Bhagavadgita 17

Gītābhāṣya (of Rāmānuja) 17

Language: Sanskrit

17.1

arjuna uvāca ---
ye śāstravidhim utsṛjya yajante śraddhayānvitāḥ |
teṣāṃ niṣṭhā tu kā kṛṣṇa sattvam āho rajas tamaḥ ||
śāstravidhim utsṛjya śraddhayānvitā ye yajante, teṣāṃ niṣṭhā kā ? kiṃ sattvam ? āhosvid rajaḥ ? atha tamaḥ ? niṣṭhā sthitiḥ; sthīyate 'sminn iti sthitiḥ sattvādir eva niṣṭhety ucyate / teṣāṃ kiṃ sattve sthitiḥ ? kiṃ vā rajasi ? kiṃ vā tamasītyarthaḥ //

p392829

evaṃ pṛṣṭo bhagavān aśāstravihitaśraddhāyās tatpūrvakasya ca yāgāder niṣphalatvaṃ hṛdi nidhāya śāstrīyasyaiva yāgāder guṇatas traividhyaṃ pratipādayituṃ śāstrīyaśraddhāyāḥ traividhyaṃ tāvad āha --

17.2

śrī-bhagavān uvāca ---
trividhā bhavati śraddhā dehināṃ sā svabhāvajā |
sāttvikī rājasī caiva tāmasī ceti tāṃ śṛṇu ||
sarveṣāṃ dehināṃ śraddhā trividhā bhavati / sā ca svabhāvajā svabhāvaḥ svāsādhāraṇo bhāvaḥ, prācīnavāsanānimittaḥ tattadruciviśeṣaḥ / yatra ruciḥ tatra śraddhā jāyate / śraddhā hi svābhimataṃ sādhayaty etad iti viśvāsapūrvikā sādhane tvarā / vāsanā ruciś ca śraddhā cātmadharmāḥ guṇasaṃsargajāḥ; teṣām ātmadharmāṇāṃ vāsanādīnāṃ janakāḥ dehendriyāntaḥkaraṇaviṣayagatā dharmāḥ kāryaikanirūpaṇīyāḥ sattvādayo guṇāḥ sattvādiguṇayuktadehādyanubhavajā ityarthaḥ / tataś ceyaṃ śraddhā sāttvikī rājasī tāmasī ceti trividhā / tām imāṃ śraddhāṃ śṛṇu; sā śraddhā yat svabhāvā, taṃ svabhāvaṃ śṛṇv ityarthaḥ //

17.3

sattvānurūpā sarvasya śraddhā bhavati bhārata |
śraddhāmayo 'yaṃ puruṣo yo yacchraddhaḥ sa eva saḥ ||
sattvam antaḥkaraṇam / sarvasya puruṣasyāntaḥkaraṇānurūpā śraddhā bhavati / antaḥkaraṇaṃ yādṛśaguṇayuktam, tadviṣayā śraddhā jāyata ityarthaḥ / sattvaśabdaḥ pūrvoktānāṃ dehendriyādīnāṃ pradarśanārthaḥ / śraddhāmayo 'yaṃ puruṣaḥ / śraddhāmayaḥ śraddhāpariṇāmaḥ / yo yacchraddhaḥ yaḥ puruṣo yādṛśyā śraddhayā yuktaḥ, sa eva saḥ sa tādṛśaśraddhāpariṇāmaḥ / puṇyakarmaviṣaye śraddhāyuktaś cet, puṇyakarmaphalasaṃyukto bhavatīti śraddhāpradhānaḥ phalasaṃyoga ityuktaṃ bhavati //

p394606

tad eva vivṛṇoti --

17.4

yajante sāttvikā devān yakṣarakṣāṃsi rājasāḥ |
pretān bhūtagaṇāṃś cānye yajante tāmasā janāḥ ||
sattvaguṇapracurāḥ sāttvikyā śraddhayā yuktāḥ devān yajante / duḥkhāsaṃbhinnotkṛṣṭasukhahetubhūtadevayāgaviṣayā śraddhā sāttvikītyuktaṃ bhavati / rājasā yakṣarakṣāṃsi yajante / anye tu tāmasā janāḥ pretān bhūtagaṇān yajante / duḥkhasaṃbhinnālpasukhajananī rājasī śraddhā; duḥkhaprāyātyalpasukhajananī tāmasītyarthaḥ //

p395171

evaṃ śāstrīyeṣv eva yāgādiṣu śraddhāyukteṣu guṇataḥ phalaviśeṣaḥ. aśāstrīyeṣu tapoyāgaprabhṛtiṣu madanuśāsanaviparītatvena na kaścid api sukhalavaḥ, api tv anartha eveti hṛdi nihitaṃ vyañjayan āha --

17.5

aśāstravihitaṃ ghoraṃ tapyante ye tapo janāḥ |
dambhāhaṅkārasaṃyuktāḥ kāmarāgabalānvitāḥ ||

17.6

karśayantaḥ śarīrasthaṃ bhūtagrāmam acetasaḥ |
māṃ caivāntaśśarīrasthaṃ tān viddhy āsuraniścayān ||

17.5-6

aśāstravihitam atighoram api tapo ye janāḥ tapyante / pradarśanārtham idam / aśāstravihitaṃ bahvāyāsaṃ yāgādikaṃ ye kurvate, dambhāhaṃkārasaṃyuktāḥ kāmarāgabalānvitāḥ śarīrasthaṃ pṛthivyādibhūtasamūhaṃ karśayantaḥ, madaṃśabhūtaṃ jīvaṃ cāntaśśarīrasthaṃ karśayanto ye tapyante, yāgādikaṃ ca kurvate; tān āsuraniścayān viddhi / asurāṇāṃ niścaya āsuro niścayaḥ; asurā hi madājñāviparītakāriṇaḥ; madājñāviparītakāritvāt teṣāṃ sukhalavasaṃbandho na vidyate; api tvananarthavrāte patantīti pūrvam evoktam, "patanti narake 'ścau" iti //

p396300

atha prakṛtam eva śāstrīyeṣu yajñādiṣu guṇato viśeṣaṃ prapañcayati / tatrāhāramūlatvāt sattvādivṛddher āhāratraividhyaṃ prathamam ucyate / "annamayaṃ hi somya manaḥ", "āhāraśuddhau sattvaśuddhiḥ" iti hi śrūyate --

17.7

āhāras tv api sarvasya trividho bhavati priyaḥ |
yajñas tapas tathā dānaṃ teṣāṃ bhedam imaṃ śṛṇu ||
āhāro 'pi sarvasya prāṇijātasya sattvādiguṇatrayānvayena trividhaḥ priyo bhavati / tathaiva yajño 'pi trividhaḥ, tathā tapaḥ dānaṃ ca / teṣām bhedam imaṃ śṛṇu -- teṣām āhārayajñatapodānānāṃ sattvādibhedenemam ucyamānaṃ bhedaṃ śṛṇu //

17.8

āyussattvabalārogyasukhaprītivivardhanāḥ |
rasyāḥ snigdhāḥ sthirā hṛdyā āhārāḥ sāttvikapriyaḥ ||
sattvaguṇopetasya sattvamayā āhārāḥ priyā bhavanti / sattvamayāś cāhārā āyurvivardhanāḥ; punar api sattvasya vivardhanāḥ / sattvam antaḥkaraṇam; antaḥkaraṇakāryaṃ jñānam iha sattvaśabdenocyate / "sattvāt saṃjāyate jñānam" iti sattvasya jñānavivṛddhihetutvāt, āhāro 'pi sattvamayo jñānavivṛddhihetuḥ / tathā balārogyayor api vivardhanāḥ / sukhaprītyor api vivardhanāḥ -- pariṇāmakāle svayam eva sukhasya vivardhanāḥ ;tathā prītihetubhūtakarmārambhadvāreṇa prītivardhanāḥ / rasyāḥ madhurarasopetāḥ / snigdhāḥ snehayuktāḥ / sthirāḥ sthirapariṇāmāḥ / hṛdyāḥ ramaṇīyaveṣāḥ / evaṃvidhāḥ sattvamayā āhārāḥ sāttvikasya puruṣasya priyāḥ //

17.9

kaṭvamlalavaṇātyuṣṇatīkṣṇarūkṣavidāhinaḥ |
āhārā rājasasyeṣṭā duḥkhaśokāmayapradāḥ ||
kaṭurasāḥ, amlarasāḥ, lavaṇotkaṭāḥ, atyuṣṇāḥ, atitīkṣaṇāḥ, rūkṣāḥ, vidāhinaś ceti kaṭvamlalavaṇātyuṣṇatīkṣṇarūkṣavidāhinaḥ / atiśaityātitaikṣṇyādinā durupayogās tīkṣṇāḥ; śoṣakarā rūkṣāḥ; tāpakarā vidāhinaḥ / evaṃvidhā āhārā rājasasyeṣṭāḥ / te ca rajomayatvād duḥkhaśokāmayavardhanāḥ rajovardhanāś ca //

17.10

yātayāmaṃ gatarasaṃ pūti paryuṣitaṃ ca yat |
ucchiṣṭam api cāmedhyaṃ bhojanaṃ tāmasapriyam ||
yātayāmam cirakālāvasthitam; gatarasam tyaktasvābhāvikarasam; pūti durgandhopetam, paryuṣitam kālātipattyā rasāntarāpannam; ucchiṣṭam gurvādibhyo 'nyeṣāṃ bhuktaśiṣṭam; amedhyam ayajñārham; ayajñaśiṣṭam ityarthaḥ / evaṃvidhaṃ tamomayaṃ bhojanaṃ tāmasapriyaṃ bhavati / bhujyata iti āhāra eva bhojanam / punaś ca tamaso vardhanam / ato hitaiṣibhiḥ sattvavivṛddhaye sāttvikāhāra eva sevyaḥ //

17.11

aphalākāṅkṣibhir yajño vidhidṛṣṭo ya ijyate |
yaṣṭavyam eveti manas samādhāya sa sāttvikaḥ ||
phalākāṅkṣārahitaiḥ puruṣaiḥ vidhidṛṣṭaḥ śāstradṛṣṭaḥ mantradravyakriyādibhir yuktaḥ, yaṣṭavyam eveti bhagavadārādhanatvena svayaṃprayojanatayā yaṣṭavyam iti manas samādhāya yo yajña ijyate, sa sāttvikaḥ //

17.12

abhisandhāya tu phalaṃ dambhārtham api caiva yaḥ |
ijyate bharataśreṣtha taṃ yajñaṃ viddhi rājasam ||
phalābhisandhiyuktair dambhagarbho yaśaḥphalaś ca yo yajña ijyate, taṃ yajñaṃ rājasaṃ viddhi //

17.13

vidhihīnam asṛṣṭānnaṃ mantrahīnam adakṣiṇam |
śraddhāvirahitaṃ yajñaṃ tāmasaṃ paricakṣate ||
vidhihīnam brāhmaṇoktihīnam; sadācārayuktair vidvadbhir brāhmaṇair yajasvetyuktihīnam ityarthaḥ; asṛṣṭānnaṃ acoditadravyam, mantrahīnam adakṣiṇaṃ śraddhāvirahitaṃ ca yajñaṃ tāmasaṃ paricakṣate //

p399935

atha tapaso guṇatas traividhyaṃ vaktuṃ tasya śarīravāṅmanoniṣpādyatayā svarūpabhedaṃ tāvad āha --

17.14

devadvijaguruprājñapūjanaṃ śaucam ārjavam |
brahmacaryam ahiṃsā ca śārīraṃ tapa ucyate ||
devadvijaguruprājñānāṃ pūjanam, śaucam tīrthasnānādikam, ārjavam yathāmanaḥśarīravṛttam, brahmacaryam yoṣitsu bhogyatābuddhiyuktekṣaṇādirahitatvam, ahiṃsā aprāṇipīḍā; etac charīraṃ tapa ucyate //

17.15

anudvegakaraṃ vākyaṃ satyaṃ priyahitaṃ ca yat |
svādhyāyābhyasanaṃ caiva vāṅmayaṃ tapa ucyate ||
pareṣām anudvegakaraṃ satyaṃ priyahitaṃ ca yad vākyaṃ svādhyāyābhyasanaṃ cety etad vāṅmayaṃ tapa ucyate //

17.16

manaḥprasādaḥ saumyatvaṃ maunam ātmavinigrahaḥ |
bhāvasaṃśuddhir ity etat tapo mānasam ucyate ||
manaḥprasādaḥ manasaḥ krodhādirahitatvam, saumyatvam manasaḥ pareṣām abhyudayaprāvaṇyam, maunaṃ -- manasā vākpravṛttiniyamanam, ātmavinigrahaḥ manovṛtter dhyeyaviṣaye 'vasthāpanam, bhāvaśuddhiḥ ātmavyatiriktaviṣayacintārahitatvam; etan mānasaṃ tapaḥ //

17.17

śraddhayā parayā taptaṃ tapas tat trividhaṃ naraiḥ |
aphalākāṅkṣibhir yuktaiḥ sāttvikaṃ paricakṣate ||
aphalākāṅkṣibhiḥ phalākāṅkṣārahitaiḥ, yuktaiḥ paramapuruṣārādhanarūpam idam iti cintāyuktaiḥ naraiḥ parayā śraddhayā yat trividhaṃ tapaḥ kāyavāṅmanobhis taptam, tat sāttvikaṃ paricakṣate //

17.18

satkāramānapūjārthaṃ tapo dambhena caiva yat |
kriyate tad iha proktaṃ rājasaṃ calam adhruvam ||

p401710

manasā ādaraḥ satkāraḥ, vācā praśaṃsā mānaḥ, śarīro namaskārādiḥ pūjā / phalābhisandhipūrvakaṃ satkārādyarthaṃ ca dambhena hetunā yat tapaḥ kriyate, tad iha rājasaṃ proktam; svargādiphalasādhanatvenāsthiratvāc calam adhruvam / calatvam pātabhayena calanahetutvam, adhruvatvam kṣayiṣṇutvam //

17.19

mūḍhagrāheṇātmano yat pīḍayā kriyate tapaḥ |
parasyotsādanārthaṃ vā tat tāmasam udāhṛtam ||
mūḍhāḥ avivekinaḥ, mūḍhagrāheṇa mūḍhaiḥ kṛtenābhiniveśena ātmanaḥ śaktyādikam aparīkṣya ātmapīḍayā yat tapaḥ kriyate, parasyotsādanārthaṃ ca yat kriyate, tat tāmasam udāhṛtam //

Translations (3)

Srimad-Bhagavad-Gita — Swami Swarupananda 1909, English
The Song Celestial — Edwin Arnold 1885, English
The Bhagavadgîtâ (Sacred Books of the East, vol. 8) — Kashinath Trimbak Telang 1882, English

Commentaries (12)

Subodhinī — Śrīdhara Svāmin, Sanskrit
Bhagavadgītābhāṣya (Śāṅkarabhāṣya) — Śaṅkara, Sanskrit
Bhagavadgītāvīraśaivabhāṣya — Sanskrit
Gītārthasaṅgraha (of Abhinavagupta) — Abhinavagupta, Sanskrit
Arthaprakāśikā — Upaniṣadbrahmayogin 1715, Sanskrit
Sārārthavarṣiṇī — Viśvanātha Cakravartin 1680, Sanskrit
Gūḍhārthacandrikā — Vanamālī Miśra 1660, Sanskrit
Tātparyabodhinī — Śaṅkarānanda, Sanskrit
Tattvaprakāśikā — Keśava Kāśmīrī, Sanskrit
Bālabodhinī — G.S. Pathak 1825, Sanskrit
Vaṃśī — Vaṃśīdhara 1675, Sanskrit
Gūḍhārthadīpikā — Madhusūdana Sarasvatī 1570, Sanskrit

Other recensions (1)

Vulgate (700 verses) — Sanskrit

Linked texts (1)

Bhagavadgītā — Vyāsa, Sanskrit