall only relate such circumstances as I was an eye-witness of. ### [2.2.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2.2.4) Prince Bedar Bakht, who commanded the advanced corps of the army, having given the necessary orders, began his march. \* \* The main body marched next, in the centre of which rode A'zam Shah. \* \* We had not yet learned the position of the enemy, or what was the design of Shah 'Alam. Bedar Bakht reached a village, near which was a stream of clear water, and there were some wells also around it. The troops at this time were much separated, and every chief, inattentive to order, moved as he chose. Seeing which, I represented to the Prince, that the main body was far behind, that the country in front was destitute of water for some miles, and the day promised to be distressingly hot. Without order, without intelligence of the enemy's motions, where would he hasten? I remarked the scattered march of his followers; Zu-l fikar Khan obliqued so far to the left as scarcely to be visible, and other chiefs were equally distant in every quarter. I observed that if he halted here till some news arrived of the enemy, there was sufficient water to refresh the troops; the artillery would come up; the Emperor would have time to join, and order would be restored in the line; also, that should the enemy advance upon him, he would have the advantage of good ground and plenty of water. He replied, "Your advice is just. Go and inform my father I shall follow it." ### [2.2.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2.2.5) It happened also that Shah 'Alam had no advice of the route of our army, and as there was but little water where he was encamped, he had this morning despatched his main body under Mun'im Khan, while he, with his sons and personal attendants, hunted along the bank of the river Jumna. His pesh-khana, with the usual escort, under Rustam-dil Khan, was coming on in front of our army, in the same route as our line. Upon delivery of my message to A'zam Shah, he replied, "Very well. Go and inform my son I am coming up." I returned to the promised place of halt, but what did I behold? The Prince had marched on, and left the village unguarded. I speeded after him, and upon gaining the line, saw a joyful scene of congratulation on victory. When the Prince saw me, he eagerly exclaimed, "I congratulate you on victory." I replied, "How comes victory without a battle?" Upon which His Highness, turning to a courier, said, "Tell Iradat Khan what you have seen." The foolish wretch then affirmed that he had seen the elephant of Shah 'Alam without a rider, and with but few attendants, running off to Agra. The Prince then said our left wing had defeated the enemy, and taken all their baggage. The cause of this imaginary victory was this. The advanced baggage of Shah 'Alam, falling in with our left wing, was attacked, and, the escort being small, was soon taken. The elephant running away belonged to Rustam-dil Khan, who commanded the escort. ### [2.2.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2.2.6) The Prince, however, now ordered me to go and inform his father of the victory. \* \* I declined going, and observed I would not carry intelligence so very ridiculous and groundless. Upon which the Prince was angry, and exclaimed, "What do you mean?" I replied, \* \* "Accidents will happen to the baggage of armies, and this boasted victory is no more. Your troops have plundered his advanced tents, but woe to those who have been thus employed! If important work should now offer, they will be useless, confused as they are and encumbered with spoil." To these remarks the Prince angrily exclaimed, "You are always apprehensive and foreboding ill." He then ordered Kasim, the darogha of his diwan, to carry the intelligence of victory to A'zam Shah. ### [2.2.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2.2.7) Scarce half an hour after this had elapsed, when a great dust arose upon our right. Upon beholding this, I said to the Prince, "Behold the consequence of our victory, and the flight of Shah 'Alam! Yon cloud precedes at least 50,000 horse." Just as I concluded, another dust arose, which certified a second body of troops approaching. I desired His Highness to prepare for action, while yet the enemy was at some distance. He then said, "Will you now go and inform my father of the enemy's approach?" To this I replied, "Though I wish not to quit Your Highness's person, yet as I am ordered I must obey," and having said this, I rode off with speed to A'zam Shah. On my way I beheld strange disorder. Amanu-llah Khan, a reputed good officer, who acted as advanced guard to Prince Walajah, I met with only two or three hundred straggling horse. A'zam Shah was a kos and a half farther in the rear, and his troops were separated into three divisions, so that I could not easily distinguish the royal post, for the train of artillery had been left in the Dakhin. For when the commander applied for orders respecting it to A'zam Shah, he was much enraged, and passionately exclaimed, "Do men think that I will use cannon against a breeder of cattle? I will not even draw the sword, but will bruise his head with a staff." When A'zam Shah saw me, he made a signal for me to advance; but such was the crowd I could scarce push through it. ### [2.2.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2.2.8) At length, having come near to his litter, I alighted from my horse, and said, "The Prince informs Your Majesty of the enemy's near approach. What shall I say?" A'zam Shah, starting as if stung by a scorpion, with furious looks, eyes rolling, and, as was his custom when angry, pulling up his sleeve, exclaimed, "Comes an enemy to me!" Being vexed at his manner, I replied, "So it appears." He then called aloud for his war elephant, and, in a frantic manner, whirling a crooked staff, stood upright on his throne, and tauntingly said, "Be not alarmed, I am coming to my son." Hurt at this insult to the spirit of my prince, I said, "His Highness is son to yourself, Asylum of the World, and knoweth not fear. He only represents the enemy's approach, that Your Majesty may advance with the troops, and take the post usual for the Emperor in the day of battle." Having said this, I rode off to rejoin Bedar Bakht. \* \* Just as I reached him, a ball struck the breast of an attendant close to his person. \* \* The two bodies of the enemy had now approached, and halted within a rocket's flight of our line. One of these was headed by the Prince 'Azimu-sh Shan; the other by Mun'im Khan, with whom also were the Princes Mu'izzu-d din Jahandar Shah and Jahan Shah. Our line was so pressed upon each flank and in the rear by baggage elephants, cattle, and followers, as greatly to incommode the troops and render them useless. ### [2.2.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2.2.9) Shah 'Alam's artillery played upon us incessantly, and did great execution, and his sons advancing, fired showers of musketry, which fell like hail. \* \* \* At length our troops, grown impatient from the galling of the enemy's cannon, prepared to charge. \* \* I saw Khan 'Alam move towards the enemy with great rapidity. As he advanced nearer the enemy, his followers diminished, gradually lagging behind, and not above 300 stuck by him to the charge. When I saw this, I well knew that all was lost. The brave chief, however, penetrated to the elephant of 'Azimu-sh Shan, and hurled his spear at the Prince; but it missed him, and struck the thigh of an attendant, when the Prince drew an arrow, which pierced the heart of Khan 'Alam, and he died on the instant. \* \* A body of the enemy, under Baz Khan Afghan, now attacked Zu-l fikar Khan, but was repulsed with great loss, and the chief badly wounded; but by the decrees of Providence, Ram Singh Hada and Dalpat Rao Bundela, on whose valour and conduct most depended, were killed at the same instant by a cannon-shot, upon which their Rajputs lost all confidence, and fled with the dead bodies of their chiefs. Zu-l fikar Khan, however, yet remained firm, with his own followers; ### [2.2.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2.2.10) but on being charged by the whole of 'AzImu-sh Shan's division, he left the conduct of the battle to Saiyid Muzaffar, and retired to the rear of A'zam Shah's post, with Hamidu-d din Khan, and having dismounted from his elephant, fled on horseback to Gwalior, where he was received by his father, Asad Khan. His flight determined the rout of our army. The principal followers and personal attendants of A'zam Shah now dismounted, and laying their quivers on the ground, sat down to await the charge of the enemy, and sell their lives in defence of their patron. Saiyid 'Abdu-llah and his brother, Husain 'Ali Khan, of the illustrious house of Barha, ever celebrated for valour, whose ancestors had in every reign performed the most gallant actions, if possible superior to their sires, descended from their elephants, and prepared to engage on foot. The battle now raged hand to hand with sabres, and there was great slaughter on both sides. Husain 'Ali Khan received several wounds and fell down faint with the loss of blood. \* \* At last a musket-ball and several arrows struck the Prince Bedar Bakht, and he sank down dead on his elephant. ### [2.2.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2.2.11) A'zam Shah, though much wounded, was still alive, when a whirl of dust winded towards him from the army of Shah 'Alam. From this now issued with a select band the Princes 'Azimu-sh Shan, Muizzu-d din Jahandar Shah, and Jahan A'zam Shah soon received a mortal wound from a musket-ball, and resigned his soul to the Creator of life. The Prince Walajah also sank down in the sleep of death. I now made my escape to Agra, not choosing to go to the enemy's camp, where I had many friends who would have given me protection. ### [2.2.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.2.2.12) Rustam-dil Khan, who commanded the escort of Shah 'Alam's advanced tents, when attacked in the morning by our troops, finding his escape cut off, paid his respects to A'zam Shah, and had continued near his elephant during the battle till his death with great firmness. Seeing him dead, he ascended the elephant, and cutting off the head of the corpse, remounted his horse and hastened to the camp of Shah 'Alam. With exulting hope of great reward, he laid his prize at the Prince's feet; but the compassionate Shah 'Alam, seeing the head of his slaughtered brother in such disgrace, shed tears of affection, and gave Rustam-dil nothing but reproaches. He ordered the head to be buried with proper respect, and forbad the march of victory to be beaten. Mun'im Khan took charge of the bodies of the unfortunate Princes, and treated the ladies of their harems with the utmost respect and tenderness. Though he had received a dangerous wound, and suffered extreme pain, he concealed his situation, and continued on the field till late at night, to restore order and prevent plunder. ### Shah 'Alam Bahadur Shah. ### [3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.3.1) I shall now relate some particulars necessary to be known concerning Shah 'Alam, his march from Kabul, and other proceedings to the day of engagement with his unfortunate brother A'zam Shah. Some time before his death, Aurangzeb had appointed Mun'im Khan to be diwan to Shah 'Alam, who was governor of Kabul. This nobleman was of great abilities, active in the cabinet, resolute in execution, and of unbending integrity of mind. He soon arranged the Prince's affairs, which, before his coming into office, were always in confusion, owing to the ascendency of unworthy favourites. \* \* A superfluous army was kept up, exceeding the ability of the revenue, and being consequently ill-paid, was ever mutinous and discontented. \* \* He diminished the Prince's army, but took care to pay that on foot regularly, so as to leave no room for discontent, or excuse for licentiousness. \* \* When he heard of Aurangzeb's illness, in order to prevent cabals in favour of A'zam Shah, he circulated a report that Shah 'Alam would not contend for empire, but seek protection from his brother by flight to Persia. Shah 'Alam had himself indeed made this declaration long before, and with such apparent resolution that it was believed and dreaded even by his sons who resided with him. ### [3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.3.2) Mun'im Khan related to me afterwards the following anecdote in these words : "When I perceived that my attachment, sincerity, and abilities had properly impressed Shah 'Alam's mind, and that he was convinced I was a prudent, faithful, and secret servant, being alone one day with him conversing on the affairs of the empire, I took the liberty of thus addressing him : 'It is reported that Your Highness intends flying to Persia, with so much confidence, that even the Princes, your sons, assure me by sacred oaths of its truth.' He replied, 'In this rumour there lies concealed a great design, to forward which I have spread it abroad and taken pains to make it believed. First, because my father, on a mere suspicion of disloyalty, kept me nine years in close confinement ; and should he even now think that I cherished the smallest ambition, he would immediately strive to accomplish my ruin. Secondly, my brother Muhammad A'zam Shah, who is my powerful enemy, and valiant even to the extreme of rashness, would exert all his force against me. From this report my father is easy, and my brother lulled into self-security ; but, by the Almighty God who gave me life' (laying his hand on the Kuran by him), 'and on this holy book, I swear, though not one friend should join me, I will meet A'zam Shah in single combat, wherever he may be. This secret which I have so long maintained, and even kept from my own children, is now entrusted to your care. ### [3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.3.3) Be cautious that no instance of your conduct may betray it!'" When news of Aurangzeb's death reached Mun'im Khan at Lahore, he wrote immediately by express to Shah 'Alam, conjuring him to march with the utmost expedition towards the capital, without anxiety or preparation, and he should find artillery and all supplies ready at Lahore. This wise minister then prepared bridges over the various rivers, so that not a day's delay was occasioned in crossing to the Prince's army, which at Lahore was joined by a powerful train of artillery with sufficient draft. He also paid up all the troops, and advanced large sums to new levies. Shah 'Alam soon arrived in the neighbourhood of Dehli, and Mun'im Khan entered the city with a select party. \* \* Muhammad Yar Khan, the commander of the palace, was so awed with the wazir's gallantry, and the arrival of Shah 'Alam, that he saw no security for himself but in resigning his charge. He accordingly gave up the palace, in which were the treasures of Hindustan collected from the days of Akbar. \* \* \* Mun'im Khan then advanced with some chosen troops before the Prince to Agra. \* \* Baki Khan, an old Imperial servant, and governor of the fortress which he had refused to resign to 'Azimu-sh Shan, being certified that Shah 'Alam was approaching, did not choose to resist longer, but sent offers, that if Mun'im Khan would come first alone into the citadel, he would resign the command. ### [3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.3.4) Mun'im Khan accordingly, without the least distrust, entered over a narrow plank, only passable for a single person, which was placed over a deep ditch from a small wicket to admit him. \* \* After refreshment, he sealed up the treasury, posted his people at the different gates, and about midnight went to visit 'Azimu-sh Shan, who was encamped at the distance of six kos. \* \* Without doubt Shah 'Alam's successes, and his attainment of the empire, were owing to the conduct and valour of this great minister. ### [4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.4) It is now necessary to say something of the four sons of Shah 'Alam, their dispositions and behaviour, both in public and private. Mu'izzu-d din Jahandar Shah, the eldest, was a weak man, devoted to pleasure, who gave himself no trouble about State affairs, or to gain the attachment of any of the nobility, as will be seen when I come to narrate his reign. 'Azimu-sh Shan, the second son, was a statesman of winning manners. Aurangzeb had always pursued the policy of encouraging his grandsons and employing them in public affairs; for as his sons were ambitious of great power, and at the head of armies, he thus prudently controlled them by opposing to them enemies in their own families, as Bedar Bakht to A'zam Shah, and 'Azimu-sh Shan to Shah 'Alam. To the latter he had given the advantageous government of the three provinces of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa, from whence he had now come with a rich treasure and considerable army; and though in the late battle he had performed great service, yet he was suspected by his father and dreaded as a rival; but to relate the causes would be useless prolixity. Rafi'u-sh Shan, the private companion and favourite of his father, was a prince of quick parts, a great proficient in religious learning, a fine writer, and of much knowledge in the law, but at the same time addicted to pleasure, particularly fond of music and the pomp of courtly show. He paid no attention to public affairs or even those of his own household. Khujista-akhtar Jahan Shah had the greatest share of all the Princes in the management of affairs, before his father's accession to the throne, and afterwards the whole administration of the empire was influenced by him. He had the closest friendship and connexion with Mun'im Khan, who, by his interest, was appointed wazir. ### Character of Bahadur Shah. His Court. ### [5.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.5.1) Shah 'Alam was generous and merciful, of a great soul tempered with affability, discerning of merit. He had seen the strict exercise of power during the reigns of his grandfather and father, and been used to authority himself for the last fifty years. Time received a new lustre from his accession, and all ranks of people obtained favours equal to, if not above their merits; so that the public forgot the excellences and great qualities of Aurangzeb, which became absorbed in the bounties of his successor. Some narrow-hearted persons, however, out of ingratitude and envy, attributed his general liberality to ill-placed extravagance and profusion; but it is a fact that the deserving of every profession, and the worthy of all degrees, whether among the learned or the eloquent, the noble or the ignoble, received an attention from the throne, which prior to this the eye of time had never seen, nor had such been heard of before by the ears of fame. His personal qualities and perfections, speech is unable to relate. His valour was such that he had resolved on meeting A'zam Shah, whose bravery was celebrated, in single combat. His four sons, possessed of great power and considerable force, he suffered to be constantly near his person, never giving himself a moment's suspicion regarding them, nor preventing them forming connexions with the prime nobility; ### [5.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.5.2) upon which subject I, the humblest of his slaves, once ventured to present him a petition of a cautionary nature, thinking it my duty, as I had often done so to Aurangzeb. To what I represented he wrote a wise and just reply. He permitted the sons of those princes who had fallen in battle against him to appear at all times completely armed in his presence. The infant children he let remain unmolested with their mothers, while those arrived at manhood daily accompanied him to the chase unguarded, and shared in all his diversions. His court was magnificent to a degree beyond that of Shah Jahan. Seventeen Princes, his sons, grandsons and nephews, sat generally round his throne, in the manner following: On his right hand Jahandar Shah, his eldest son, with his three sons; his third son, Rafi'u-sh Shan, with his three sons, and Bedar-dil, son to his nephew, Bedar Bakht. On his left Muhammad "'Azimu-sh Shan, with his two sons, and Jahan Shah with his son. 'Ali Tabbar, the only surviving son of A'zam Shah, sat on the right hand of 'Azimu-sh Shan; and a little to the right, somewhat advanced, the two sons of Muhammad Kam Bakhsh. Behind the royal Princes, on the right, stood the sons of conquered sovereigns, as of Sikandar 'Ali Shah of Bijapur, and Kutb Shah, King of Golkonda; also a vast crowd of the nobility, from the rank of seven to three thousand, such as were allowed to be on the platform between the silver rails. How can I mention every particular of the splendid scene? ### [5.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.5.3) On the 'Ids and other festivals, His Majesty, with his own hands, gave the betel and perfumes to all in his presence, according to their ranks. His gifts of jewels, dresses, and other favours were truly royal. When in private he dressed plain and humbly, like a religious devotee, and daily, without fail, prayed with many in company. Frequently on holidays and Fridays, when travelling, he would read the prayers himself in the great tent of audience, and repeat portions of the Kuran, with a tone and sweetness which captivated the most eloquent Arabians. He never missed the devotions of the latter part of the night, and frequently employed the whole in prayer. In the early part of the evening he had generally an assembly of the religious or learned men. He himself related traditions (of the Prophet), in the number of which he excelled, as well as in a knowledge of the Holy Law. He had explored the different opinions of all sects, read the works of all free thinkers, and was well acquainted with the hypotheses of each. On this account some over-strict devotees accused him of heterodoxy in his religious opinions, through mere envy of his superior abilities. I heard most of his tenets, and lamented the ignorance of his vain critics; for it was as clear as the sun how just and orthodox he was in his opinions on religious points. But how can I enumerate all his perfections! It would fill volumes to recite but a small part, therefore I will desist. ### [6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.6) Kám Bakhsh was a prince of an excellent memory; was learned and a pleasing writer, possessed of all outward accomplishments in a high degree; but there was in his mind a flightiness that approached near to insanity. He seldom remained a month in his father's presence, but for some misbehaviour he was reproved, degraded or confined; and some acts were done by him, to mention which would be unworthy of me. \* \* What follies was he not guilty of, from the madness of his mind and the confidence he put in lying visionaries! \* \* His flatterers having told him that his eldest son would also at some time become Emperor, he became jealous of the innocent child, and frequently meditated putting him to death, but was withheld from that crime by the dread he had of Aurangzeb. However, he kept him constantly in confinement, miserably clothed, and worse fed than the son of a wretched beggar, which was worse than death. From the same cause, on ill-placed suspicions, he inflicted tortures and uncommon punishments on the ladies of his harem, putting many of them privately to death. To his servants, companions, and confidants, he often behaved with outrageous cruelty, doing such acts to them as before eye never saw nor ear heard. \* \* ### [7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.7) Gháziu-d dín Khán Fíroz Jang, who had acquired a most powerful influence in the Dakhin, and was chief of the Túrání Mughals, kept on foot a great army. He had withdrawn himself from A'zam Sháh, and he was also much in dread of Sháh 'Álam's resentment, because he had advised that Prince's being confined when Aurangzeb was before Golkonda. He was an able statesman of long experience, who, though blind of sight, could clearly perceive the mind of man; therefore, whatever wishes he might have to enjoy the honour of making an Emperor, yet he soon saw the follies of Kám Bakhsh, and declined his cause as ruinous and lost. Mun'im Khan Khan-khanan opened a correspondence with Ghazio-d din, to whom he gave much consolation, assurances of favour, and friendly advice. That experienced statesman, opening his eyes on the vicissitudes of life, saw it was his interest, if His Majesty would forget the past and not molest him in his fortune, to bend his head in submission and retire from business to a life of devotion. His only son, Chin Kalich Khan, had long disagreed with him, and his brother, Hamid Khan, whom he had appointed his deputy in command of the troops, had separated from him and gone over to the presence. The Turan chiefs of his household also, when they saw his fortunes on the decline, had left his service. All these events made him glad to embrace the promises of the minister and thankfully accept the subadari of Ahmadabad in Gujarat. ### [8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.8) The four Princes were constantly intriguing against each other, to obtain influence in the management of public affairs, which occasioned much delay and confusion in business, so that the Khan-khanan thought it happy to steer his vessel safe through four such great seas, and could not act so independently as he wished, being obliged to attend to the capricious interests of others, among which he found it difficult to preserve his own. Among the remarkable occurrences was the decline of Jahan Shah's influence with his father, and the rise of that of 'Azimu-sh Shan, of whom till now the Emperor had ever been suspicious. The Prince Jahan Shah was of haughty and independent spirit, ready to take fire on the smallest neglect. This, with the behaviour of his servants, alarmed and displeased the Khan-khanan, who for his own safety watched an opportunity to destroy the Prince's influence in public affairs: a task of no great difficulty to one well acquainted with the disposition of Shah 'Alam, almost equally warm with his son, who had more than once displeased him by his behaviour. The Prince upon this thought to prove his disinterestedness and independence by neglecting to frequent the darbár, and engage in business as usual. 'Azímu-sh Shán, who had reaped experience in office, and was well versed in the intrigues of a court, perceiving coolness taking place between Jahán Sháh and the Khán-khánán, paid so much flattering attention to the latter, that by degrees he gained his confidence. This gave still more offence to Jahán Sháh, who had too much pride to expostulate, but neglected the minister in return. He soon after fell sick, and his indisposition continuing a long time, gave 'Azímu-sh Shán ample opportunities of acquiring influence over Sháh 'Álam. \* \* \* 'Azímu-sh Shán, having thus gained the credit he aimed at with his father and the minister, employed it in softening the rigour of government against those who laboured under its displeasure; thinking that, thus obliged by his mediation, they would readily return his favours, by embracing his cause, whenever the death of his father should give him a claim to the empire. ### [9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.9) The Khán-khánán \[having invested the fort to which the Sikhs had retreated\], sure of having the Gurú in his power, gave orders for his troops to cease their attack till the morning should enable him to finish it with success. He had, however, unluckily neglected to block up a narrow path leading from the fort to the hills, either because he had not perceived it, or was satisfied that it could not lead but to where the Imperial troops were posted. \* \* During the night the Gurú changed his dress, and left the fort undiscovered. The Khán-khánán about dawn renewed the attack, and gained the place after a short struggle, sword in hand, exulting in the certainty of carrying the Gurú dead or alive to the Emperor, whose displeasure at his disobedience of orders would by this service be changed to approbation; but who can relate his weight of grief and disappointment on finding that his promised prize had escaped, without leaving a trace behind him? \* \* He for an instant lost almost the use of his faculties, which were absorbed in dread of the Emperor's anger, and not without reason. As he was, agreeably to custom after an important victory, beating the march of triumph on his way to the royal tents, orders arrived commanding him to stop the drums, and not dare to enter the presence. He retired, drowned in despair, to his own tents. \* \* \* Shah 'Alam, regarding his former services, received him again into favour after a few days; but this noble and faithful minister never recovered from the effects of the royal ingratitude. This grief, added to the pain of seeing three of the Princes and the Amiru-l umara using all their arts to complete his ruin, stuck like a poisoned arrow in his breast. He lost all satisfaction in worldly enjoyments, the emptiness of which he now so fully experienced, and from the day of his disgrace declined in health, so that not long after he was reduced to keep his bed, where he lingered a few days, and then resigned his soul to the angel of death (1124 A.H., 1712 A.D.), who never in the uncounted ages of his office seized on a soul more pure and less defiled with the frailties of human nature. ### [10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.10) Shah 'Alam Bahadur Shah died on the 21st Muharram, 1124 A.H. (18th February, 1712 A.D.). \* \* It happened that one day as Jahandar Shah and 'Azimu-sh Shan were sitting near his bed, the latter perceiving under a corner of his pillow a dagger of very exquisite workmanship, took it up to admire the jewels with which it was adorned and the water of the blade. Upon his drawing it from the scabbard, Jahandar Shah, jealous of his brother, was seized with a panic. He started up, and retired with such precipitation, that he struck the turban from his head against the door of the tent, forgot his slippers at the entrance, and fell down over the ropes. Being assisted to rise and adjust his dress by his servants, he rode off to his tents with all the speed and hurry possible. This occasioned much alarm in the camp. I met the Prince with his attendants, pushing on his elephant with frantic haste, upon seeing which I endeavoured to pass unobserved ; but he knew me, and sent a messenger to call me. As I had previously attached myself to 'Azimu-sh Shan, I did not obey the mandate, but passed on to the Emperor's tents. \* \* The Amiru-l umara called for me, and desired me to send my grandson 'Inayatu-llah to 'Azimu-sh Shan, to ask him how he could serve him on the present occasion. I sent him, but he returned with a reply laconic and slight as if from a nobleman of high rank to the commander of a hundred, written in the hand of his confidant as follows : " As the Imperial servants can know no place of support but this Court, and most have already repaired to it, the Amiru-l umara must also pay his duty, with assurance of a gracious reception in the presence." When the Amiru-l umara read this, he shed tears, and said to me, with much emotion, " You see the manners of the Prince and his advisers. Alas ! the errors of a favourite unacquainted with government often endanger the very existence of his master." \* \* After saying this, he collected his followers, and moved his tents and effects to the quarter of Prince Jahandar, where he thought his services most likely to answer his own interest. \* \* He had formerly been disgusted with 'Azimu-sh Shan, for preferring to himself the Khan-khanan and Mahabat Khan, and he now swore to assist the three brothers in effecting his destruction, and in making an equal division of the empire and treasures among them. ### Jahandar Shah. ### [11.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.11.1) When Jahandar Shah, by the intrigues and support of the Amiru-l umara Zu-l fikar Khan, had triumphed over his three brothers, and ascended the throne of empire, without the fear or dread of a competitor, all the customs of time were changed. He was himself a weak man, effeminately careful of his person, fond of ease, indolent, and totally ignorant of the arts of government. He had also blemishes and vices unworthy of royalty, and unknown among his illustrious ancestors. He made the vast empire of Hindustan an offering to the foolish whims of a courtezan. The relations, friends and minions of the mistress usurped absolute authority in the State; and high offices, great titles and unreasonable grants from the Imperial domains were showered profusely on beggarly musicians. Two krors of rupees annually were settled for only the household expenses of the mistress, exclusive of her clothes and jewels. \* \* ### [11.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.11.2) The Amiru-l umara Zu-l fikar Khan, seater, nay even creator of emperors, with such a puppet of humanity in his hands, became absolute and filled with pride. He studied to ruin the most ancient families, inventing pretences to put great men to death, or disgrace them that he might plunder their possessions. Unhappy was the person he suspected to be rich, as wealth and vexatious accusations always accompanied each other. He established such exactions and abuses as no prior age had beheld, and by which now he is alone remembered. He took enormous emoluments and revenues for himself, while he disposed of money to others with a hand so sparing that even his own creatures felt severe poverty with empty titles, for he never allowed jagirs to any. The minds of high and low, rich and poor, near and distant, friends and strangers, were turned against him and wished his destruction. Hindus and Musulmans agreed in praying to Heaven for the fall of his power, night and day. Often does the midnight sigh of the widow ruin the riches of a hundred years. ### [11.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.11.3) Kokaltash Khan, foster-brother of Jahandar Shah, and brought up with him from his childhood, was honoured with the title of Khan-Jahan. His wife, daughter, and whole family also possessed great influence with Jahandar, and claimed from him the performance of a promise he had made of the office of wazir. At the same time they and their adherents combined to work the overthrow of Zu-l fikar Khan Amiru-l umara. With this view all their relations and dependents were raised to a high rank, and a great number of the nobility, distressed by the pride and rapacity of Zii-l fikár Khán, joined their party. They insinuated to the Emperor that the Amíru-l umará entertained designs too ambitious for a subject, to attain which he would dare to shed the blood of princes; that he had already determined on a revolution, and either to seize the throne for himself, or if he found that too dangerous, to bestow it on one of the confined princes more favourable to his will than His Majesty. ### [11.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.11.4) The weak Jahándár, unendowed with the least judgment or courage, was alarmed almost to madness with the frightful picture of his own situation; but he had not firmness to oppose the dreaded evils, nor sense to keep his fears secret. The intrigues of Kokaltásh Khán soon became evident to the whole Court, and only served to stimulate the vigilance of Zú-l fikár Khán, who took measures for his own safety by removing his enemies. Rustam-dil Khán, Mukhlis Khán, and some others were put to death, and a great number of the nobility cast into confinement on various pretences. The family of the late Khán-khánán (Mun'im Khán) was reduced so low as to want the common necessaries of life. In short, the disposition of the Amíru-l umará changed altogether from gentleness to the highest pitch of tyranny, so that he now punished with cruelty the persons who had years before, knowingly or otherwise, given him the slightest causes of offence. I, who had differed with him in opinions during the life of the late Bedár Bakht, and frequently warned the late Emperor against his aspiring views, had also been the friend and confidant of his late mortal enemy, the Khán-khánán, and of a different party in the late struggle, had not a hope of escaping from his hands, or those of Jahándár Sháh, who had commanded me to be searched for and put to death. ### [11.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.11.5) Thinking it vain to attempt concealment in Lahore, I wrote the following verses: "I am of the family of 'Alí, \* \* \* of the family of which thou art head: look not on me, but upon our mutual ancestors," and sent them to him by my grandson, who was much in his favour. He invited me to see him, \* \* \* and upon his solemn oath that he meant no injury to me, I went without dread. He received me in his private apartment, to which I was admitted armed as usual, and treated me in everyway with much kindness, more than I had expected; after which he dismissed me with assurances of protection. He the same day asked the Emperor's pardon for me, which was immediately passed; but His Majesty observed, that though he forgave, he would not on any account employ me in his service. The Amiru-l umara, too, made me promise that I would not accept any office in the State otherwise than through his patronage. I complied with this desire without regret, as, independent of the obligations I owed to him, there was no temptation left to court employment in a state which had in fact no head; for the ministry was a collection of petty tyrants and abusers of power. In the height of his power and authority, all at once a report was heard that the Prince Farrukh Siyar, son to the martyred 'Azimu-sh Shan, had marched from Bengal towards Bihar, intending to revenge his father's death and seize the throne. \* \* \* Great numbers of the Imperial servants wished secretly for the success of this rebellion. ### [11.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.mughal.later.tarikh-i-iradat-khan~en-elliot.11.6) Zu-l fikar Khan advised Jahandar not to remain more than a week in Dehli, but to proceed to Agra, and if necessary to the eastern provinces, as the dread of his power would not be impressed fully in the breasts of his subjects while Farrukh Siyar refused to pay allegiance. Jahandar Shah, on his arrival at Dehli, fascinated by the various luxuries it afforded, forgot the advice of his minister, and chose to remain, indulging himself in low pleasures, moving only from palace to palace, and garden to garden. Kokaltash Khan and his party persuaded him that the Amiru-l umara had excited this rebellion, and had engaged privately with Farrukh Siyar, to whom he would deliver His Majesty a prisoner, should he prevail upon him to march from the capital. These ideas served to increase the fears of the weak Jahandar Shah. He would often exclaim, "I did not kill 'Azimu-sh Shan; it was the Amiru-l umara, who must now go and answer the claims of his son for satisfaction." The other plans of an Emperor who was thus overcome by fear may easily be guessed, and need no explanation. The Amiru-l umara, offended at the distrust of his master, did not attend as he ought to business, but employed his time also in pleasure, and forwarding his own immediate interest. _First 40 of 52 passages. 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