The Nāṣirī Generations 183: I. SULTAN KUTB-UD-DIN, I-BAK, AL-MU'IZZI US-SULTANI.
Tabakat-i-Nasiri 183
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Contents
I. SULTAN KUTB-UD-DIN, I-BAK, AL-MU'IZZI US-SULTANI.
183.1.1
The beneficent Sultan Kutb-ud-Din, I-bak, the second Hatim, was a high-spirited and open-handed monarch. The Almighty God had endowed him with intrepidity and beneficence, the like of which, in his day, no sovereign of the world, either in the east or west, possessed; and, when the Most High God desireth to make manifest a servant of His in magnificence and glory in the hearts of mankind, He endows him with these attributes of intrepidity and beneficence, and makes him especially distinguished, both by friend and foe, for bounteousness of generosity and the display of martial prowess, like as this beneficent and victorious monarch was, so that, by the liberality and the enterprise of him, the region of Hindustan became full of friends and empty of enemies. His gifts were bestowed by hundreds of thousands and his slaughters likewise were by hundreds of thousands, like as that master of eloquence, the Imam, Baha-ud-Din, Ushi observes in praise of this beneficent sovereign:— Truly, the bestowal of laks thou in the world didst bring: Thy hand brought the mine's affairs to a desperate state. The blood-filled mine's heart, through envy of thy hand, Therefore produced the ruby as a pretext [within it].”
183.1.2
At the outset of his career, when they brought him from Turkistan, Kutb-ud-Din reached the city of Nishapur. The Kazi-ul-Kuzat [Chief Kazi], Fakhr-ud-Din, ’Abd-ul-’Aziz-i-Kufi, who was a descendant of the Imam-i-A’zam, Abu Hanifah of Kufah, the governor of the province of Nishapur and its dependencies, purchased him; and, in attendance on, and along with his sons, he read the Word of God, and acquired instruction in horsemanship, and shooting with the bow and arrow, so that, in a short time, he became commended and favourably spoken of for his manly bearing. When he attained unto the period of adolescence, certain merchants brought him to the Court of Ghaznin; and the Sultan-i-Ghazi, Mu’izz-ud-Din, Muhammad, son of Sam, purchased him from those traders. He was endowed with all laudable qualities and admirable impressions, but he possessed no outward comeliness; and the little finger of one hand had a fracture, and on that account he used to be styled I-bak-i-Shil [The powerless-fingered]. At that period, Sultan Mu’izz-ud-Din, now and then was wont to give himself up to pleasure and jollity. One night he had given directions for an entertainment and conviviality, and, during the entertainment, he commanded a gift to be bestowed upon each of the slaves present, consisting of sums of ready money, and gold and silver, both wrought and unwrought.
183.1.3
As to the portion of these gifts which came to Kutb-ud-Din’s share, he came forth [with] from the jovial party, and bestowed the whole of the wealth upon the Turks and janitors, and other attendants, so that nothing whatever, little or much, remained to him. Next day, this story was conveyed to the royal hearing, and the Sultan distinguished Kutb-ud-Din by his favour and intimacy, and assigned to him an honourable post among the important offices before the throne and the royal audience hall and he became the leader of a body of men, and a great official. Every day his affairs attained a high degree of importance, and, under the shadow of the patronage of the Sultan, used to go on increasing, until he became Amir-i-Akhur [Lord of the Stables]. In that office, when the Sultans of Ghur, Ghaznin, and Bamian, advanced towards Khurasan to repel and contend against Sultan Shah, the Khwarazmi, Kutb-ud-Din was at the head of the escort of the foragers of the stable [department], and used, every day, to move out in quest of forage Unexpectedly [upon one occasion], the horsemen of Sultan Shah came upon them and attacked them. Kutb-ud-Din displayed great energy; but, as the horsemen [with him] were few in numbers, he was taken prisoner; and, by Sultan Shah's commands, was put under restraint.
183.1.4
When a battle took place between Sultan Shah and the Sultans of Ghur and Ghaznin, and the former was put to the rout, the Sultan Mu’izz-ud-Din's men brought Kutb-ud-Din, placed on a camel, in gyves of iron, as they found him, into the victorious Sultan's presence. The Sultan commended and encouraged him; and, after he returned to the seat of government, Ghaznin, the fief of Kuhram was committed to Kutb-ud-Din’s charge. From thence he advanced towards Mirath, and took possession of that place in the year 587 H. From Mirath likewise he issued forth in the year 588 H. and captured Dihli; and, in the year 590 H., Kutb-ud-Din proceeded, at the august stirrup of the victorious Sultan, along with the Sipah-Salar, ’Izz-ud-Din, Husain, son of Khar-mil, both of them being the leaders of the van of the army, and fell upon the Rae of Banaras, Jai-Chand, on the confines of Chand-wal and overthrew him. Subsequently, in the year 591 H., Thankir was taken; and, in 593 H., Kutb-ud-Din marched towards Nahrwalah, and attacked Rae Bhim Diw, and took vengeance upon that tribe [of people] for the Sultan-i-Ghazi[’s previous defeat]. He likewise subdued other territories of Hindustan, as far [south ?] east as the frontier of the territory of Ujjain; and Malik 'Izz-ud-Din, Muhammad, son of Ba^t-
183.1.5
Nahrwalah”] had appeared before Hansi. The governor of that tract, Nusrat-ud-Din, Salari, had been obliged to shut himself up within the walls, and to send to Kutb-ud-Din for aid. He flew to his assistance, marching the same night the news reached him twelve leagues. The enemy, hearing of his approach, decamped; but, being closely pursued, faced about, and were overthrown. Their leader was slain [Firishtah says he retired to Nahrwalah of Gujarat], and Kutb-ud-Din, having again placed Hansi in an efficient state, returned to Kuhram, and soon after made Dihli his head-quarters and the seat of government; but some authors state that he did not make it the capital until the following year, after taking Kol.
183.1.6
Kutb-ud-Din had soon to take the field again to support the son of Rae Pithora, who had been installed tributary ruler of Ajmir. The Sadr-i-’Ala, Kiwam-ul-Mulk, Rukn-ud-Din, Hamzah, who held the fief of Rantabhur, sent information that Bhim, also written Bhum, who is called Hiraj in some imperfect copies of the Taj-ul-Ma’asir, Hemraj by Firishtah, and Hamir by some others, brother of the late Rae Pithora, had broken out into rebellion; that the son of Rae Pithora, who is sometimes called [the?] Golah, but generally styled merely “the son,” was in great danger; and that the rebel was advancing against Rantabhur itself. Kutb-ud-Din marched from Dihli against him; but Bhiraj [or Hamir], on hearing of his coming, made off and took to the hills. Rae Pithora’s son [see Tod, who says his only son, Rainsi, did not survive him! He further states that Dow, mistaking the appellation of Pirt’hwiraja’s natural brother for a proper name, calls him Golah. The error is Firishtah’s, however, not Dow’s, in this instance], ruler of Ajmir, was, upon this occasion, invested with an honorary robe; in return he presented valuable offerings, among which were three golden melons [kettle-drums, in the shape of melons], and, in all probability, the very same as mentioned at page 404.
183.1.7
About this time, also, while Kutb-ud-Din was still absent from Dihli, its former Rae raised an army to make an effort against the Musalmans. He was pursued and defeated by Kutb-ud-Din, taken prisoner, and his head struck off and sent to Dihli. According to the Taj-ul-Ma’asir, Kutb-ud-Din, at this time, sent an account of his proceedings to his master, and was summoned to Ghaznin. As it was then the hot season, he waited until the beginning of the rains to set out for the capital. Having reached Ghaznin, and having been received with great honour yar, the Khalj, in his [Malik Kutb-ud-Din's] time, and and favour by the Sultan, he fell dangerously sick ; but subsequently recovered, and was permitted to return to Hindustan again, and the government was again conferred upon him.
183.1.8
Our author, under the reign of I-yal-timish [see next Section], also refers to this journey, but he says it took place after the expedition against Nahrwalah. It must have occupied some months; but, in the meantime, who acted as the Sultan’s lieutenant at Dihli? It would almost seem as though Kutb-ud-Din had been suspected of being too powerful, and that this summons to Ghaznin was to test his obedience and loyalty. One thing, however, is certain, from the account of Malik Baha-ud-Din, Tughril [page 544], and the mention of Malik Husam-ud-Din, Aghul-Bak, and others [page 549], that there were powerful chiefs left by the Sultan in Hindustan who held fiefs independent of Kutb-ud-Din. It was on this occasion, on his return to Dihli by way of Gardaiz and Karman [which Dow, translating Firishtah, who is perfectly correct, renders "Persian Kirman," and adds, in a note, that it is "the ancient Carmania"!], that Kutb-ud-Din espoused the daughter of Taj-ud-Din, I-yal-duz. This journey Firishtah, who constantly quotes the Taj-ul-Ma’asir, mentions as taking place in 592 H.
183.1.9
After remaining a short time at Dihli, Kutb-ud-Din marched from it in 590 H., crossed the Jūn, and took the strong fortress of Kol after an obstinate resistance, and acquired great booty. It was after this, according to some histories, including the Tabakat-i-Akbari, — a work compiled from the best authorities, — that Kutb-ud-Din made Dihli the seat of his government ; but the Taj-ul-Ma’asir seems to imply, but not exactly expressing it, that Dihli was made the seat of government in 588 H., although, by its own account, the Hindu ruler “was allowed [in that year] to hold it upon the same terms as Ajmir was held,” already mentioned.
183.2.1
Kutb-ud-Din now [590 H., but some say in 589 H., the same year in which Dihli was made the seat of government] received intimation of the Sultan Mu’izz-ud-Din’s having marched from Ghaznin on an expedition against Jai Chand [Jai Chandra], Rajah of Kinnauj and Banaras, his former ally, against Rae Pithora, according to the Hindu Chroniclers, who, it is said, meditated an attack upon Kutb-ud-Din. On hearing of the Sultan’s having crossed the Sutlaj, Kutb-ud-Din proceeded some stages in advance to receive him and do him honour, bearing along with him rich offerings. [Firishtah, who gives an account of this matter, uses the word peshwa’i — — which signifies meeting and conducting a superior or a guest ; but his translators, Dow and Briggs, mistaking, say respectively that Kutb-ud-Din “proceeded as far as Peshawir” and “Pishawur” to meet him ! ! Where Dihli ? where Peshawar? where Kinnauj ? Fancy his marching from Dihli with 50,000 horse at his heels, and crossing the five great rivers of the Panjab, merely to meet his master marching to Kinnauj ! !]
183.2.2
Kutb-ud-Din’s following, upon this occasion, amounted to 50,000 horse [the Muhammadan forces of Hindustan] ; and, having joined the Sultan’s army, he, in concert with ‘Izz-ud-Din, Husain, son of Khar-mil [the same who afterwards turned traitor, and played such a false part towards Sultan Muhammad, Khwarazm Shah, mentioned in note 2, page 257], led the vanguard [the principal division unencumbered with heavy baggage, not “a small detachment of 1000 horse”] of the Sultan’s army. The Musalmans came in contact with Jai Chand’s forces in the environs of Chand-war and Itawah [another author says Chandā-war. It is probably Chand-wal of Itawah, a place a few miles S.E. during his government, subdued the cities of Bihar and of the latter town. See page 470], and compelled them to give way. Jai Chand, in person, then led on his forces to renew the action, in the heat of which an arrow struck him in one of his eyes, and he fell dead from his elephant. See also note page 470, and compare the absurd statement of the Kamil-ut-Tawarikh in Elliot: INDIA, vol. ii., page 250-251.
183.2.3
It is truly amusing to compare Firishtah's account of this affair with the versions of his translators. He, quoting the Taj-ul-Ma'asir, says—I give his own words—“At last Jai Chand, in person, appeared in the field against Kutb-ud-Din, and, during the very heat of the fight, a life-taking arrow entered the pupil of the Rajah's eye, and he fell from his elephant into the dust of contempt.” Dow renders this: "But Cuttub, who excelled in archery, sunk an arrow in the ball of his eye," and Briggs has: "Kootb ood Deen, who excelled in archery, came in contact with Raja Jye Chund, and with his own hand shot the arrow which, piercing his eye, cost the Rajah his life" !!!
183.2.4
The Musalman troops, having overthrown Jai Chand's army, and taken possession of the fortress of Asi, where his treasures were kept, pushed on to Banaras, “one of the most central and considerable cities of Hind;” and scores of idol temples were destroyed, and a vast amount of booty acquired, including a large number of elephants, among which was a white one. [Firishtah says this white elephant, a most rare animal, was presented by the Sultan to Kutb-ud-Din, who used to ride it up to the time of his death, and that it died of grief the day after. This, however, is mere supposition, for it appears that this same white elephant was taken to Ghaznin, and from thence to Ghur, to Sultan Ghiyas-ud-Din, Mu’izz-ud-Din's elder brother and sovereign; and it was afterwards presented by Mahmud, the former's son, to Sultan Muhammad, Khwarazm Shah, when he became subject to that monarch. See note para. 9, page 402]. Elphinstone says this victory over Jai-Chand “extended the Mussulman dominion unto Behar!” but this is not correct. Muhammad, son of Bakht-yar, it was who, shortly after these events, took the city of that name by surprise. After these successes Sultan Mu’izz-ud-Din returned to Ghaznin, and Malik Husam-ud-Din, Aghul-Bak [the same who took Muhammad, son of Bakht-yar, the Khalj, into his service, see page 549], was installed at Kol. [Firishtah, in his work, gives his account of the expedition against Bhiraj—para. 4 of this note—in this place.]
183.2.5
Kutb-ud-Din soon had to take the field again, against Bhiraj [or Hamir], who had issued from the hills of Alwur, whither he had fled, first fought an engagement with his nephew of Ajmir, defeated him, compelled him to fly for shelter to Rantabhur, and took possession of Ajmir, and despatched a force under a leader named Jhat Rae towards Dihli; but Kutb-ud-Din, having speedily selected a force of 20,000 horse, marched to encounter him. Jhat Rae faced about, and was pursued by the Musalmans to Ajmir. Bhiraj [or Hamir] then drew out his forces to give battle, but he was defeated, and retired within the walls; and then, finding resistance fruitless, ascended a funeral pyre and perished. After this a Muhammadan governor was left in charge of Ajmir, but what became of Rae Pithora's son has not transpired. After this, on disposing of the affairs of Ajmir, Kutb-ud-Din is said to have led his forces, in 591 H., towards Nahrwalah of Gujarat, and encountered the general of Bhim Diw [according to Tod, Komar-pal was his name], Rae of Nahrwalah, who is styled by the name of Jatwan, and who was encamped with Nudiah, and that country [Bihar], as will be hereafter recorded. When the Sultan-i-Ghazi, Mu’izz-ud-Din, Muhammad-i-
183.2.6
maintained what his father left. She headed her Rajpoots, and gave battle to Kootub-o-din, near Amber, where the viceroy was wounded.” In a note he adds: “This must be [of course!] the battle referred to by Ferishta. See Dow, p. 169, vol. ii.” The wound or wounds must also have come from Dow or Briggs, for it is not in Firishtah. This statement of the translators, not Firishtah’s, must have led Elphinstone astray, when he says [page 315 of third ed.]: “Kutb u Din was overpowered on this occasion, and had difficulty in making his way, covered with wounds, to Ajmir,” &c. The statement of Firishtah’s is this: — “But his horse, having received a wound, came to the ground. The army of Islam became heart-broken, and they, having by main force — placed him on another horse, took him to Ajmir. This is all; but his translators certainly display much fertility of imagination in their rendering of Firishtah’s words. Dow has: “But he was defeated, received six wounds, and was often dismounted; yet he fought like a man who had made death his companion. Forced, at last, by his own friends, to abandon the field, he was carried in a litter to Ajmere.” Briggs has: “But he was defeated. After being frequently dismounted in the action, and having received six wounds, he still fought with his wonted courage, till, being forced at length by his attendants off the field, he was carried in a litter to Ajmeer.” ! ! !
183.2.7
Emboldened by this success, the rebel Hindus [the of Firishtah], with the troops of Nahrwalah, followed Kutb-ud-Din and his force, pursued them to Ajmir, and took up a position a short distance from it; and for several months they shut up Kutb-ud-Din within the walls, and carried on hostilities against the place. On intimation of the state of affairs having reached Sultan Mu’izz-ud-Din, he despatched a large force from Ghaznin, under several of the great Amirs, to succour Kutb-ud-Din; but the infidels thought fit to retire before it arrived. From 591 H. the Taj-ul-Ma’asir jumps at once to 593 H., immediately before giving an account of the expedition against Thankir or Thangir and Gwaliyur in 592 H., thus showing that 591 H. cannot be correct. The correct date of this reverse must be the ninth or tenth month of 592 H., as Firishtah states. To return, however, to the narrative. Kutb-ud-Din, finding himself thus supported, resolved upon taking vengeance on the Rae of Gujarat, and, in the middle of Safar — the second month of the year — 593 H., which year is confirmed by our author and several others, he began his march towards Nahrwalah. When he reached the bounds of Pali and Nadul [these names are not certain, but such they appear in the Taj-ul-Ma’asir. In proceeding from Ajmir to Nahrwalah, Kutb-ud-Din had the choice of two routes, that on the eastern slopes of the Arawali mountains, by Udipur and Idur, or that on the western or Marwar side, clear of the mountains;
183.2.8
and this last he would in all probability have chosen by the direct route of Pali and Sirhoi, keeping Abu on his left. Nadul, where, as at Pali, are the remains of ancient forts, lies about twenty-five miles or more south of Pali, but off the direct line of route by Sirhoi; but it must also be mentioned that there are places named Palri and Bhagoni close to the hills nearer to Sirhoi, and a Ruira still nearer Abu. Firishtah does not appear to have taken his account from the Taj-ul-Ma’asir in this instance, as the two names he gives may be either Hutali or Dhutali and Bazul or Barul, or Rahi and Bartuki and Nuzul or Nadul, as above] he found those places abandoned — thus tending to show that they were in the lower and less tenable parts — and the enemy under two leaders, one of whom is styled Rae Karan [Kurnah, probably] in the Taj-ul-Ma’asir, and Ursi Sam, attained martyrdom Sultan Ghiyas-ud-Din, Mahmud permanently acquired by the Musalmans until long after.] Promotions and favours were conferred upon the Muhammadan chiefs, and even the poor and needy [Musalmans] of Dihli shared in Kutb-ud-Din's bounty and munificence. No other operation is mentioned from this time to the year 599 H., a period of nearly six years; and it is somewhat surprising to find the Musalmans in India so quiet for such a length of time.
183.2.9
It may be partly accounted for, especially the last three years, through the Sultans—Ghiyas-ud-Din and Mu'izz-ud-Din—being occupied with the affairs of Khurasan since the accession of their powerful rival, Sultan Muhammad, Khwarazm Shah, the events of whose reign will throw some light upon this period.
183.3.1
In the year 599 H., the same in which Sultan Ghiyas-ud-Din died, and his brother, Mu'izz-ud-Din, became supreme sovereign, Kutb-ud-Din undertook an expedition against Kalinjar. The Rae of Kalinjar of the Pramarah race made a desperate resistance in the field, according to the Taj-ul-Ma'asir, before retiring within the walls; but Firishtah asserts that, in "the twinkling of an eye, he faced about and fled for shelter to the fortress." He was invested therein, and shortly after he made terms, and agreed to submit to Kutb-ud-Din on terms the same as those upon which his ancestors had paid obedience to Sultan Mahmud, Ghaznawid; and stipulated for the presentation of a large amount in jewels and other precious things, and a number of horses and elephants. It so happened that, next day, while engaged in collecting together this tribute, he was cut off by the hand of death. His Wakil or minister, Ajah Diw [in Firishtah, Jadah Diw], bethinking himself of a never-failing spring of water in the upper part of the place, determined to resist the Musalmans instead of agreeing to the terms; but, as fortune had turned its face from him, and adversity had come, the spring within a few days dried up, and the people within the walls, being helpless, were compelled to call for quarter; and they came out, and gave up the place. Vast booty in jewels, arms, elephants, and other property fell into the hands of the Musalmans, who became rich from the spoils;
183.3.2
and 50,000 captives, male and female, were taken, and were, according to Firishtah, "exalted to the excellence of Islam," and the idol temples were converted into masjids.
183.3.3
It is amusing here also to find how Firishtah, whose account is substantially the same as the preceding, has been translated. Dow says; "In the year 599 he mustered his forces, and marched to the siege of Calinger, where he was who was Sultan Mu’izz-ud-Din’s brother’s son, despatched was still a slave—and the government of Hindustan, which Mahmud had conferred upon him, or rather, confirmed him in, and was greatly exalted and honoured thereby.” Our author, and some who copy him, state, that Kutb-ud-Din returned to Dihli after the expedition against the Khokhars; but it must be remembered that Kutb-ud-Din accompanied his master, Mu’izz-ud-Din, to Lahor after that affair, and, as only two months and sixteen days elapsed between the assassination of the Sultan and Kutb-ud-Din’s assumption of the sovereignty at Lahor, it is therefore probable that, on hearing of the assassination of the Sultan, which took place fifteen days after latter left Lahor, he returned to it at once, and possibly had not even left it when the news reached him. After a time, he returned to Dihli again. The Taj-ul-Ma’asir says he made Luhawar his capital, “the place where the throne of Sultans had been established,” but the reason, why he eventually returned to Lahor, and continued there to the day of his death, has been stated already in another place.
183.3.4
It is stated in another work, the Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh, that Kutb-ud-Din met by Gola, the tributary prince of that country, whom he defeated; and, dismounting his cavalry [!], began to besiege him in the fort.” All this is pure invention: there is nothing of the kind in Firishtah. Briggs has: “In the year 599 he mustered his forces, and marched against Kalunjur, where he was opposed by the Raja of that country, whom he defeated; then, dismounting his cavalry, he laid siege to the fort.” A siege and an investment are far different things. All about “the Hindoo flag being again hoisted on the fort” is also purely imaginary, and is not contained in Firishtah’s text.
183.3.5
Here is another choice specimen of how Indian history is written. Its source, of course, is Dow and Briggs, not Firishtah. In Marshman’s “History of India,” vol. i., page 197, is the following: “In the year 599 he mustered his forces, and marched against Kulunjur, where he was opposed by the Raja of that country, whom he defeated; then, dismounting his cavalry, he laid siege to the fort. The Raja, seeing himself hard pressed, offered Kootb-ood-Deen Eibuk the same tribute and presents which his ancestors had formerly paid to Sooltan Mahmood. The proposal was accepted; but the Raja’s minister, who resolved to hold out without coming to terms, caused his master to be assassinated, while the presents were preparing. The Hindoo flag was again hoisted on the fort, the siege recommenced, but the place was eventually reduced, owing to the drying up of a spring upon the hill which supplied the garrison with water.”
183.3.6
From Kalinjar Kutb-ud-Din marched to the city of Mahobah, the capital of the territory of Kalpi, which he took possession of, and returned to Dihli by way of Buda’un, one of the chief cities of Hind, which he also occupied. [It is not Firishtah who places “Bada’un between the Ganges and the Jamna” (see Elliot, India, vol. ii., page 232, note 1), but Dow and Briggs, who misinterpret him.] It was whilst in this part that Muhammad, son of Bakht-yar, the Khalj, is said to have presented himself in Kutb-ud-Din’s presence,—not from Awadh and Bihar, but from Adwand-Bihar, noticed in the account of that chief farther on—bearing rich presents in jewels and coin of various descriptions; but this certainly took place ten years before 599 H. He was received with great distinction, as his fame had extended over Hind and Sind. When he was admitted to an audience to take leave, he received a robe of honour, a standard, and other insignia, as will be found mentioned in the account of him at page 548. a canopy of state to Malik Kutb-ud-Din, and conferred on him the title of Sultan; and, in the year 602 H., he determined to proceed from Dihli to the royal presence in Lohor; and, on Tuesday, the 17th of the month, Zi- Ka'dah, of that same year, he ascended the throne in the royal Kasr of Lohor.
183.3.7
After some time, hostility arose between him and Sultan Taj-ud-Din, Yal-duz, respecting Lohor, so much so, that that hostility led to an engagement; and, in that affair, the victory was with Sultan Kutb-ud-Din. Sultan Taj-ud-Din, Yal-duz, was defeated, and retreated before him; and Sultan Kutb-ud-Din proceeded towards the seat of government, the city of Ghaznin, and possessed himself of that kingdom likewise; and, during a period of forty days that he sat upon the throne of Ghaznin, he bestowed upon God's people abundant benefactions, and innumerable favours, and returned again to Hindustan, the account of which has been previously related. As the decree of fate supervened, in the year 607 H., he fell from his horse whilst engaged in playing ball on the course, and the horse came down upon him, in such wise that the prominent part of the front of the saddle came upon his blessed breast, and he died. The period of his rule, from the first taking of Dihli up to this time, was twenty years; and the stretch of his sovereignty, with a canopy of state, the Khutbah, and coin [in his own name and titles], was four years and a little over.