[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Dark Ages](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages) › [Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate) › [Tārīkh-i Dāʾūdī](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi) › [Tarikh-i Daudi of 'Abdu-lla (extracts)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot) › 11 # Tarikh-i Daʾudi 11: The reign of Islám Sháh. Táríkh-i Dáúdí of 'Abdu-lla (extracts) 11 - **Language:** English ## Contents - [11.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.1) — 9 parts - [11.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.2) — 9 parts - [11.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.3) — 8 parts - [11.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.4) — 8 parts - [11.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.5) — 8 parts ### The reign of Islám Sháh. ### [11.1.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.1.1) We have now come to the history of the sons of Sher Sháh, the enthronement of Jalál Khán, the younger son of Sher Sháh, and the account of his reign, under the title of Islám Sháh. It is related in the Akbar Sháhí, that when Sher Sháh rendered up his life to the angel of death in Kálinjar, Jalál Khán, his youngest son, was in the town of Rewan, in the province of Bhata, and his eldest son 'Ádil Khán, the heir-apparent, in the fort of Ranthur (Rantambhor). The nobles perceived that 'Ádil Khán would be unable to arrive with speed, and as the State required a head, they despatched a person to summon Jalál Khán who was nearer. He reached Kálinjar in five days, and by the assistance of 'Ísá Hajjáb and other grandees, was raised to the throne near the fort of Kálinjar, on the 15th of the month Rabí'u-l awwal, 952 A.H. (25th May, 1545 A.D.). He assumed the title of Islám Sháh, and this verse was engraved on his seal: "The world, through the favour of the Almighty, has been rendered happy, Since Islám Sháh, the son of Sher Sháh Súr, has become The common people call him Salim Shah. After ascending the throne, and inquiring concerning the ordinances of Sher Shah, he left some as they were, and changed others to suit his own ideas. On the day of his accession to the throne, he ordered two months' pay to be distributed in ready money to the army : one month of this he gave them as a present ; the other as subsistence money. ### [11.1.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.1.2) Moreover, he resumed all the jágírs in the provinces of his government, and allowed their holders a stipend in money from his treasury instead. He entirely abolished, with one stroke of the pen, all former regulations respecting jágírs. After his accession, he ordered the Raja of Kalinjar, who had been captured with seventy of his adherents, to be put to death, and directed that not one of them should be spared. Islám Shah resembled his father in his pomp and splendour, and in his desire of dominion and conquest. He possessed great power, ability, and good fortune, and he had an immense number of horses and elephants, and a numerous artillery, together with a multitude of horse and foot soldiers beyond all calculation. He settled the wazifas and the aima villages and lands. His father had erected saráís at a distance of one kos one from the other. Islám Sháh built others between them, so that there was a saráí at every half kos. He caused two horses and some footmen to be stationed at each saráí, for the purpose of acting as posts, and bringing him every day the news from Bengal, after the manner of dák-chaukís. During the time of Sher Shah a place had always been established in the royal camp for the distribution of alms to the poor. ### [11.1.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.1.3) Instead of this, Islam Shah directed that arrangements for the giving of alms should be made at each of the saráís, and that indigent travellers should be supplied with whatever they needed, and that mendicants should receive a daily pittance, in order that they might be contented and at ease. In certain districts he issued entirely new ordinances, and allowed stipends of fifty, two hundred, two hundred and fifty, five hundred, and a thousand. (In each of these districts) he appointed Persian and Hindi writers. He portioned his troops into divisions of five, ten, and twenty thousand men, to each of which he allotted one sardár, one Afghán munsif, one Hindustani judge, and two eunuchs of the palace. To those who had received stipends during the reign of Sher Sháh he gave lands and parganas. From the borders of Sunárgáon to those of Bengal, and from Bengal to Kábul, he garrisoned the entire country with his troops. He had, whilst Prince, 6000 horsemen with him, and he now promoted all of them, each according to his deserts. He made privates \[fard\] officers \[girohdár\], and officers nobles. These regulations of Islám Sháh caused those of Sher Sháh to fall into disuse. Many of Sher Sháh's principal nobles were disgusted at what they regarded as acts tending to dishonour them, and became ill-disposed towards Islám Sháh. He, in his turn, was likewise suspicious of these grandees, and thus the relations which existed between the great chiefs and the King were changed in their nature. ### [11.1.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.1.4) When Islám Sháh received intimation of the secret disposition of the nobles, he marched from Kálinjar towards Ágra. Whilst he was on the road, Khawás Khán also came from hmjdgír to pay his respects. A grand festival was given to celebrate Islám Sháh's accession to the throne; after which he proceeded by uninterrupted marches to Agra, the seat of government, and took possession of the throne. Islám Sháh, being a monarch of vindictive disposition, wrote to his elder brother, saying, "Because I was near, and you were distant, to prevent disorder in the affairs of the State, I have taken charge of the army until your arrival. I have nothing to do but obey you, and attend to your orders." He feigned to wish to gratify his affection by a personal interview with his brother. 'Ádil Khán wrote in reply to Islám Sháh, saying, "If these four persons, viz. Kutb Khán the náib, 'Ísá Khán Níází, Jalál Khán Jálú, and Khawás Khán, come and insure my safety, I will proceed to visit you." 'Ádil Khán wrote thus to these four nobles, "I leave myself to your guidance. What is your advice? Ought I to go, or remain?" Islám Sháh sent all of these nobles to his brother; and after removing his fears for his safety by oaths and protestations, they promised him that he should be permitted to depart after the first interview, and that he should be allowed to choose any jágír in Hindústán which suited him. 'Ádil Khán went, accompanied by the nobles, to see his brother. ### [11.1.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.1.5) When he reached Fathpúr Síkrí, Islám Sháh came forth to meet him in the village of Singárpúr, the place prepared for the meeting of the two brothers, and they had an interview there. They made professions of affection one to the other, and after sitting together for a short time, set off for Agra. Islám Sháh, intending treachery towards his brother, had given directions that only two or three persons were to be allowed to enter the fort with 'Ádil Khán. When they arrived at the gate of the fort of Agra, Islám Sháh's men forbade their entry; to this 'Adil Khan's people paid no attention, and a great number of them went in with 'Adil Khan. ### [11.1.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.1.6) When Islam Shah saw that his plot against his brother had been unsuccessful, he was obliged to speak courteously to him. He said, "I have a number of Afghans in my service, who are very unruly, and whom I will now make over to you." After which, Islam Shah seated his brother on the throne, and treated him with all possible civility. 'Adil Khan was a man who loved ease and comfort. He was aware of the deceit and cunning of Islam Shah, and would not consent to this. He rose up, and after causing Islam Shah to seat himself on the throne, he first of all made him an obeisance and did homage, and congratulated him on his accession to the throne. The chief nobles, after paying their customary compliments, retired to their appropriate places. The four nobles before mentioned then informed the King that an oath and a promise had been made that 'Adil Khan should be allowed to depart after the first interview, and that a jagir should be allotted to him. ### [11.1.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.1.7) Islam Shah ordered this to be done, and 'Isa Khan and Khawas Khan were directed to accompany 'Adil Khan to Bayana. Two months afterwards, Islam Shah sent Ghazi Mahali, one of his attendants, with golden chains, and ordered him to seize 'Adil Khan. 'Adil Khan, hearing this ill-news, fled to Khawas Khan in Mewat, before Ghazi Mahali arrived, and informed him of the perjury of Islam Shah. In the mean time, Ghazi Mahali reached that place. Khawas Khan was enraged. He sent for Ghazi Mahali, and caused the fetters to be fastened on his own legs, and thus raised the standard of rebellion. He wrote in private to the chiefs who were with Islam Shah in Agra, and gained them over to his party, and then marched towards Agra at the head of a powerful force. Kutb Khan and 'Isa Khan, who had been concerned with him in the business of the oath, stimulated him to advance, and advised him to manage so that 'Adil Khan should reach Agra a little before daybreak, in order that the people might, without feeling ashamed, forsake Islam Shah and join him. When 'Adil Khan and Khawas Khan reached Fathpur Sikri, they went to visit Shaikh Salim, one of the holy men of the age. By chance, that night happened to be the Shab-i Barat, and the performance of the prayers appointed for that occasion delayed Khawas Khan. They did not, therefore, arrive in the neighbourhood of Agra until the forenoon. ### [11.1.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.1.8) Islam Shah, having learnt their arrival, and being informed of the evil disposition of the nobles, was sorely distressed, and said to Kutb Khan, "If I have ill-treated 'Adil Khan, why did not Khawas Khan write to me on the subject, that I might give up my intention." Kutb Khan, perceiving the King's distress, said, "Be not cast down, the business is not yet irremediable. I will undertake to suppress this disturbance." Islam Shah sent away Kutb Khan, and other chiefs who inclined to the side of 'Adil Khan, and told them to go to 'Adil Khan. His design was to place these people at a distance from himself, and then to proceed towards the fort of Chunar, where he might collect his treasures, and afterwards, after having made new arrangements, advance to the attack of his enemies. 'Isa Khan endeavoured to dissuade him from doing this, and said, "If you place no confidence in the nobles of your father and others, you ought at least to trust those 5000 men who have served the King since he was a Prince. Possessing such a force as you do, it would be madness to shrink from the contest which is before you ; and although certain of the nobles have secret ill-will towards you, yet it shows a want of caution to send them to the enemy. Your best course will be to lead the army into battle in person, and to show yourself foremost in the field. In this way no one will desert to the foe." Islám Sháh's heart was strengthened, and he determined to remain where he was. ### [11.1.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.1.9) He sent for Kutb Khán and the other chiefs, to whom he had granted permission to depart, and said to them, "Why should I make you over to the enemy with my own hands ? Perhaps they are ill-disposed towards you." After this he prepared for war, and posted himself on the field of battle. When those who intended to join 'Ádil Khán saw Islám Sháh fully prepared for action, they refrained from going. The two armies met face to face, and a battle took place in the neighbourhood of Agra. The decree of the Almighty granted victory to Islám Sháh, and the army of 'Ádil Khán was defeated. 'Ádil Khán fled alone and unaccompanied towards the hills of Bhata, and no one knew what had become of him. Khawás Khán and 'Ísá Khán Níází went to Mewát. Islám Sháh despatched a powerful force in pursuit of Khawás Khán, and a second battle took place at Fírozpur (Jharka), near Mewát. Islám Sháh's troops were routed ; but Khawás Khán, perceiving his inability to continue the war, went to the skirts of the Kamáun hills, and for a long time devastated the territories of Islám Sháh in their vicinity. ### [11.2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.2.1) After these events, Islám Sháh became mistrustful of all his father's nobles, and took measures to overthrow them. He put some of them in prison, and deprived others of all their possessions. He also placed his own nephew, Mahmud Khán, the son of 'Ádil Khán, under surveillance, and ruined first Kutb Khán Súr, then Barmazíd Súr, Jalál Khán Súr, and Zain Khán Níází. He slew Jalál Khán Súr, as well as his brother, by binding them to the feet of an elephant, after which he caused the aforesaid nobles to be placed on the elephant, and paraded through the camp. The hearts of the nobles of Sher Sháh were filled with terror and consternation. After this he put many others to death, amongst whom was Khawás Khán, who bore the title of Masnad 'Alí, who was impaled on some frivolous pretext. He continued for a long time to distress the whole of his subjects, and to make God's servants miserable; but towards the end of his reign he behaved towards the people with liberality and generosity. He gained the good-will of the poor by granting them pensions and stipends. Bent upon destroying his father's nobles, he went towards Chunár, and on the road put Jalál Khán, who was a friend of 'Ádil Khán, to death. He removed all the treasure from Chunár, and sent it to Gwálior. He then returned to Ágra, and remained there. ### [11.2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.2.2) When some time had elapsed, many of Sher Sháh's nobles became convinced that Islám Sháh intended to ruin them. Sa'íd Khán, the brother of Haibat Khán Níází, fled from Ágra to Haibat Khán, and induced him to rebel against Islám Sháh. Kutb Khán, one of the great chiefs and a principal grandee, who had been concerned in 'Ádil Khán's first sedition, escaped in the greatest alarm, and joined 'Ázam Humáyún Níází at Lahore. Islam Shah wrote a farmdn to 'Azam Humayun, demanding the surrender of Kutb Khan. 'Azam Humayun, by deceitful representations, contrived to send him to Islam Shah, who imprisoned him, with fourteen other chiefs, such as Shahbaz Khan Lohani the son-in-law of Sher Khan, Barmazid Sur, and other persons. He then sent them to Gwalior, after which he took measures for the seizure of 'Azam Humayun and Shuja' Khan, and sent these two grandees a summons to appear before him. 'Azam Humayun wrote from Lahore, to excuse himself from coming; and Shuja' Khan came from Malwa and paid his respects to Islam Shah; but as Islam Shah desired to obtain possession of the persons of these two chiefs at the same time, he allowed Shuja' Khan to return to his jagir. He went back to his fief in Malwa, and Islam Shah turned his face towards Rohtas and Chunar. On the road, 'Azam Humayun's brother, who had always been an attendant at Court, fled to Lahore. On account of his flight, Islam Shah went back to Agra, where he collected his troops and marched thence towards Dehli. ### [11.2.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.2.3) When Shuja' Khan received intelligence of these occurrences, he hastened to Dehli with all possible speed, without being summoned by Islam Shah. The King gratified him by treating him with distinction, and after arranging his army, and halting some days at Dehli, he proceeded in the direction of Lahore. 'Azam Humayun and the whole of the King's enemies had an interview with Khawas Khan and his friends, and despatched a powerful force from the Panjab to encounter His Majesty. They came up with each other near Ambala; and as Islam Shah was encamped very near the Niazi troops, a fight was imminent. On the night preceding the day of battle, 'Azam Humayun and his brothers met in Khawas Khan's tent, and consulted together concerning the appointment of another Sovereign. Khawas Khan said, that the best course would be to raise 'Adil Khan, the eldest son of Sher Shah, to the throne, as he was the rightful heir. Upon this all the Niazis said unanimously, "What advice is this? No one obtains a kingdom by inheritance; it belongs to whoever can gain it by the sword." Khawas Khan was vexed at their intentions, and on the same night he secretly sent a verbal message to one of the confidential servants of Islam Shah, requesting him to inform the King, that although His Majesty looked on him (Khawas Khan) as an unfaithful servant, yet that his heart had always inclined towards Sher Shah's family and offspring; ### [11.2.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.2.4) and that although he had sided with 'Adil Khan, who were the Niazis that he should be guilty of disloyalty to his benefactor on their account, and for the sake of their alliance? That his wish to be of service should, with the consent of the Almighty, be made manifest on the day of battle. ### [11.2.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.2.5) When Islam Shah became aware of the disagreement which had taken place amongst the chiefs of the enemy, and of the friendly feeling of Khawas Khan, he rejoiced exceedingly, and became confident of success. Meanwhile, news was brought that the Niazi troops had advanced to within a very short distance of the royal camp. Islam Shah said: "The Afghans have no sense." He made an inclosure with all his wheeled carriages, like a fortress, into which he caused the whole of his army to enter, and then went in person to reconnoitre the Niazis from an elevated position. When he beheld the foe, he said, "I shall be disgraced if I do not fight the rebel troops," and ordered the chains, with which the carriages were fastened together to be removed. At that moment, he ranged his troops in battle array, and made ready for the fight. The war drums were beaten on both sides. Khawas Khan sent to tell 'Azam Humayun and his brothers to advance when they saw him do so on his elephant with his standard displayed, and not to forsake him. With this intention they turned their faces towards the field. Khawas Khan started from his post, but attacked no one, and succeeded in making his way into the open country. The Niázis fought to the best of their ability, but as no benefit is ever derived from disloyalty, and as it always occasions distress and regret, they were routed, and the victory remained with Islám Sháh. "Who can resist him whom fortune assists?" ### [11.2.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.2.6) Whilst these events were occurring, Sa'íd Khán, the brother of 'Ázam Humáyún, came armed to the teeth, under the pretext of congratulating the King; hoping, as no one knew him, to find an opportunity of slaying His Majesty. He mixed with the royal guards. Islám Sháh was at the time standing surrounded by a circle of war elephants, and Sa'íd Khán was, consequently, unable to reach him immediately. He was shortly afterwards recognized by one of the elephant-drivers, who gave the alarm, and was slain by a thrust of Sa'íd's spear. Sa'íd's valour and strength enabled him to make good his escape from the place where the royal guards were. The Niázis fled to Dínkot, which is near Roh. After their defeat, they were hindered in their flight by the marshy ground in the neighbourhood of Ambála, which prevented their horses from proceeding, and consequently Islám Sháh's troops who were in pursuit coming up with them, made a great slaughter of the Niázis. Islám Sháh followed them in person as far as New Rohtas, and there appointed Khwája Wais Sarwáni, with an immense army, to prosecute the war with the Niázis, after which he turned back towards Ágra and Gwálior. He proceeded by uninterrupted marches from Rohtas to Ágra, where he halted two or three days, and then went on to Gwálior, and remained there. ### [11.2.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.2.7) At this time many of his father's nobles, who had been appointed to different districts, came into the presence. Although Islám Sháh had secretly an ill-feeling towards Shujá' Khán, yet as Daulat Khán Ujiyálá, the adopted son of Shujá' Khán, was much beloved by the King, for whom he had done good service, on his account he behaved outwardly with great kindness to Shujá' Khán, and treated him with honour and consideration. He gave him the government of the entire province of Málwá. One day an Afghán, named 'Usmán Khán, came intoxicated into the díwán-khána of Shujá' Khán, and spat repeatedly on the carpet. When forbidden to do this by the faráshes, he arose and struck them with his fist. There was a great outcry, and the faráshes informed Shujá' Khán of what had taken place. Shujá' Khán said, "He has been guilty of three offences: firstly, he has drunk wine; secondly, he has entered the díwán-khána; thirdly, he has beaten the faráshes." He then ordered both 'Usmán Khán's hands to be cut off. 'Usmán Khán went to Gwálior, and complained to the King, who said nothing, on account of the high rank which Shujá' Khán had held in Sher Sháh's time, and of the faithful services of Daulat Khán. After some time, Shujá' Khán came to Gwálior, and one day 'Usmán Khán again petitioned Islám Sháh concerning the injury which he had suffered. ### [11.2.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.2.8) The King, becoming angry with the petitioner, said, "You also are an Afghán, go and revenge yourself on him." When 'Usmán Khán heard this, he began to take measures to accomplish his wishes. Shujá' Khán was vexed when he heard what the King had said, and made use of unbecoming language. As both 'Usmán Khán's hands had been amputated, he had a hand made of iron. One day, an attendant of Shujá' Khán's told him that 'Usmán Khán was seated in a cutler's shop, causing a knife to be sharpened, and speaking in a violent manner. Shujá' Khán's courage prevented this information from making any impression on him, until one day, as he was going in a litter to pay his respects to the King in the castle of Gwálior, and had reached the Hathyápul gate, he saw 'Usmán Khán seated in a shop with one hand concealed in his dopatta. Shujá' Khán desired to inquire something concerning him, when 'Usmán Khán suddenly rose up, and running from the shop, wounded Shujá' Khán. He was instantly seized by the armed men who surrounded the litter, who then perceived that he had an iron hand fastened to the stump, by means of which he had inflicted a slight wound in Shujá' Khán's left side, only grazing the skin. He was slain immediately, and they then took Shujá' Khán's litter back to his house. After Shujá' Khán had been wounded, and when 'Usmán Khán had met with his reward, an uproar and disturbance arose amongst the people. ### [11.2.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.2.9) When news of this event reached the King, he sent some of his courtiers and men of note to Shujá' Khán, to inquire how he fared, and intended likewise to go in person. ### [11.3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.3.1) Shujá' Khán being aware that his own friends and connexions were of opinion that 'Usmán Khán had attacked him at the instigation of Islám Sháh, and seeing their hostile disposition, he thought it better to oppose the King's coming, in order to prevent them from acting rashly. He sent, therefore, a message to say, "Your servant was the dependent of Your Majesty's father, and never shrank from performing any service he required of him, although by so doing he placed his life in danger. Your servant is one of those thirty-five persons who were appointed by your father, and who were bound to him by the ties of affection, as all men know. I have this time escaped with life, and shall yet be able to do you service. Do not trouble yourself to come on your slave's account. It is sufficient that I should have been honoured by your kind inquiries after my health." When this was told to Islám Sháh, he understood his reasons for what he said. Nevertheless, as Shujá' Khán was one of the pillars of the State, and deserved well of his sovereign on account of his great services, after waiting for one day, Islám Sháh went to visit him in person. Fath Khán, the son of Shuja' Khan, whose strength was remarkable, and against whom no person could contend, saw Islam Shah entering Shuja' Khan's tent alone, and wished to slay him. Mian Bayazid, another son of Shuja' Khan, perceived his brother's intention, and felt certain that he would commit some act of violence; ### [11.3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.3.2) he therefore sent Fath Khan to prepare the customary presents. Islam Shah honoured Shuja' Khan's abode by entering it. They remained together for a short time; and when Islam Shah was about to depart, Shuja' Khan said, "May the King prosper! I entreat you not to take the trouble of coming again. Your slave is afraid that if you do, the remembrance of his past services will be effaced, and that the banner of the King and the dignity which I have raised with so much trouble will be overthrown in an instant. Your Majesty knows better than any other how rude and intemperate the Afghans are." Islam Shah returned thence to the royal dwelling, and became ten times as ill-disposed towards Shuja' Khan as he had been before. ### [11.3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.3.3) Shuja' Khan recovered from his wound in a short time, and after performing his ablutions, and giving alms to the poor, went one day to pay his respects to Islam Shah, who presented him with 101 horses and 101 bales of merchandize of Bengal, and treated him with great favour and kindness in a right royal manner. Shuja' Khan was convinced that the King's excessive politeness only concealed a wish to injure him. He passed that day without taking any particular steps, and returned home. Next day he ordered his servants to place his camp equipage on beasts of burden. The people of the city thought that he was going to a fresh encamping ground, on account of the filthy state of that in which he then was. When the property of all his men had been laden, and his troops were armed and equipped, he ordered the drum to beat for the march, and departed towards Sarangpur. When Islam Shah learnt this circumstance, he was very angry, and sent a body of troops in pursuit; and after arranging his army, set off himself in the direction of Sarangpur. Shuja' Khan reached Sarangpur, and began to look after the equipments of his soldiery, who, when they heard that Islam Shah was coming, incited Shuja' Khan to give him battle. He said, "Islam Shah is my benefactor, and the son of my patron. I will never fight against him. Whoever thinks that I have any such intention had better leave off doing so, and quit my service." ### [11.3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.3.4) When Islam Shah arrived in the vicinity of Sarangpur, Shuja' Khan left the city, after sending his family on a-head, and went in the direction of Banswara. Islam Shah resumed Malwa, and after leaving 'Isa Khan Sur in the district of Ujjain, with 22,000 horsemen, went himself to Gwalior. Shuja' Khan, notwithstanding his power, and the means which he had at his disposal, made no attempts on Malwa. Islam Shah was at this time engaged in checking the rebellion of the Niazis. As he had hitherto been unsuccessful, he marched a second time towards Lahore, for the purpose of punishing that tribe. Daulat Khan Ujiala, the adopted son of Shuja' Khan, who was one of the select associates of Islam Shah, entreated him to pardon the transgressions of Shuja' Khan. There was no person in whom the King placed so much confidence or liked so well as Daulat Khan; for this reason his petition was successful, and Shuja' Khan was enabled to come with the speed of the wind into the presence of Islam Shah, who pardoned his faults and granted him Sarangpur, the country of Raisin, and several other districts; he, moreover, presented him a gold ewer and a basin of the same material, and then gave him permission to depart. Daulat Khan Ujiala remained with His Majesty. He was called Ujiala, because at night time torches were always placed on both sides of the road between his dwelling and that of the King. ### [11.3.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.3.5) He was one of the most celebrated men of his time, on account of his family, his courage, and his liberality. We have now come to the remainder of the history of the Niázís. 'Azam Humáyún and Khwája Wais fought together on several occasions. In the last action 'Azam Humáyún defeated the Khwája, and turned his face towards Sirhind. When Islám Sháh heard this news, he raised a large force, and sent it against the Níázís, on which 'Azam Humáyún retraced his steps and went to Mánkot. Islám Sháh's troops came up with him near Sambhal, and a battle took place, in which the Níázís were again routed. The children and mother of 'Azam Humáyún were made captive, and brought before Islám Sháh. ### [11.3.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.3.6) After their defeat, the Níázís took refuge with the Ghakkars, in the hill-country bordering on Kashmír. Islám Sháh advanced in person with a large army for the purpose of quelling the Níází rebellion, and during the space of two years was engaged in constant conflicts with the Ghakkars, whom he desired to subdue. He strove by every means in his power to gain possession of the person of Sultán Adam Ghakkar, who had been a faithful friend of the Emperor Humáyún, without success; but he caught Sárang Sultán Ghakkar, who was one of the most noted men of his tribe, and caused him to be flayed alive, and confined his son, Kamál Khán, in the fort of Gwálior. When Islám Sháh had thus taken a proper revenge of Sultán Adam Ghakkar, and destroyed many of his tribe, many of the zamíndárs whose possessions were at the foot of the hills submitted themselves to him. Skirting the hills, he went thence towards Murín, and all the Rajas of the Siwalik presented themselves, and expressed their intention of being obedient and faithful in their allegiance to him. Parsuram, the Raja of Gwalior, became a staunch servant of the King, and was treated with a degree of consideration which far exceeded that shown to the other zamindars. Gwalior is a hill, which is on the right hand towards the south amongst the hills, as you go to Kangra and Nagarkot. Islam Shah erected some buildings there. The inhabitants of Gwalior are not particularly good-looking, and Islam Shah composed these lines in jest: ### [11.3.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.3.7) "How can I sing the praises of the beloved ones of Gwalior? I could never do so properly if I tried in a thousand ways! I do not know how to salute Parsuram, When I behold him, I am distracted, and exclaim, Ram! Ram!" Taj Khan Kirani, one of the King's attendants and companions, wrote and presented this verse: "I style myself your slave! What better employment can I find than your service?" Islam Shah stayed some time at Gwalior, and then set about building the fort of Mankot. He went thither and caused five forts to be erected: one of which he named Shergarh, a second Islamgarh, a third Rashidgarh, a fourth Firozgarh, the fifth retained its original names of Mankot and Mangarh. The performances of Islam Shah at this period can only be compared with the works done by the genii, by order of Hazrat Sulaiman (on whom be peace!). Those who have beheld these forts know better than any other how miraculously they have been constructed. But Islam Shah at this time behaved harshly towards the people, and gave no money to the nobles and the army for three years. Certain nobles agreed together to act treacherously, and instructed a certain individual, who was careless of his life, thus, "The King will go forth to-day from the red tents for the purpose of inspecting the fort of Mankot; ### [11.3.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.3.8) approach him, where the path is narrow, under the pretext of demanding justice, and then kill him!" This person went to the summit of a hill, and posted himself in a place where only one man could pass at a time. When Islám Sháh reached that narrow passage, he was preceded by some of his attendants and followed by others. The aforesaid assassin approached the King, demanding a hearing. As he did so, and when he was close to him, he drew a short sword which he had kept concealed, and struck at Islám Sháh, who was slightly wounded in the neck and fingers. Islám Sháh's extraordinary valour induced him to spring from his horse, and grapple with his assailant, whom he threw down, and then wrested his weapon from him. Daulat Khán Ujialá beheld all that took place from the rear, and came as swift as the wind to the assistance of His Majesty. He took the man out of the King's hands, saying, "If you will allow me, I will take charge of this person." Islám Sháh replied, "He will be the cause of the ruin of many. Put him quickly to death. He is sure to accuse many people falsely of having instigated him to act thus. There is no benefit to be derived from keeping him." Daulat Khán accordingly killed him on the spot. ### [11.4.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.4.1) There arose a great disturbance amongst the troops on account of the wound which the King had received, and the people said amongst themselves, "The King has been killed by a paik." Islám Sháh returned immediately to his camp, and remained seated for some time on the throne. He sent for the sword with which the man had wounded him, and threw it down before the nobles. They all, as well as the King, perceived that the weapon was one which he had himself given to Ikbál Khán. This Ikbál Khán was called Karamu-lla, and had served in the King's infantry. Islám Sháh had patronized him and promoted him to the rank of a noble. The King summoned him, and thus addressed him, "I raised you to your present station, because I believed you to be faithful and trustworthy ; and I made you extremely wealthy. I am ashamed to put you to death, because you are a person whom I have raised and treated kindly. Thus I punish you. I degrade you from your dignity and position as a noble, and send you back to the salary which you formerly received as a foot soldier. Take your old place again." The King then repeated this verse : "I am so vexed with my friends, I will never take one even to save myself from ruin ! " ### [11.4.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.4.2) Certain nobles desired to place Mubariz Khan, who possessed the title of 'Adali, on the throne. The King summoned him to the presence, but said nothing to him, for the sake of Bibi Bai. From that date, the suspicions which he entertained of his nobles led him to treat them with open enmity, and to take measures to overthrow them. He directed that the war elephants and those nobles in whom he placed confidence should keep watch and ward over his tent. ### [11.4.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.4.3) He then set seriously to work to exterminate the Niazis. When the Ghakkars had been rendered powerless, 'Azam Humayun went into the hill-country of Kashmir. Islam Shah encamped beneath Kaitdli-shahr, and designed to pursue the Niazis into Kashmir; while Mirza Haidar, the Governor of Kashmir, in order to gain Islam Shah's good-will, blocked up the road against the Niazis. 'Azam Humayun perceived that the King was coming in his rear, and that the Governor of Kashmir had closed the path on ahead ; being, therefore, unable to effect anything, he went to Rajauri. Islam Shah pursued the Niazis with the choicest of his troops as far as the village of Madad, in the territory of Naushahra, where he was terrified by the dangers and difficulties of the mountain passes, and thought that his best plan would be to make peace. With this view he sent Saiyid Khdn and 'Abdu-l Malik, who were two of his most trusted and confidential courtiers, with a letter to 'Azam Humayun and the other Niazis, counselling them to take a course by which their interests would be best benefited. 'Azam Humayun's son and mother were then surrendered as hostages to Islam Shah, and he, taking them with him, quitted the defiles of the hills, and encamped at Ban, a village near Sialkot. Muhammad Nazr and Sabr 'Ali, the King of Kashmir's governors in Rajauri, plotted to carry 'Azam Humayun into Kashmir, and expel Mirza Haidar thence. ### [11.4.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.4.4) 'Azam Humayun consulted the Afghans who had accompanied him with reference to the propriety of this proceeding, and the greater portion of them counselled him to consent to what was evidently a decree of the Almighty. 'Azam Humayun, however, refused to agree to this arrangement, and sent a brahman to Mirza Haidar, with proposals for accommodation, at the same time begging for assistance, and giving an account of his distressed condition. Mirza Haidar, who was a youth of a magnanimous disposition, sent a large sum of money to 'Azam Humayun, with a civil message. 'Azam Humayun marched from his encampment to the village of Buzurs. When the faithless Kashmiris saw that 'Azam Humayun was unsuccessful, they turned against him and deserted him. Some of them went over to Islam Shah. Ghazi Khan Chak went to Mirza Haidar and told him that 'Azam Humayun was coming with a body of Afghans for the purpose of seizing Kashmir, and had reached the pargana of Banihal, and the hills of Lohkot and Malwakot. 'Idi Raina, Husain Makari, Bahram Chak, and Yusuf Chak, were ordered to attack the Niazis with a force of Kashmiris. Both sides prepared for action, and a fierce contest took place. Bibi Rabi'a, the wife of 'Azam Humayun, fought like a man, and smote Lali Chak with her sword. The Kashmiris were very numerous, and were victorious over the discomfited Afghans. 'Azam Humayun, Sa'id Khan, and Bibi Rabi'a were killed in the battle, and the men of Kashmir returned successful to Sirinagar. ### [11.4.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.4.5) Mirza Haidar sent the heads of the Afghans, by the hand of Ya'kub Mir, to Islam Shah, who was in the village of Ban, near the river Chinab, and who, well pleased at the termination of the Niazi rebellion, marched back homewards. About this time Mirza Kamran fled from King Humayun's Court, and sought refuge with Islam Shah. Kamran Mirza was an excellent poet, and this fact had repeatedly been a subject of conversation in Islam Shah's presence. At their first interview, Islam Shah, with the view of testing Kamran's skill, repeated three couplets: one composed by a poet of 'Irak, the second by one of the learned of Hindustan, the third was an Afghan production. He then asked for an explanation of them, Kamran Mirza said, "Do you question me concerning the beauties of the poetry, or do you wish to know who the poets are?" After this Kamran Mirza said "The first couplet which you recited was written by a Mughal of 'Irak; the second by a poet of Hind; the third is by an Afghan poet." Islam Shah praised the excellence of Mirza Kamran's knowledge and understanding before all that assembly. After this occurrence, Islam Shah, although he meant him no good, by the advice of certain nobles, continued to treat that prince with fitting distinction. Nevertheless, the Mirza fled from Islam Shah's presence into the Siwalik hills, and from thence went into the Ghakkar country. All this is related in detail in the histories of King Humayun's reign. ### [11.4.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.4.6) Islam Shah proceeded by uninterrupted marches from the village of Ban to Dehli, where he remained for some months. One day when in Dehli Islam Shah had applied leeches to his neck, when intelligence reached him that Humayun had crossed the Nflkh and entered Hindust&n. At this moment an Afgh&n musician was singing this verse, and accompanying himself on the rub&b: "When the whole universe is inimical to me, If you befriend me, why should I be afraid?" ### [11.4.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.4.7) Isl&m Sh&h said to those who were present, "This good news, which my guardian angel has sent me, is the best omen of success I can have." He paid no attention to the selection of an auspicious moment for departure, nor did he consult the astrologers, but immediately freed his neck from the leeches, and mounted his horse, and determined to sustain the royal honour. On the first day he made a march of three kos. He was always accompanied by his artillery; but on account of the haste with which he started on this expedition, oxen were not procurable in the villages near Dehll. He did not, however, wait for their arrival, but directed that the common people should pull the gun carriages. He had 300,000 of these individuals employed on this service; 150,000 of whom were provided with mattocks for the purpose of entrenching the camp. Each gun was pulled by 2000 men on foot. He went in person, with great speed, to Lahore; but King Hum&y&n had, previous to Isl&m Sh&h's arrival, received his brother K&mr&n Mirz& from Sult&n Adam Ghakkar, and returned with him to K&bul. ### [11.4.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.4.8) Isl&m Sh&h advanced as far as Lahore, and returned from that place to Gw&lior, where he amused himself with hunting. He was one day hunting in the district of Antri, when certain Afghán nobles, who were ill-disposed towards him, laid an ambuscade on his road, with the intention of injuring him; but as his life was not destined to close so soon, he went back by another route, and was informed the same evening of the meditated treachery. He caused Baháu-d dín, Mahmúd, and Madaka, the chiefs of the conspirators, to be seized and punished. After this Islám Sháh became more mistrustful than ever of his nobles, and seized and imprisoned or put to death all those whom he chiefly suspected. One day he said to his wife Bíbí Bái, "I have cleared the road for your son, but your brother Mubáriz Khán is still a thorn in his way. If you wish for your son's life, say that you desire your brother to be put out of the way." Bíbí Bái answered, "My brother is a man who loves his pleasure and dissipation, and has always passed his life in looking after musical instruments, and listening to tunes; he has no head for government." Islám Sháh endeavoured with great skill and ability, by adducing strong proofs, and by beneficial advice, to induce her to be of his opinion; but this ignorant woman refused to consent to what Islám Sháh said, although it was all for her benefit. ### [11.5.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.5.1) When Islám Sháh saw that his wife had followed her own foolish opinion, he despaired, and said, "You know best—Your son is in great danger from Mubáriz Khán, and you will in the end understand what I have just said." Saying this, he left the apartment, and ordered the Gwálior captives to be punished in the following way. He directed them to be placed in a building filled with gunpowder, which was then to be fired. This was done in the manner commanded by His Majesty. All the prisoners were blown into the air, and their limbs scattered, with the exception of Kamal Khan Ghakkar, who was seated in a corner of the dwelling, and who was preserved by the favour of the Almighty. When Islam Shah was told of this wonderful circumstance, Kamal Khan was brought from that place into the presence by the royal command, and an oath was administered to him that he would in future be a loyal subject, and only think how he could best benefit His Majesty's service. Kamal Khan consented to everything that Islam Shah said, and was set at liberty. After this, Islam Shah advanced Kamal Khan Ghakkar, and in a short time made him one of the chief grandees, appointed him to perform special and important services, and exalted and made him joyful by heaping royal favours on his head. His prosperity and dignity were vastly increased. ### [11.5.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.5.2) Nearly at the same time he sent one of his courtiers, who was in an indigent condition, to perform a certain service, in the hope that his circumstances would thus be bettered. This person acted throughout the business with conscientious integrity, and after transacting it, returned. On another occasion he told the King how honestly he had behaved. Islam Shah was at that time severely disposed towards every one, and only repeated the following verse in reply: "When you bestrode the horse of good fortune, If you did not put him to his speed, what can a man do for you?" They say that, during Islam Shah's reign a darwesh, Shaikh 'Alai by name, created a great disturbance by openly professing the religion of the Mahdi, and led many people astray. He collected an innumerable host of fakirs and darweshes about him, and was in the habit of traversing the bazars, and forbidding by every means in his power all acts contrary to the precepts of the Kur'an. His sect had its head-quarters at Bayana. At length, by the advice of his murshid, he set forth, accompanied by six or seven thousand followers, with the intention of performing the pilgrimage to Mecca. When he arrived at Khawaspur, which is in the Jodhpur territory, Khawas Khan, who has before been mentioned, came forth to meet him, and joined him. When Islam Shah heard of these events, he summoned him to the presence. The Shaikh perceived that the King was attended by a select party of his nobles; ### [11.5.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.5.3) nevertheless, he did not behave as it is becoming to do in the presence of royalty. He merely made the customary salutation, at which the King was displeased, and showed his disgust by the manner in which he answered "'Alaiku-s Salam." The courtiers were very wroth at this conduct. Mulla 'Abdu-lla Sultanpuri, who was entitled Makhdumu-l Mulk, opposed the doctrines of Shaikh 'Alai, and decreed that he should be imprisoned. Islam Shah assembled a great number of the learned, and directed them to inquire into the matter. Shaikh 'Alai's great eloquence enabled him to overcome all his opponents in argument. Islam Shah said, "O Shaikh, forsake this mode of procedure, in order that I may appoint you censor (muhtasib) of all my dominions. Up to the present time you have taken upon yourself to forbid without my authority; henceforth you will do so with my consent." Shaikh 'Alai would not agree to this; and Islam Shah, refusing to listen to the suggestions of Makhdumu-l Mulk with reference to the Shaikh's punishment, sent him to Hindia. ### [11.5.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.5.4) Bihar Khan Sarwani, who governed that district, embraced, with all his troops, Shaikh 'Alai's views. Makhdumu-l Mulk related this circumstance in his most urgent manner, and gave the King intimation of the disturbances which were taking place. Islám Sháh again summoned the Shaikh from Hindia, and this time ordered a larger assembly of Mullás than the former to meet and investigate his doctrines. Makhdúmu-l Mulk said, "This man desires to rule the country, he wishes to attain the rank of Mahdi, and the Mahdi is to govern the whole world. The entire army of His Majesty has taken part with him; it is very likely that in a short time this country will be much injured." ### [11.5.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.5.5) Islám Sháh, for the second time, paid no attention to what Makhdúmu-l Mulk said, and sent Shaikh 'Alái into Bihár, to Shaikh Badh, a learned physician, in whom Sher Sháh had placed much confidence, and respected him so much that he always assisted him in putting on his shoes by placing them before him. Islám Sháh did this with the intention of acting according to whatever decree Shaikh Badh might give. At this time Islám Sháh was in the Panjáb, busied with the erection of the fort of Mánkot. Shaikh Badh gave a decision similar to that of Makhdúmu-l Mulk, and made it over to the King's messengers. Whilst this was transpiring, Shaikh 'Alái was seized by the pestilence which then prevailed, and his throat became ulcerated to such an extent that the instrument used for applying the salve penetrated the abscess to the depth of a finger. When they brought him before Islám Sháh, he was too weak to speak. Islám Sháh whispered in his ear, and advised him to confess that he was not the Mahdi in order that he might be pardoned; but Shaikh 'Alái would not listen to what the King said. His Majesty, losing all hope of persuading him, ordered him to be scourged, and he rendered up his soul to the angel of death at the third blow, in the year 956 \[1549 A.D.\], as is shown by the chronogram "Zikru-l Allah." ### [11.5.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.5.6) It is commonly reported that Shaikh 'Alái repeated a stanza in the presence of Islám Sháh, and said, "If you desire to comprehend my motives for these actions, meditate on this verse of Shaikh Auhadu-d din Kirmání : I have one soul, and a thousand bodies ! But both soul and bodies belong entirely to me. It is strange I have made myself another." Islám Sháh was at this time so desirous of overthrowing the great chiefs, that he thought of nothing else even for a single moment. Some of the great nobles conspired together, with the intention of dethroning Islám Sháh, and raising Mubáriz Khán to the government. Islám Sháh was informed of the treason of these people, and immediately endeavoured to assemble them in one place, and there punish them. The aforesaid chiefs, being warned of his intention, met together, and entered into an agreement not to present themselves at the darbár all at once, but to go one by one. They thus contrived to go there without danger. Islám Sháh was day and night thinking and planning how he might best put them to death. But the decrees of Providence do not change to suit human wishes and counsels, and he was taken suddenly ill and confined to his bed in the fort of Gwálior, by a painful retention of urine, and a disease of the bladder. People say that he was afflicted by an imposthume in his privy parts. He never mentioned this circumstance to any one, and cauterized it with his own hand ; ### [11.5.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.5.7) but by doing this, he injured his health, and brought on great suffering and weakness. While in this state Islám Sháh abused and spoke harshly to some of his most intimate friends and companions ; and when the King came to his senses, Táj Khán Kirání, one of his principal nobles, said to him, "May the King prosper ; this day I have heard words issue from his lips which he has not been accustomed to use." Islám Sháh said, "O Táj Khán, I had great confidence in my own strength, and I have subdued all men ; but this thing is stronger than I am, and I find myself weaker and more helpless than the ant. I now know myself!" After this he summoned Bibi Bai, and said, "I have the reins still in my hand, and have as yet lost nothing. If you desire your son to reign after me, tell me to do it, and I will cause your brother Mubariz Khan to be removed." On this Bibi Bai began to weep. Islam Shah said, "You know best." And then suddenly, as he was speaking, he gave up the ghost in the twinkling of an eye, and departed to the next world in the year 961 H. Many of the troops who were not aware of the King's illness, on receiving the unexpected intelligence of his decease, were much perturbed and distressed, as it threw their affairs into confusion. In the same year Sultan Mahmud Gujarati and Nizamu-l Mulk, of the Dekhin, also died, and the chronogram "Zawdl-i Khusrawdn" gives the date of the deaths of these three sovereigns, viz. a.h. 961. ### [11.5.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11.5.8) Death vanquished three kings like Khusru in one year, Through whose justice the land of Hind was the abode of security. One, Islam Shah, the monarch of Dehli, Who was during his life-time a Sahib-Kiran; The second, Mahmud Shah, the Sultan of Gujarat, Whose age was as immature as his reign ; The third, Nizamu-l Mulk Bahri, Who was a reigning sovereign in the Dekhin. If you ask for the date of the deaths of these princes, You will find it in the words "Ruin of Sovereigns." Sher Shah and Islam Shah together reigned fifteen years and some months, and then quitted the world. --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-daudi~en-elliot.11) · Pramāṇa