[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Dark Ages](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages) › [Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate) › [Tārīkh-i Salāṭīn-i Afāghina](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina) › [Tarikh-i Salatin-i Afaghana of Ahmad Yadgar (extracts)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot) › 3 # Tarikh-i Salatin-i Afaghina 3: The reign of Sultan Ibrahim Lodi. Táríkh-i Salátín-i Afághana of Ahmad Yádgár (extracts) 3 - **Language:** English ## Contents - [3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.1) — 8 parts - [3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.2) — 8 parts - [3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.3) — 9 parts - [3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.4) — 10 parts ### The reign of Sultan Ibrahim Lodi. ### [3.1.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.1.1) Some historians relate that when Sikandar died, he left two sons by one wife: the first, Sultan Ibrahim; the second, Jalal Khan. When Ibrahim grew up, and became celebrated for his personal beauty and excellent disposition, the nobles determined to place him on the throne, to which they accordingly raised him on Thursday, the 7th of Zi-l hijja, a.h. 923 (Nov. 1517). On that day, all those who were attached to the royal person prepared the tents, embroidered with gold and adorned with jewels, and spread carpets of various colours, worked with gold thread. They placed the throne of Sikandar, covered with gems of price and jewels of great value, on a coloured carpet. The tributary kings and nobles wore beautiful dresses and embroidered garments, and resembled the flowers blooming in a garden. The horses and elephants were decked with the most magnificent trappings. So splendid a coronation had never been witnessed, and the people consequently long remembered the day on which this fortunate and youthful monarch obtained the crown. ### [3.1.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.1.2) The nobles and pillars of the State then gave Ibrahim's brother by the same mother, the title of Sultán Jalálu-d dín (he had been previously called Jalál Khán), and sent him with many officers and a large army to take charge of the kingdom of Jaunpúr. Four months afterwards, 'Azam Humáyún Lodí, and the Khán-khánán Farmulí came from their estates to congratulate the King, and took that opportunity of accusing the nobles attending on His Majesty, saying, that it was a great error for two persons to share a kingdom, and that two sovereigns could never rule together. As the poet says : " One body cannot cover two souls, Nor one kingdom own two monarchs." Accordingly, Sultán Ibráhím cast the agreement which he had made with his brother into the recess of oblivion ; and after taking advice, came to the conclusion that as the Sháhzáda was not thoroughly established, and had not as yet arrived at the seat of his government, it would be best to write and tell him that the Sultán required his presence to aid him in transacting certain momentous affairs ; that he should come unattended ; and that after they had consulted together, he might return to the seat of his government. ### [3.1.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.1.3) Haibat Khán, the wolf-slayer, who was noted for his extreme cunning, was despatched on this errand, and directed to cajole the Sháhzáda to return with him. It is said, that walls have ears, and an account of this arrangement had, before this, come to the ears of Jalálu-d dín, so that he was not entrapped by the flattering speeches and attempts at deception which Haibat Khán used profusely, and therefore he would not consent to come. Haibat Khan reported his unsuccessful mission, and the King then sent divers other courtiers; these were also unsuccessful, as the Shahzada steadily refused to go with them. After this, the Sultan wrote farmans containing expressions of kindness and goodwill to all the nobles and jagirdars of the suba of Jaunpur, and promised them munificent rewards if they would forsake their allegiance to Jalal Khan, and refuse to treat him as their ruler. He sent secretly a confidential servant to certain of the nobles, bearing dresses of honour, horses, etc., and commanded them, on the receipt of this farman, to renounce allegiance to Jalal Khan. ### [3.1.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.1.4) As it was decreed by fate, that Jalalu-d din should not reign, many of the grandees deserted him, and became his enemies. At this period Shahzada Jalal Khan, having set up a jewelled throne, and covered the doors and walls of his palace with brocade, sat there in state on the 15th of Zi-l hijja, 923 A.H. (Dec. 1517). He gave audience to the servants of the State, the courtiers and the soldiers, to all of whom he presented dresses of honour, swords, girdles, daggers, horses, elephants, titles, and honours, according to their respective ranks. Having thus gained the good opinion of the people, he opened the gates of charity to the poor and needy, and increased their allowances; and having thus established his authority, he ceased to obey Sultan Ibrahim, and caused the khutba to be read and coin to be struck in his own name. When he felt himself sufficiently powerful, he sent confidential agents to 'Azam Humayun, who was at that time besieging the fort of Kalinjar, and wrote to him, saying, "You are in the place of my father and uncle, and are well aware that the compact has not been broken by me. Sultan Ibrahim, of his own accord, gave me a portion of the inheritance which our father left, because I was his own brother, the son of the same mother. He has broken the phial of the connexion which we derived from our parent's womb with the stone of unkindness. ### [3.1.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.1.5) You ought to protect and help me because I am oppressed." Previous to this 'Azam Humayun had been ill-disposed towards Sultan Ibrahim. He was moved by the supplications of Jalal Khan, and raised the siege of the fort. He entered into a treaty and compact with Jalalu-d din, and told him that he ought first to obtain possession of Jaunpur, and then see what was best to be done. He then advanced towards Oudh by an uninterrupted succession of marches. The governor of that place, finding himself unable to contend with him, fled towards Karra, and sent information of what was passing to Sultan Ibrahim, who wished to start immediately with some picked men for the purpose of repressing the disturbance. By the advice of certain of the nobles, he confined four of his brothers in the fort of Hansi, and entrusted them to the charge of Muhammad Khan with 500 horse. He, moreover, summoned all the nobles into his private apartment, and gained them to his side by making them presents in gold, and giving them titles and dignities; after which he ordered the bakhshis to issue arrears of pay to the army, and give them one month's gratuity. On Thursday, the 24th of Zi-l hijja, he proceeded in the direction of Jaunpur by uninterrupted marches, and on arrival at Bhunganw received intelligence that 'Azam Humayun and his son Fath Khan had forsaken Sultan Jalalu-d din, and were on their way to pay their respects. ### [3.1.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.1.6) The Sultan was delighted at this news, and caused his army to halt, in order that he might make due preparations for their reception. On the day fixed for 'Azam Humayun's coming, Ibrahim sent a large concourse of his principal chieftains to meet him; and when he made his obeisance, his head was exalted by the many marks which he received of the royal favour. The Sultan also presented khil'ats of cloth of gold, girdles, jewelled daggers, and some of his most valuable elephants to 'Azam Humayun, whom he rendered grateful by these attentions. Meanwhile he appointed some of the principal nobles to conduct the war against Jalalu-d din, and furnished them with a large army, war elephants, and all other needful equipments. Jalalu-d din had marched towards Agra with a large army, consisting of 30,000 horsemen, besides many elephants; leaving some of his partisans in Kalpi, to which place Sultan Ibrahim laid siege, and took it after a short resistance, and gave it over to plunder. After this, when he heard that his brother had gone towards Agra with a strong force, he sent Malik Adam Ghakkar to protect that place, which he accordingly reached with all expedition. Jalalu-d din wished to treat Agra as the Sultan had done Kalpi; but Malik Adam contrived to deceive and amuse him until he had sent for further assistance, and given Sultan Ibrahim notice of what was passing. ### [3.1.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.1.7) The Sultan despatched 18,000 horsemen and 50 elephants to the assistance of the Malik, whose heart was so strengthened that he sent to Jalalu-d din, to say, that if he would relinquish all claim to the empire, and would put aside the umbrella, the áftábgír, the naubat, the kettle-drum, and other insignia of royalty, and would promise to conduct himself as one of the umará, he (Malik Adam) would use his interest in his behalf, and would obtain for him the súba of Kálpí on the same terms as he formerly held it. ### [3.1.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.1.8) Sultán Jalálu-d dín, led by his evil destiny, which had unfitted him for the charge of a kingdom, although he possessed 30,000 brave horsemen and 160 war elephants, acted like a coward, and agreed to these conditions. All his chiefs said to him, "Why are you so weak-hearted? The Sultán will on no account suffer you to live. We have eaten your salt for ten years; be firm and resolute, and give your faithful servants an opportunity of showing their devotedness to you. God is the Supreme Disposer of all things. The Sultán is of a bad disposition. In the end the nobles and troops will side with you." Notwithstanding their advice, as Providence had decreed his ruin, Jalálu-d dín was satisfied with the terms, and left off using the insignia of royalty. He sent Malik Adam Ghakkar to the King, to beg him to grant him other jágírs; but the Sultán (who was then at Etáwa) would not agree to do so, and sought means to get rid of him. When Jalálu-d dín heard of his intentions, he took refuge with the Rájá of Gwálior, and his old soldiers dispersed. ### [3.2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.2.1) Sultán Ibráhím took up his abode at Agra, and many nobles who had been hostile to him came and tendered their submission. Karímdád Khán Tagh, with others of the umará, were sent to take charge of Dehlí. Meanwhile, the army of the Sultán besieged Gwálior, and 'Azam Humáyún was sent to take the command. Sultán Jalálu-d dín accordingly left that place, and retired to Málwa; where, not being well received by the Sultán Mahmúd, he fled to Garra-Kantak, where he fell into the hands of the Gonds, who seized him, and with a view to gain the good-will of the Sultán, sent their captive to him. The Sultán rejoiced at this intelligence, and caused all his court to assemble. Sultán Jalálu-d dín was brought hand-bound into this assembly, after which he was sent to the fort of Hánsi. Whilst he was en route to that place, Ahmad Khán was sent after him, and administered the draught of martyrdom. After these events, the Sultán ruled the country without fear, and without admitting a partner to share his empire. The Rája of Gwálior, who had been his enemy for years, having departed to the infernal regions, was succeeded by his son, Bikramájít. The Sultán, after a long war, wrested the fort from him; and taking down the copper bull, out of whose mouth a voice issued, from its place over the gate, brought it to the fort of Ágra, where it remained until the time of the Emperor Akbar, who caused it to be melted down for the purpose of making cannon. ### [3.2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.2.2) When the Sultán had conquered Gwálior, he went to Dehli, and waxed very proud, so that he began to maltreat and punish the nobles of his father, many of whom held him in great awe. He imprisoned some of them, and throwing Mián Bhúa into chains, who had been the most powerful and independent grandee of the empire, and the absolute minister of Sultan Sikandar, his father, during a period of twenty-eight years, gave him over to the charge of Malik Adam Ghakkar. Certain nobles, who were envious of the Mian, counselled the King to erect a building with a subterranean chamber beneath it. When two months had elapsed, and the chamber was thoroughly dry, they filled it with bags of gunpowder. They then procured the release of Mian Bhua and certain other nobles against whom they were plotting, gave them dresses of honour, and money, and treated them with such kindness that they banished all apprehension from their minds. One day the King said to them, "Islam Khan was raised from the dust, and kindly treated by Sultan Sikandar; but he has since become apprehensive, and has rebelled and proclaimed open enmity. I pray you now to retire to the new house which I have built, sit there and deliberate amongst yourselves what course I ought to follow. I have such confidence in you that I am certain the conclusion you come to will be of benefit to me." They went unsuspiciously to the place, and commenced their consultation. ### [3.2.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.2.3) Suddenly the whole place was blown up, and Mian Bhua and all who were there present were scattered as leaves of trees by a gale of wind. Many nobles became aware of the King's fickle disposition, and raised the standard of opposition. Islam Khan threw off the mask of obedience in Agra, and began to assemble an army. When the Sultan heard this, he wished to send troops against him; but, suddenly, several grandees left Dehli, and went over to Islam Khan, and the insurrection was thus rendered more formidable. The Sultan appointed others of the umara, who proceeded towards Lucknow, near which place they were attacked by Ikbal Khan, of the tribe of 'Azam Humayun, with 5000 horsemen. Many men were slain, and the King's army defeated. ### [3.2.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.2.4) When this news reached him, he despatched another army, and directed that the insurgent nobles should first be subdued, and that afterwards steps should be taken to overcome Ikbal Khan. The army of Islam Khan amounted to nearly 40,000 horsemen, ready for action. Shaikh Raju tried to induce the rebels to submit. They replied that they would do so if 'Azam Humayun were released from prison. The Sultan, on a reference made to him, would not consent to this, and when all was ready for war such fighting took place as had never been witnessed. Three or four thousand soldiers fell on both sides, and streams of blood flowed. At last, a soldier of the Sultan's, who was an inhabitant of Kabul, facing Islam Khan, discharged his matchlock at him, and struck him in the forehead, when he fell to the earth. This caused the rebels to disperse, and the King's army, taking advantage of the panic, attacked them. Thus the only reward which Islam Khan met with for his rebellion and ingratitude was death, while Sa'id Khan and others were made prisoners. The rebel forces were utterly routed, and the insurrection suppressed. When the King learnt this, he was much pleased, and behaved towards the army, which had fought so well and loyally for him, with the greatest kindness; but he did not forget the malice of the nobles. At this period an army was prepared for the purpose of attacking Ráná Sanká. ### [3.2.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.2.5) Mián Husain Khan Zarlakhsh, Mián Khán-khánan Farmuli, and Mián Ma'ruf, who were the chief commanders in the army of Sultán Sikandar, and whom he had distinguished beyond all others by associating with them, and increasing their rank and preferments, — who were the bravest men of the age, and could have instructed even Rustam in the art of war, — and who during the reign of the deceased Sultán had fought many battles and taken many castles; — these generals the Sultán placed under Mián Makhan, the commander-in-chief of this expedition. When they arrived in the Ráná's country, the Sultán wrote, ordering Mián Makhan to seize Mián Husain Khán and Mián Ma'ruf Khán in the best way he could, and send them prisoners to him. Makhan Khán went to the tent of Ma'ruf Khán, under the pretence of condoling with him for the loss of his son, notwithstanding he had died two months previously. Mián Husain Khán was informed of this, and went speedily thither, and told Mián Makhan that he had better forego his intention of imprisoning Mián Ma'ruf, and that he had better rise and depart in safety, remarking that the King had gone mad. Makhan upon this remonstrance departed, and sent intelligence of the circumstances to the Sultan, who replied by inquiring why he went to people's tents, and ordering him to raise a large tent in the plain, and send information to the chiefs that a royal farman had arrived, and that they must come and hear its contents. ### [3.2.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.2.6) Mian Makhan was commanded to seize Husain Khan first, and he obeyed these orders. When the chiefs were assembled, Mian Husain came, bringing with him a thousand men clothed in chain armour, which was concealed by white clothing. He directed them to keep strict watch outside when he entered the tent. Mian Makhan had caused another tent to be erected near the first, in which he had placed a thousand soldiers, with orders, when Ma'ruf Khan approached, to lay hands first on Husain Khan. When Husain Khan arrived near the tent, he was told that soldiers were concealed in it for the purpose of seizing him and Ma'ruf Khan. When Mian Husain Khan reached it, he ordered his men to undo the ropes of the tent in which Mian Makhan's soldiers were placed in ambush, and consequently the tent fell on them. He then went into the other tent, and requested Mian Makhan to read the farman. Mian Makhan said, "It is contrary to orders to read it after this fashion." Mian Husain Khan replied, "I am fully aware that the object of these troops and this farman is to take away my life, and I am not going to yield it to any such worthless contrivance." He then took the hand of Mian Ma'ruf and went out. ### [3.2.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.2.7) When Mian Husain saw that there was no escape from the King's injustice, he determined to send his vakil to the Rana to inform him of his coming. The Rana was at first fearful and suspicious of Husain Khan, of whose renown he had heard. He was afraid that he meditated some stratagem. After entering into a compact, Mian Husain went to the Rana with a thousand horsemen, and the Rana sent his own nephew to meet him. After which they had an interview. ### [3.2.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.2.8) On account of the departure of Husain Khan, Mian Makhan, notwithstanding that he had with him 30,000 horsemen and 300 gigantic elephants, was much discouraged. The day after he put his army in battle array, for the purpose of attacking the Rana. The Rana, together with Mian Husain Khan, advanced against him with an innumerable army, and the elephants of Husain Khan were recognized amongst them. Mian Makhan sent a message to Mian Ma'ruf, saying, "You and Husain Khan are great friends. He is now in rebellion, and has joined the Sultan's enemies ; what is the good of your remaining with us?" Ma'ruf replied, "I have eaten the salt of Sultan Bahlol and his offspring for thirty years ; and I was chief commander of the army during the reign of Sultan Sikandar. The fort of Jiind was captured through my skill. I slew the Raja of Nagarkot ; and that stone, which the Hindus had worshipped for 3000 years, I exposed to be trodden under foot by all the people. From the period of the revelation of Islam to the present day, many noble monarchs, who fancied that they resembled Faridun and Sikandar, and who vanquished the world, were unable even so much as to besiege that fort ; yet it yielded to my prowess. I brought seven mans of gold from the Raja of Bihar. Since King Ibrahim's accession to the throne all sorts of upstarts have arisen, who accuse me of being faithless and rebellious. Even now I am ready to undertake any duty that may be assigned, and will not flinch from its performance." ### [3.3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.3.1) Whilst this was going on, information was brought of the arrival of the Rana's troops, whereupon Makhan arranged his army. He placed Sa'id Khan Furat and Haji Khan with 7000 horsemen on the right ; and Daulat Khan, Allah-dad Khan, and Yusuf Khan on the left; whilst Mian Makhan himself commanded the advance. Mian Husain, although much vexed with Mian Makhan, did not present himself, on account of his having eaten the salt of the Sultan.' When both parties were prepared for action, the Hindus advanced most valiantly, and succeeded in defeating the army of the Sultán. Many brave and worthy men were made martyrs, and the others were scattered ; whilst Mian Makhan returned to the place from which he had set forth. During the evening, Míán Husain Khán sent a message to Míán Mákhan, saying, "Now you have learnt what men of one heart are. It is a hundred pities that 30,000 horsemen should have been defeated by so few Hindus. Now you may learn what deeds the remembrance of past favours will induce vassals to perform when they are united heart and soul. Send Mian Ma'ruf duly prepared for action to me at midnight." He also wrote to Míán Ma'ruf, to tell him that "they had both seen how fit Míán Makhan was to command, and that now it was proper that they should recollect what they owed the Sultan, although he did not treat his good servants as he ought ; ### [3.3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.3.2) otherwise people would say, 'You ate the salt of Sultan Sikandar for thirty years, and were numbered amongst his chiefs, nevertheless you were ungrateful enough to side with his foes.'" Accordingly Mian Ma'ruf, accompanied by 6000 horsemen, left his camp, and halted at the distance of two kos from Mian Husain, which chief, on receiving intelligence of his arrival, came and joined him. The army of the Ráná, flushed with their success, were rejoicing and amusing themselves, and the angel of death was smiling at their heedlessness, when suddenly the sound of horns and kettle-drums withdrew the cotton from the ears of their senses, and the Rajput chieftains were dismayed. The Afghans rushed on them sword in hand, and commenced a promiscuous slaughter; the Ráná was wounded, but contrived to escape with some of his men, — the rest were put to the sword. In the morning this news was brought to Míán Makhan, and he was ashamed. ### [3.3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.3.3) Mián Báyazíd, the son of 'Atá Lodí, who was the bakhshí of the army, and a connexion of Mián Husain Khán, wrote to the King announcing the victory which Mián Husain Khán and Mián Ma'rúf had gained, after which Mián Husain Khán sent fifteen of the elephants and 300 of the horses of the Ráná to Dehlí. The Sultán was much pleased at this success; he caused the kettle-drums to be beaten loudly, and sent khil'ats, girdles, daggers, two valuable elephants, and four horses, to Mián Husain and Mián Ma'rúf. He also caused a farmán to be written, in which he loaded both of them with a hundred expressions of favour and good-will. ### [3.3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.3.4) About this time 'Ázam Humáyún, one of the chief nobles, who, together with his sons, held a mansab of 12,000, was sent to reduce the fort of Gwálior. When he reached that district, his skill and activity soon made him master of several parganas. He besieged the fort of Gwálior, and dug trenches in which he sheltered his men whilst he made his approaches, and distributed the several batteries amongst his officers. He projected fiery missiles, or shells, into the fort, and the Hindus filled bags with cotton steeped in oil, which they ignited and threw down upon the enemy. Many men were consumed on both sides. The Sultán's troops brought forward their artillery, and fired their balls with such effect that the defenders of the fort were unable to move to and fro in its interior, and were at last so much distressed that they were near surrendering. The Rája had already determined to send seven mans of gold, several pair of elephants, and his daughter to the Sultán, when, unexpectedly, a farmán arrived, ordering 'Azam Humáyún as soon as he received it to proceed to Court. ### [3.3.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.3.5) When 'Azam Humáyún learned its contents, he raised the siege and prepared to depart. His sons and friends expressed to him their suspicions that the Sultán intended to take away his life, as he had already done that of other noblemen; and several grandees who were attached to him also advised him not to go. 'Azam Humáyún replied that he had eaten the salt of that family for forty years, and had been one of their staunchest adherents, and that if he now forsook them he would be considered ungrateful, and he could not suffer the disgrace of that imputation. Mahmúd Khán Lodí and Dáúd Khán Sarwání, who were among the chief grandees, said, "The Sultán has lost his senses, he cannot distinguish between those who serve him well and those who serve him ill. You have now 30,000 horse with you. Go to your son's residence, and take measures for the protection of your life, because we are fully convinced that he has sent for you for the purpose of treating you as he did Míán Bhúá and Hájí Khán." 'Azam Humáyún replied, "I cannot act thus. I cannot turn aside and blacken my face, let what may happen." After this discussion he marched towards Dehlí. On the road news reached him that the Sultán had put to death Mahmúd Sarwání and Hishám Khán Sáhú-khail, two of the principal nobles. Dáúd Khán and Alláh-dád Khán said, "No evil has yet befallen you; return from this and go to your son at Jaunpúr." 'Azam Humáyún said, "You speak truth; ### [3.3.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.3.6) his actions are indeed bad: but I cannot act as you suggest." As 'Azam Humáyún's doom was sealed, he did not pay attention to the warnings of his friends and well-wishers, but continued his march to Dehlí. When he approached it, the Sultán's order arrived, directing him to give up all his horses and elephants. This he had no sooner done, than his whole army became disorganized. When he was within two kos of the city, the King's cup-bearer, by name Mukhlis, was sent for the purpose of depriving him of the command of the army, treasury, and their appurtenances. Mukhlis was likewise ordered to mount him on a small pony, and bring him into the city, and cast him into a dungeon; all of which he did, and deprived him of everything. 'Azam Humayun sent to the Sultan to say, "You of course will do what pleases you, but I have two things of importance to represent to you: the first is that my son is very turbulently disposed, and that measures should be taken speedily to repress him; the second, that I may not be prevented from obtaining water for my ablutions, and the necessaries for purifying myself after performing the offices of nature." After this he made no further petition, and at last the Sultan caused this single-minded man to be slain in his prison, and thus destroyed the root of his empire with his own hands. ### [3.3.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.3.7) The murder of 'Azam Humayun was the first cause of the decline of the kingdom, for Fath Khan, his son, who commanded 10,000 horse, and was Governor of Bihar, joined himself, in Bihar, with the son of Darya Khan Lohani, Shahbaz Khan by name. They then openly rebelled against the Sultan, and collected 70,000 horse. Shahbaz Khan assumed the title of Sultan Muhammad. This insurrection was of a very serious nature, as all Bihar ceased to obey the Sultan. ### [3.3.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.3.8) At this period, Daulat Khan Lodi, son of Tatar Khan, who had long governed the Panjáb, was sent for from Lahore. He delayed to come, and sent his youngest son, Diláwar Khán, instead. The latter was asked why his father had not come in person. He replied that he would come hereafter and bring treasure with him. He was told that if his father did not come, he would be seized like the other nobles. The Sultán then ordered him to be taken to the dungeons, in order that he might see several nobles who were suspended from the walls. When Diláwar Khán witnessed this sight, he was seized with a fit of trembling, and was much alarmed. On his return to the presence, the Sultán said, "You have seen the condition of those who have disobeyed me." Diláwar Khán prostrated himself. It is said that the Sultán intended to blind him with a red-hot bodkin, and suspend him also against the wall; but when Diláwar Khán perceived that there was no other means of escaping the Sultán's severity, he fled from Dehli, and came to his father in six days, and told him that if he did not look to himself, the Sultán would put him to death in some cruel manner. ### [3.3.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.3.9) Daulat Khán was thrown into a deep meditation. He reflected that if he rebelled he would be accused of ingratitude; and that if he fell into the clutches of the Sultán's wrath, he would not escape alive. At last he determined to place himself under allegiance to some other sovereign. He accordingly sent Diláwar Khán to Bábar Sháh, in order that he might make known to him, in detail, the evil disposition of the Sultán, the discord which existed amongst the nobles, and the disgust of the army, and beg him to invade Hindústán. ### [3.4.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.4.1) Diláwar Khán went with all expedition, and reached Kábul in ten days. He intimated to those who stood at the foot of the throne that an Afghán, who had been oppressed by his sovereign, had come from Hindústán, and wished to speak to the King. The order was given for his admission. He went as a suppliant, and explained, in detail, the distressed state of Hindústán. Babar said, "You have eaten the salt of Sultan Ibrahim and of his father and grandfather for thirty years, and your grandfather and father have held high posts for the last twenty years; how is it that you have thus all at once forsaken him and sought this court?" Dilawar Khan replied, "For forty years my grandfather and father have risked their lives in his service, and strengthened his throne. But Sultan Ibrahim maltreats his father's nobles, and has put twenty-three of them, the supporters of his kingdom, to death, without any cause, and ruined their families. He has suspended some from walls, and has caused others to be burned alive. When many of the nobles saw that they could hope for no safety from him, they sent me to your presence. They are all ready to obey you, and they look with anxiety for your coming." ### [3.4.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.4.2) At that period the marriage of Mirza Kamran was celebrated with princely magnificence in the King's garden. \* \* \* When the bridal ceremonies had been completed in a manner satisfactory to his benevolent intentions, the King passed the whole of that night in the garden. When day dawned, he repeated his prayers to the Great Disposer of all things, and stretching forth the hand of supplication, said, "O God! if the government of Hindustan is destined to be given to me and mine, let these productions of Hind be brought presently before me, betel-leaves and mangoes, and I shall accept them as an omen." It so happened that when the mango season was approaching, Daulat Khan had sent half-ripe mangoes preserved in pots of honey, and betel-leaves, by the hand of Ahmad Khan. The King was told that Ahmad Khan, the ambassador of Daulat Khan, desired an audience. Dilawar took the offerings into the royal presence, and displayed them. When Babar's eyes fell on the fruit, he arose from his throne, and prostrated himself before the Almighty, who, he was persuaded, of His boundless generosity, had granted him the sovereignty of Hind. He gave a horse and khil'at to both Dilawar Khan and Ahmad Khan, and entrusted to them ten 'Iraki horses, and some pieces of fine linen for Daulat Khan; and then directed Ahmad Khan to precede him with these articles. ### [3.4.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.4.3) From that day he prepared for the invasion of Hindustan, and despatched Jahangir Kuli Khan, with 2000 Mughal horsemen, to take precautions for securing the roads and ferries, and for the collection of timber for the purpose of making boats. On Wednesday, 2nd Shawwal, A.H. 932 (July, 1526 A.D.), he set forth as a mighty monarch should, and marched to Peshawar, which city he plundered. When the royal army advanced from thence, Daulat Khan came to pay his respects to the King, and presented 10,000 gold ashrafis and twenty elephants. When Babar left Kabul, he had only 2000 Mughals with him. But after his agreement with Daulat Khan, he ordered fresh troops to be enlisted; and by the time he reached Lahore he was surrounded by a numerous army, and the Panjab fell into the hands of the Chaghatai nobles. ### [3.4.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.4.4) When news reached Sultan Ibrahim, in Agra, that the Mughals had conquered the Panjab as far as Lahore, he was thunderstruck, and repented him of having put his faithful servants to death. But what benefit can be derived from water which has fallen down from the head and been spent? Babar, like a roaring lion, advanced into the field; while Ibrahim came to Dehli from Agra, and wrote to Daulat Khan, saying, "You attained your present rank through my father's kindness; why have you brought the Mughals into my paternal inheritance, and made it over to them? I will now make peace with you, and will never molest you or your children. I swear this on the Kuran. Reflect, and abandon your present absurd project." Daulat Khan replied, "It is true that I was reared and raised from the dust, and brought up by Sultan Sikandar. I passed my life in endeavouring to serve him. That monarch (who has found mercy) endured much from his nobles; he was studious of pleasing: and he never endeavoured to put me to death. Whereas, whilst you were yet young, you listened to what two or three insidious advisers said to you, and thus shook your empire to its foundation. You also destroyed several of your father's servants, the pillars of the kingdom, and put an end to the confidence which others reposed in you. I have not brought the Mughals; but your own bad actions have." ### [3.4.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.4.5) When the whole Panjáb, and the country extending as far as Sirhind and Hisár Fírozah, had fallen into the hands of the Chaghatái nobles, they marched towards Dehlí. Sultán Ibráhím was in Sonpat, when news arrived that certain grandees, thinking the opportunity a good one, and having heard of the coming of Bábar Sháh, had besieged Dehlí with nearly 40,000 men. On hearing this, the Sultán again turned his steps towards Dehlí, to defeat the rebels, who came to the conclusion that it would be improper to fight with the Sultán during the day, because they would be put to shame on account of the benefits which he had conferred on them; and that it would be preferable to attack him by night. When the night was far spent, they reached the Sultán's army, and in the mean time several chiefs managed to escape from the Sultán's camp and join them. After putting the Sultán's troops to flight, and compelling the Sultán to conceal himself, a portion of the rebel force was scattered tumultuously in search of plunder. After sunrise, when the Sultán looked out in the direction of the rebel army, on observing 'Álam Khán and a few attendants standing near, he ordered his men to attack them; upon which they all fled away. Thus the rebels derived no benefit from their disloyalty, in spite of their having assembled a force of 40,000 men. ### [3.4.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.4.6) After this, when Babar heard of the confusion prevailing in the Sultan's army, he left Karnal, and Sultan Ibrahim arrived in pargana Ganaur, and there inquired of the astrologers in order that he might learn from the celestial bodies what was to happen. He inquired on whose side the victory should be. The astrologers cautiously replied, "It appears from the motion of the stars that the whole of our horses and elephants have gone over to the Mughal army." The Sultan said, "This is a proof that I shall vanquish the Mughals." They replied, "So let it be." The astrologers, being aware that Babar would be victorious, deserted the camp. Amin Khan also fled from the same place, and presented himself before Babar. Whilst these events were going on, Hamid Khan, of the Sultan's own tribe, was coming to the assistance of the Sultan with 4000 sawars, when he encountered the advance-guard under Prince Muhammad Humayun, and a battle began, in which Hamid Khan's troops being defeated, many were killed, and the rest dispersed. ### [3.4.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.4.7) On Thursday the Sultan summoned all his nobles and soldiers, and ordered them to dress themselves in the best clothes they had with them. He caused his embroidered tents and satin canopies to be erected, and all the preparations for a festival to be made. He threw amongst them all the gold, jewels, pearls, and ashrafis which he possessed, and said, "O friends, to-morrow we shall do battle with the Mughal army. If I gain the victory, I will endeavour to please you; if I do not, be at least content with these presents and my declared intentions." The whole of that day was spent in feasting and rejoicing. On the morrow they made ready for war. Sultan Ibrahim, on the one side, marched two kos to the west of Panipat; whilst Babar, on the other, mounting his horse at the sarai of Garaunda, chose his position two kos in the direction of the east. The Mughal army was 24,000 strong, and that of Sultan Ibrahim numbered 50,000 men and 2000 war elephants. But the entire force of Sultan Ibrahim was disgusted and vexed with his evil deeds. On Friday, the 4th of Rajab, A.H. 932, Ibrahim being destined to die, the armies were ranged in battle array, facing each other. Babar advanced, and both parties made ready for action. Babar ordered the Mughals to be separated into three divisions; the advanced guard to remain in its place, and the other two to advance and attack the enemy. ### [3.4.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.4.8) Although the Afghan army greatly outnumbered its opponents, yet the soldiers were dispirited and disheartened from the Sultan's ill-treatment, and the nobles were offended. A fierce conflict, nevertheless, took place in the plain to the east of Panipat: so desperate a battle, indeed, had never been seen. Many of the Sultan's soldiers were killed. He himself was standing with some of his men near him, when Mahmud Khan came forward, and said, "Our affairs are in a very desperate condition; you had better leave the field of battle. If the King is saved, it will be easy to find another army, and again make war against the Mughals. We shall soon be able to find an opportunity of accomplishing our wishes. This is my opinion; but whatever His Majesty thinks is best." The Sultan replied, "O Mahmud Khan, it is a disgrace for kings to fly from the field of battle. Look here, my nobles, my companions, my well-wishers and friends have partaken of the cup of martyrdom. One has fallen here, another there; where then can I now go? My horse's legs are dyed with blood up to his chest. Whilst I was King, I governed the empire as I pleased; now, perfidious Fortune has sided with the Mughals, what pleasure is there in life? It is better that I should be like my friends, in the dust and in blood." On saying this, he rushed into the thickest of the fight, with 5000 brave horsemen, who were all that remained to him of his best troops, and slew many of the Mughals. ### [3.4.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.4.9) After which, towards the close of the day, he obtained martyrdom. He fell on the spot where his tomb now is. When Babar was informed of his death, he was standing in the rear. He sent Dilawar Khan to make inquiries as to the truth of the intelligence. He accordingly went out to the plain where the slain were lying, and beheld that powerful Sultan prostrate in the dust and weltering in blood, the royal crown fallen from his head, the state canopy also on the ground. Dilawar Khan returned and related what he had seen. The tender heart of Babar prompted him to visit the spot. He raised his head from the earth and said, "Honour to your bravery!" He then commanded brocade to be brought, and sweetmeats to be prepared; and ordered Dilawar Khan and Amir Khalifa to bathe him and bury him where he had fallen. He also directed that care should be taken of the property of Ibrahim. On the same day 2700 horses, and 1500 elephants, and the royal treasure were brought into Babar's camp. The next day he marched thence, and encamped on the western side of the city, from whence he despatched Amir Khalifa, Allah-dad Khan, and Tursam Bahadur, with 10,000 of the bravest Mughal horsemen, for the purpose of protecting the valuable property and riches which were in the cities of Dehli and Agra. The Afghans, after being absolute rulers for seventy years, left their habitations, their goods, and their wealth, and proceeded to Bengal, and a complete dispersion of them ensued. ### [3.4.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3.4.10) After making arrangements with regard to the spoil of the Sultan's camp, Babar departed for Dehli, where, on his arrival, he took possession of the vacant throne. --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darkages.sultanate.tarikh-i-salatin-i-afaghina~en-elliot.3) · Pramāṇa