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Bhagavadgita 8

Gītābhāṣya (of Rāmānuja) 8

Language
Sanskrit

8.1

arjuna uvāca ---
kiṃ tad brahma kim adhyātmaṃ kiṃ karma puruṣottama |
adhibhūtaṃ ca kiṃ proktam adhidaivaṃ kim ucyate ||

8.2

adhiyajñaḥ kathaṃ ko 'tra dehe 'smin madhusūdanam |
prayāṇakāle ca kathaṃ jñeyo 'si niyatātmabhiḥ ||

8.1-2

jarāmaraṇamokṣāya bhagavantam āśritya yatamānānāṃ jñātavyatayoktaṃ tad brahma adhyātmaṃ ca kim iti vaktavyam / aiśvaryārthīnāṃ jñātavyam adhibhūtam adhidaivaṃ ca kim? trayāṇāṃ jñātavyo 'dhiyajñaśabdanirdiṣṭaś ca kaḥ? tasya cādhiyajñabhāvaḥ katham? prayāṇakāle ca ebhis tribhir niyatātmabhiḥ kathaṃ jñeyo 'si? //

8.3

śrī-bhagavān uvāca ---
akṣaraṃ brahma paramaṃ svabhāvo 'dhyātmam ucyate |
bhūtabhāvodbhavakaro visargaḥ karmasaṃjñitaḥ ||
tadbrahmeti nirdiṣṭaṃ paramam akṣaraṃ na kṣaratīty akṣaram, kṣetrajñasamaṣṭirūpam / tathā ca śrutiḥ, "avyaktam akṣare līyate akṣaraṃ tamasi līyate" ityādikā / paramam akṣaraṃ prakṛtivinirmuktam ātmasvarūpam / svabhāvo 'dhyātmam ucyate / svabhāvaḥ prakṛtiḥ / anātmabhūtam, ātmani saṃbadhyamānaṃ bhūtasūkṣmatadvāsanādikaṃ pañcāgnividyāyāṃ jñātavyatayoditam / tadubhayaṃ prāpyatayā tyājyatayā ca mumukṣubhir jñātavyam / bhūtabhāvodbhavakaro visargaḥ karmasaṃjñitaḥ / bhūtabhāvaḥ manuṣyādibhāvaḥ; tadudbhavakaro yo visargaḥ, "pañcamyām āhutāv āpaḥ puruṣavacaso bhavanti" iti śrutisiddho yoṣitsaṃbandhajaḥ, sa karmasaṃjñitaḥ / tac cākhilaṃ sānubandham udvejanīyatayā, pariharaṇīyatayā ca mumukṣubhir jñātavyam
/ pariharaṇīyatayā cānantaram eva vakṣyate, "yad icchanto brahmacaryaṃ caranti" iti //

8.4

adhibhūtaṃ kṣaro bhāvaḥ puruṣaś cādhidaivatam |
adhiyajño 'ham evātra dehe dehabhṛtāṃ vara ||
aiśvaryārthināṃ jñātavyatayā nirdiṣṭam adhibhūtaṃ kṣaro bhāvaḥ viyadādibhūteṣu vartamānaḥ tatpariṇāmaviśeṣaḥ kṣaraṇasvabhāvo vilakṣaṇaḥ śabdasparśādis sāsrayaḥ / vilakṣaṇāḥ sāśrayāś śabdasparśarūparasagandhāḥ aiśvaryārthibhiḥ prāpyās tair anusandheyāḥ / puruṣaś cādhidaivatam adhidaivataśabdanirdiṣṭaḥ puruṣaḥ adhidaivatam devatopari vartamānaḥ, indraprajāpatiprabhṛtikṛtsnadaivatopari vartamānaḥ, indraprajāpatiprabhṛtīnāṃ bhogyajātad vilakṣaṇaśabdāder bhoktā puruṣaḥ / sā ca bhoktṛtvāvasthā aiśvaryārthibhiḥ prāpyatayānusandheyā / adhiyajño 'ham eva / adhiyajñaḥ yajñair ārādhyatayā vartamānaḥ / atra indrādau mama dehabhūte ātmatayāvasthito 'ham eva yajñair ārādhya iti
mahāyajñādinityanaimittikānuṣṭhānavelāyāṃ trayāṇām adhikāriṇām anusandheyam etat //

8.5

antakāle ca mām eva smaran muktvā kalebaram |
yaḥ prayāti sa madbhāvaṃ yāti nāsty atra saṃśayaḥ ||
idam api trayāṇāṃ sādhāraṇam / antakāle ca mām eva smaran kalevaraṃ tyaktvā yaḥ prayāti, sa madbhāvaṃ yāti mama yo bhāvaḥ svabhāvaḥ taṃ yāti; tadānīṃ yathā mām anusandhatte, tathāvidhākāro bhavatītyarthaḥ; yathā ādibharatādayas tadānīṃ smaryamāṇamṛgasajātīyākārāt saṃbhūtāḥ //

p197448

smartus svaviṣayasajātīyākāratāpādanam antyapratyayasya svabhāva iti suspaṣṭam āha --

8.6

yaṃ yaṃ vāpi smaran bhāvaṃ tyajaty ante kalebaram |
taṃ tam evaiti kaunteya sadā tadbhāvabhāvitaḥ ||
ante antakāle yaṃ yaṃ vāpi bhāvaṃ smaran kalebaraṃ tyajati, taṃ taṃ bhāvam eva maraṇānantaram eti / antimapratyayaś ca pūrvabhāvitaviṣaya eva jāyate //

8.7

tasmāt sarveṣu kāleṣu mām anusmara yudhya ca |
mayy arpitamanobuddhiḥ mām evaiṣyasy asaṃśayaḥ ||
yasmāt pūrvakālābhyastaviṣaya evāntyapratyayo jāyate, tasmāt sarveṣu kāleṣv āprayāṇād ahar ahar mām anusmara / aharahar anusmṛtikaraṃ yuddhādikaṃ varṇāśramānubandhi śrutismṛticoditaṃ nityanaimittikaṃ ca karma kuru / evam upāyena mayy arpitamanobuddhiḥ antakale ca mām eva smaran yathābhilaṣitaprakāraṃ māṃ prāpsyasi; nātra saṃśayaḥ //

p198428

evaṃ sāmānyena svaprāpyāvāptir antyapratyayādhīnety uktvā tadarthaṃ trayāṇām upāsanaprakārabhedaṃ vaktum upakramate; tatrāiśvaryārthinām upāsanaprakāraṃ yathopāsanam antyapratyayaprakāraṃ cāha --

8.8

abhyāsayogayuktena cetasā nānyagāminā |
paramaṃ puruṣaṃ divyaṃ yāti pārthānucintayan ||
aharahar abhyāsayogābhyāṃ yuktatayā nānyagāminā cetasā antakāle paramaṃ puruṣaṃ divyaṃ māṃ vakṣyamāṇaprakāraṃ cintayan mām eva yāti -- ādibharatamṛgatvaprāptivad aiśvaryaviśiṣṭatayā matsamānākāro bhavati / abhyāsaḥ nityanaimittikāviruddheṣu sarveṣu kāleṣu manasopāsyasaṃśīlanam / yogas tu aharahar yogakāle 'nuṣṭhīyamānaṃ yathoktalakṣaṇam upāsanam //

8.9

kaviṃ purāṇam anuśāsitāram aṇor aṇīyāṃsam anusmared yaḥ |
sarvasya dhātāram acintyarūpam ādityavarṇaṃ tamasaḥ parastāt ||

8.10

prayāṇakāle manasācalena bhaktyā yukto yogabalena caiva |
bhruvor madhye prāṇam āveśya samyak sa taṃ paraṃ puruṣam upaiti divyam ||

8.9-10

kaviṃ sarvajñan purāṇam purātanam anuśāsitāram viśvasya praśāsitāram aṇor aṇīyāṃsam jīvād api sūkṣmataram, sarvasya dhātāram sarvasya sraṣṭāram, acintyarūpam sakaletaravisajātīyasvarūpam, ādityavarṇaṃ tamasaḥ parastād aprākṛtasvāsādhāraṇadivyarūpam, tam evaṃbhūtam aharahar abhyasyamānabhaktiyuktayogabalena ārūḍhasaṃskāratayā acalena manasā prayāṇakāle bhruvor madhye prāṇam āveśya saṃsthāpya tatra bhūmadhye divyaṃ puruṣaṃ yo 'nusmaret; sa tam evopaiti -- tadbhāvaṃ yāti, tatsamānāiśvaryo bhavatītyarthaḥ //

p200120

atha kaivalyārthināṃ smaraṇ aprakāram āha --

8.11

yad akṣaraṃ vedavido vadanti viśanti yad yatayo vītarāgāḥ |
yad icchanto brahmacaryaṃ caranti tat te padaṃ saṃgraheṇa pravakṣye ||
yad akṣaram asthūlatvādiguṇakaṃ vedavido vadanti, vītarāgāś ca yatayo yad akṣaraṃ viśanti, yad akṣaraṃ prāptum icchanto brahmacaryaṃ caranti, tat padaṃ saṃgraheṇa te pravakṣye / padyate gamyate cetaseti padam; tan nikhilavedāntavedyaṃ matsvarūpam akṣaraṃ yathā upāsyam, tathā saṃkṣepeṇa pravakṣyāmītyarthaḥ //

8.12

sarvadvārāṇi saṃyamya mano hṛdi nirudhya ca |
mūrdhny ādhāyātmanaḥ prāṇam āsthito yogadhāraṇām ||

8.13

om ity ekākṣaraṃ brahma vyāharan mām anusmaran |
yaḥ prayāti tyajan dehaṃ sa yāti paramāṃ gatim ||

1.8-13

sarvāṇi śrotrādīnīndriyāṇi jñānadvārabhūtāni saṃyamya svavyāpārebhyo vinivartya, hṛdayakamalaniviṣṭe mayy akṣare mano nirudhya, yogākhyāṃ dhāraṇām āsthitaḥ mayy eva niścalāṃ sthitim āsthitaḥ, om ity ekākṣaraṃ brahma madvācakaṃ vyāharan, vācyaṃ mām anusmaran, ātmanaḥ prāṇaṃ mūrdhny ādhāya dehaṃ tyajan yaḥ prayāti -- sa yāti paramāṃ gatiṃ prakṛtiviyuktaṃ matsamānākāram apunarāvṛttim ātmānaṃ prāpnotītyarthaḥ / "yaḥ sa sarveṣu bhūteṣu naśyatsu na vinaśyati // avyakto 'kṣara ity uktas tam āhuḥ paramāṃ gatim // ity anantaram eva vakṣyate //

p201610

evam aiśvaryārthinaḥ kaivalyārthinaś ca svaprāpyānuguṇaṃ bhagavadupāsanaprakāra uktaḥ; atha jñānino bhagavadupāsanaprakāraṃ prāptiprakāraṃ cāha --

8.14

ananyacetāḥ satataṃ yo māṃ smarati nityaśaḥ |
tasyāhaṃ sulabhaḥ pārtha nityayuktasya yoginaḥ ||

1.8-14

nityaśaḥ mām udyogaprabhṛti satataṃ sarvakālam ananyacetāḥ yaḥ smarati atyarthamatpriyatvena matsmṛtyā vinā ātmadhāraṇam alabhamāno niratiśayapriyāṃ smṛtiṃ yaḥ karoti; tasya nityayuktasya nityayogaṃ kāṅkṣamāṇasya yoginaḥ ahaṃ sulabhaḥ aham eva prāpyaḥ; na madbhāva aiśvaryādikaḥ suprāpaś ca / tadviyogam asahamāno 'ham eva taṃ vṛṇe / "yam evaiṣa vṛṇute tena labhyaḥ" iti hi śrūyate / matprāptyanuguṇopāsanavipākaṃ tadvirodhinirasanam atyarthamatpriyatvādikaṃ cāham eva dadāmītyarthaḥ / vakṣyate ca "teṣāṃ satatayuktānāṃ bhajatāṃ prītipūrvakam / dadāmi buddhiyogaṃ taṃ yena mām upāyānti te // teṣām evānukampārtham aham ajñānajaṃ tamaḥ / nāśayāmy ātmabhāvastho jñānadīpena bhāsvatā // iti //

p202699

ataḥ param adhyāyaśeṣeṇa jñāninaḥ kaivalyārthinaś cāpunarāvṛttim aiśvaryārthinaḥ punarāvṛttiṃ cāha --

8.15

mām upetya punarjanma duḥkhālayam aśāśvatam |
nāpnuvanti mahātmānaḥ saṃsiddhiṃ paramāṃ gatāḥ ||
māṃ prāpya punarnikhiladuḥkhālayam aśāśvatam asthiraṃ janma na prāpnuvanti / yata ete mahātmānaḥ mahāmanasaḥ, yathāvasthitamatsvarūpajñānānā atyarthamatpriyatvena mayā vinā ātmadhāraṇam alabhamānā mayy āsktamanaso madāśrayā mām upāsya paramasaṃsiddhirūpaṃ māṃ prāptāḥ //

p203299

aiśvaryagatiṃ prāptānāṃ bhagavantaṃ prāptānāṃ ca punarāvṛttau apunarāvṛttau ca hetum anantaram āha --

8.16

ā brahmabhuvanāl lokāḥ punarāvartino 'rjuna |
mām upetya tu kaunteya punarjanma na vidyate ||
brahmalokaparyantāḥ brahmāṇḍodaravartinas sarve lokā bhogāiśvaryālayāḥ punarāvartinaḥ vināśinaḥ / ata aiśvaryagatiṃ prāptānāṃ prāpyasthānavināśād vināśitvam avarjanīyam / māṃ sarvajñaṃ satyasaṅkalpaṃ nikhilajagadutpattisthitilayalīlaṃ paramakāruṇikaṃ sadaikarūpaṃ prāptānāṃ vināśaprasaṅgābhāvāt teṣāṃ punarjanma na vidyate //

p203954

brahmalokaparyantānāṃ lokānāṃ tadantarvartināṃ ca paramapuruṣasaṅkalpakṛtām utpattivināśakālavyavasthām āha --

8.17

sahasrayugaparyantam ahar yad brahmaṇo viduḥ |
rātriṃ yugasahasrāntāṃ te 'horātravido janāḥ ||

8.18

avyaktād vyaktayaḥ sarvāḥ prabhavanty aharāgame |
rātryāgame pralīyante tatraivāvyaktasaṃjñake ||

8.19

bhūtagrāmaḥ sa evāyaṃ bhūtvā bhūtvā pralīyate |
rātryāgame 'vaśaḥ pārtha prabhavaty aharāgame ||
ye manuṣyādicaturmukhāntānāṃ matsaṅkalpakṛtāhorātravyavasthāvido janāḥ, te brahmaṇaś caturmukhasya yad ahaḥ tac caturyugasahasrāvasānaṃ viduḥ, rātriṃ ca tathārūpām / tatra brahmaṇo 'harāgamasamaye trailokyāntarvartinyo dehendriyabhogyabhogasthānarūpā vyaktaś caturmukhadehāvasthād avyaktāt prabhavanti / tatraiva avyaktāvasthāviśeṣe caturmukhadehe rātryāgamasamaye pralīyante / sa evāyaṃ karmavaśyo bhūtagrāmo 'harāgame bhūtvā bhutvā rātryāgame pralīyate / punar apy aharāgame prabhavati / tathā varṣatāvasānarūpayugasahasrānte brahmalokaparyantā lokāḥ brahmā ca, "pṛthivyapsu pralīyate āpastejasi līyante" ityādikrameṇa avyaktākṣaratamaḥparyantaṃ mayy eva pralīyante / evaṃ madvyatiriktasya kṛtsnasya kālavyavasthayā matta utpatteḥ mayi
pralayāc cotpattivināśayogitvam avarjanīyam ity aiśvaryagatiṃ prāptānāṃ punarāvṛttir aparihāryā / mām upetānāṃ tu na punarāvṛttiprasaṅgaḥ //

p205515

atha kaivalyaṃ praptānām api punarāvṛttir na vidyata ity aha --

8.20

paras tasmāt tu bhāvo 'nyo 'vyakto 'vyaktāt sanātanaḥ |
yasya sarveṣu bhūteṣu naśyatsu na vinaśyati ||

8.21

avyakto 'kṣara ity uktas tam āhuḥ paramāṃ gatim |
yaṃ prāpya na nivartante tad dhāma paramaṃ mama ||

1.20-21

tasmād avyaktād acetanaprakṛtirūpāt puruṣārthatayā paraḥ utkṛṣṭo bhāvo 'nyo jñānaikākāratayā tasmād visajātīyaḥ, avyaktaḥ kenacit pramāṇena na vyajyata ity avyaktaḥ, svasaṃvedyasvāsādhāraṇākāra ityarthaḥ; sanātanaḥ utpattivināśānarhatayā nityaḥ yaḥ sarveṣu viyadādibhūteṣu sakāraṇeṣu sakāryeṣu vinaśyatsu tatra tatra sthito 'pi na vinaśyati; saḥ avyakto 'kṣara ityuktaḥ, "ye tv akṣaram anirdeśyam avyaktaṃ paryupāsate", "kūṭastho 'kṣara ucyate" ityādiṣu -- taṃ vedavidaḥ paramāṃ gatim āhuḥ / ayam eva, "yaḥ prayāti tyajan dehaṃ sa yāti paramāṃ gatim" ity atra paramagatiśabdanirdiṣṭo 'kṣaraḥ prakṛtisaṃsargaviyuktasvasvarūpeṇāvasthita ātmetyarthaḥ / yam evaṃbhūtaṃ svarūpeṇāvasthitaṃ prāpya na nivartante; tan mama paramaṃ
dhāma paraṃ niyamanasthānam / acetanaprakṛtir ekaṃ niyamanasthānam; tatsaṃsṛṣṭarūpā jīvaprakṛtir dvitīyaṃ niyamanasthānam / acitsaṃsargaviyuktaṃ svarūeṇāvathitaṃ muktasvarūpaṃ paramaṃ niyamanasthānam ityarthaḥ / tac cāpunarāvṛttirūpam / atha vā prakāśavācī dhāmaśabdaḥ; prakāśaḥ ceha jñānam abhipretam; prakṛtisaṃsṛṣṭāt parichinnajñānarūpād ātmano 'paricchinnajñānarūpatayā muktasvarūpaṃ paraṃ dhāma //

p207126

jñāninaḥ prāpyaṃ tu tasmād atyantavibhaktam ity āha --

8.22

puruṣas sa paraḥ pārtha bhaktyā labhyas tv ananyayā |
yasyāntassthāni bhūtāni yena sarvam idaṃ tatam ||

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