[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Philosophy](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana) › [Logic and epistemology](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya) › [Nyāyasūtra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra) › [Nyayasutroddhara](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vacaspati-misra) › 4.1 # Nyayasutra 4.1 Nyāyasūtroddhāra 4.1 - **Language:** Sanskrit ### [4.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vacaspati-misra.4.1) atrakathāsāmānyalakṣaṇaṃ vibhāgaścākṣepalabhyau| yadyapi kathāsāmānyaṃ \[nya lakṣaṇaṃ \] noddiṣṭaṃ tathāpyekaṃ lakṣaṇīyameva | anyathā vādādilakṣaṇasūtrāṇāṃ pūrvāparaprakaraṇāntarbhūtānāmekaikasūtreṇāprakaraṇatvācchāstrasya bahirbhāvāpatteḥ | sūtrakṛtā tathātvenānuddeśaḥ kathāsāmānyasyaikaṃ prayojanaṃ nāstīti jñāpanāya | yadyapi kathāmātre paranigrahasthānapratipādanamekaṃ ...mabhimatana sādhanasvarūpālambha iti | vāde sarvānigrahasthānaniṣedhe prāpte'bhimatārthānigrahasthānaprāptyarthaṃ siddhāntāviruddha ityādinā viśeṣo'bhidhīyate, na hiṃsyāt sarvābhūtānīti niṣedhe agniṣomīyaṃ paśumālabhete tivat | tatrārthāt siddhāntāviruddha ityanenāpasiddhāntopagrahaḥ | sarvahetvābhāsānāṃ ca teṣāṃ siddhānte niṣedhena tadvirodhitvāt | avayavopapattyā cāmīṣāmupagrahaḥ pañcagrahaṇāt | nyūnādhikayorityaṣṭanigrahādhikaraṇo vādaḥ | anye tu pramāṇatarkābhyāṃ sādhanasyaivānvayo nopālambhasyetyupālambhahetutayā sakalanigrahasthānaprāptau siddhāntāviruddha ityādi parisaṃkhyā vyavacchedakaphalatvena rāgataḥ sarvapañcanakhabhakṣaprāptau pañca pañcanakhā bhakṣyā itivadityāhuḥ | nanu yathā rāgaprāptā sarvadhanopāyapravṛttirbrāhmaṇasya yājanādhyāpanapratigrahairbrāhmaṇo dhanamarjayediti vacanenettaropāyavyavacchedena niyamyate | tathātrāpīti rāgaprāptameva śaśādibhakṣaṇaṃ śvādibhakṣaṇavyavacchedena niyamyata iti na parisaṃkhyāyā niyamād bheda iti | atrāhūḥ-vidhistyantamaprāptau niyamaḥ pākṣike sati | tatra cānyatra ca prāptau parisaṃkhyābhidhīyate | iti | asyārthaḥ, pākṣike vikalpe sati niyamaḥ| tathā ca yadviṣayā ekāpi kriyā taditaraviṣayā na saṃbhavati, tatra niyamaḥ| yatra cobhayaviṣayaikā kriyā saṃbhavati tatra parisaṃkhyā | yathā śaśādibhakṣaṇakriyā śvādimāṃsaviṣayāpyubhayamāṃsanirmitavaṭakādināṃpa nirvahatīti militānvayaprāptau pārasaṃkhyā| tathā ca vyavacchedaphalakatve'pyanayorvikalpasamuccayaviṣayatayā bheda iti | evaṃ ca tattvanirṇiṇīṣāprayuktā kathā vāda iti siddhaṃ lakṣaṇam | atra vāde caturddhā nigrahasthānagatiḥ | tathā hi kiñcidasaṃbhānīyameva | yathā pratijñāhāniḥ pratijñāsaṃnyāso nirarthakamarthāntaramavijñātārthamapārthakamiti ṣaṭkam | yadyapyetānyapyatra saṃbhavanti tathāpi aśaktisaṃgrahaṇārtham na saṃbhavantīti draṣṭavyam | kiñcit saṃbhavadapyanudbhāvyam | yathā pratijñāntaraṃ hetvantaramajñānamapratibhāvikṣepomatānujñāparyanuyojyopekṣaṇamiti saptakam | tattvanirṇayāparipanthitvāt naiṣāmudbhāvanam | kiñcidudbhāvyamātram | natu tadudbhāvanenaiva kathāvicchedaḥ, yathā virodho'prāptakālam nyūnamadhikaṃ punaruktamayathānubhāṣaṇamapasiddhānta iti saptakam | eṣu yathāsaṃkhyaṃ yogyatākāṅkṣāvirahā kāṅkṣitānāsattyanākāṅkṣitāsatyuktā | pratisandhāna svīkṛtapramāṇavirodhānāṃ tattvanirṇayavighaṭakānāṃ sattvāt | kiñcicca kathāvasānikam | yathā hetvābhāsā niranuyojyānuyogaśca sākṣādeva tattvadhīviropitvāt | atra ca vādinorvītarāgatayā stheyasya dhanādyalipsutayā ca nānuvidheyasyāvaśyakatārta draṣṭavyam | vādadvārā phalasaṃbandhena jaghanyatayā vādānantaramubhayapakṣasthāpanāvattvena vitaṇḍotkarṣāttataḥ prāg jalpalakṣaṇāya sūtram— - [Previous: 3.40](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vacaspati-misra.3.40) - [Next: 4.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vacaspati-misra.4.2) - [Up: 4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vacaspati-misra.4) ## Linked texts (1) - [Nyāyasūtra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra.1.2.1) — Akṣapāda Gautama, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vacaspati-misra.4.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vacaspati-misra.4.1) · Pramāṇa