[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Philosophy](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana) › [Logic and epistemology](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya) › [Nyāyasūtra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra) › [Nyāyabhāṣya](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana) › [Nyayabhashya (complete text)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete) › 11.38 # Commentary on the Nyāyasūtra 11.38 Nyāyabhāṣya (complete text) 11.38 - **Language:** Sanskrit ### [11.38](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.11.38) udāharaṇāpekṣastathetyupasaṃhāro na tatheti vā sādhyasyopanayaḥ || ### [11.38.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.11.38.p1) ||pariśuddhiḥ|| ### [11.38.p2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.11.38.p2) saṃgatiṃ karoti---udāharaṇānantaramiti| ānantaryamevakuta ityata āha---parāmarśeti| etadeva kuta ityata āha---udāharaṇeti| viṣayabhūtayorvyāptipakṣadharmatayorniyatapaurvāparyapratipattitvena viṣayaviṣayiṇorapyudāharaṇopanayayoḥ paurvāparyaniyama ityarthaḥ| nanu nāvaśyaṃ jñānakramaniyamaṃ tadvacanakramaniyamo'nurudhyate, viparyayeṇāpyabhidhānadarśanādityata āha---svapratipattāviti| vyāptipakṣadharmatājñāne hi anumityupayoginī| te ca yathā svasyotpadyete tathā parasyāpyutpādanīye, svapratipattyanusāreṇa parāvabodhanāt| svayaṃ ca vyāptijñānādindriyādisahāyāt pakṣadharmatāvagamo na tu viparyayaḥ| tataḥ parasyāpyudāharaṇavacanena vyāptijñānumutpādya tatsahacaritenopanayavacanena pakṣadharmatāpratyaya utpādanīyaḥ, kevalasya vyāptismaraṇasya ### [11.38.p3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.11.38.p3) vyāptismaraṇasya tadanutpādakatvāt| indriyādisthānīyasya cāparasya abhāvāt| tasmādarthasiddhaḥ paurvāparyaniyama udāharaṇopanayayorityartha iti antataḥ phakvikā yojyeti|| ### [11.38.p4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.11.38.p4) tathātvātathātvayoriti| tathātvenopasaṃhārasyātathātvenopasaṃhārasyetyarthaḥ| hetoḥ upasaṃhāraḥ sādhyadharmiṇīti ### [11.38.p5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.11.38.p5) śeṣaḥ| atrāpīti| yathāśrutyarthābhyāmudāharaṇasūtram ubhayamupalakṣayati, tathedamapi sūtram ityarthaḥ| tatrārthaṃ tāvadāha---udāharaṇeti| sādhyasya hetumattayeti prakṛtam| śrautaṃ viśeṣalakṣaṇadvayamāha---tatheti| udāharaṇātideśenaiva vāśabdo'pi sautro vyākhyātaḥ| vyutpannāvyutpannatayeti| yadyapi pā\*carūpyopapannaliṅgānusandhānaṃ vyutpannasyāpi pratipattisādhanaṃ niyatameva, tathāpi pratisandhānaṃ pratyaniyamaḥ, saṃskāratāratamyenodbodhakasyāniyamāt, tena tasya durunneyatvāt kṛtṛrāsadivādivad avyutpannaṃ pratyanaṅgatvācca| yāvatā yādṛśā vopāyena svayamarthaḥ pratītaḥ, tāvattādṛgupāyapratipādanena para pratipādyaḥ| tasya svātmanyevopāyatayā pramāṇasiddhatvādityarthaḥ| etadeva na ca yathetyādinā darśitam|| ### [11.38.p6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.11.38.p6) nanu vacanena svabodhasaṃkrāntiḥ pratipādanam, sacārthaḥ pratipādyaḥ svaśabdena yaḥ śabdāntareṇākṣipto'pi na| upanayārthastu hetunaivākṣipta iti codyārthamāha---yadyapītyādi| etāvadatra syādupanayārthaṃ vyutpannaḥ svayaṃ vā ūheta, hetuvacanād vā pratipadyeta, tadākṣepato vā niścinuyāt? ādyo vyutpannetyādinā dūṣitaḥ| dvitīyaṃ dūṣayati---yatpara iti| tṛtīyaṃ dūṣayati---sāmarthyāditi| athaivaṃ manvīthā yadyapi kṛtakatvāditi sādhanaparaṃ vacanam tathāpi dvidhā hi tatparatā śabdānām, upapannatayā upapādanīyatayā ca| tatra prathama upapannatayā svārthamavabodhayan tannāntarīyakamarthamākṣipati, yathā jitaṃ nakuleneti siddhāvasthāyāṃ sarpaparājayam| dvitīyastu upapādanīyatayā svārthaṃ pratipādayannapi kathaṃ tannāntarīyakamapyarthamākṣipet, yathā sa eva nakulavijayaḥ sādhanīyāvasthāyām| tathātve vā pratijñaiva sarvamākṣipediti gataṃ hetunāpi| tasmāt sādhanatvenoddiṣṭe'pi kṛtakatve tādrūpyasyāsiddhatvāt na tena vyāpterākṣepa iti nānarthakam udāharaṇam| nanvetat samānamupanaye'pītyāśayavānāha---tadvidhasyāpīti| etena nigamanaṃ --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.11.38](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.11.38) · Pramāṇa