[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Philosophy](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana) › [Logic and epistemology](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya) › [Nyāyasūtra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra) › [Nyāyabhāṣya](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana) › [Nyayabhashya (complete text)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete) › 21.3 # Commentary on the Nyāyasūtra 21.3 Nyāyabhāṣya (complete text) 21.3 - **Language:** Sanskrit ### [21.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3) sākṣātkāra iti| tāvadayaṃ pramātā sākāṃkṣo yāvadupadhānavyavahitaṃ svarūpamupalabhate| upadhānānapekṣastu pratyakṣeṇāvyavahitaṃ sākṣād varhina viṣayīkṛtya nirākāṃkṣo bhavati| dhūmāṅgatvena dhūmaviśeṣaṇatveneti kecit| tattu prakṛtānupayogitayā ayuktamiti| upasaṃharati--ataḥ pradhānamiti| so'yaṃ guṇapradhānabhāvo bhedāśrayo vyavasthāyāṃ nāsti, vyavasthitānāṃ pratyekamekatvāt| tasmād vyavasthāyāṃ guṇapradhānabhāvo na cintya iti| itiḥ sūtrasamāptau || ### [21.3.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p1) ||iti nyāyatrisūtrītātparyaṭīkā|| ### [21.3.p2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p2) || ṭīkā|| ### [21.3.p3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p3) pratyakṣādipramāṇaviśeṣalakṣaṇānām arthākṣiptasāmānyalakṣaṇavibhāgoddeśahetutvena tadanantarābhidhānamityāha--atha vibhaktānāmiti| tatra teṣu madhye prāthamyāt pratyakṣalakṣaṇam indriyārthasannikarṣotpannam ityādi sūtram| asya tātparyamāha--sūtrārthaḥ sūtraprayojanam| samānāsamānajātīyaviśeṣakatvam| samānajātīyamanumānādi, asamānajātīyaṃ pratyakṣābhāsaprameyādi| tebhyo viśeṣakatvaṃ viśeṣaḥ| tadasya sūtrasya prayojanam| yaḥ khalu kutaścid vyāmohāt samānāsamānajātīyavyāvṛttaṃ tadrūpaṃ na śakroti grahītum, so'nena lakṣaṇena bodhyate| evaṃlakṣaṇakaṃ pratyakṣamiti| tasmāt sāmānnayataḥ siddhaviviktapratyakṣamātrānuvādena lakṣaṇavidhānaparamidaṃ sūtram| itastvavagatalakṣaṇaḥ tenaiva vivicya pratyakṣatattvaṃ gṛhṇātīti samānāsamānajātīyavyavacchedaḥ sūtrārtha ukta iti| atra ca yaha ityadhyāhṛtya yattadonityābhisaṃbandhāt tat pratyakṣamiti pramāṇavāci pratyakṣapadra yojanīyam| evaṃ ca jñānapramāṇyapakṣe'pi yat tadviśeṣyajñānaṃ pratyakṣaphalaṃ liṅgaparāmarśo vā tadapīndriyārthasannikarṣotvannatvādyupetatvena bhavati pramāṇaviśeṣaṇamiti nāvyāpakatvaṃ lakṣaṇasyeti|| ### [21.3.p4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p4) sūtrapadārthaṃ pṛcchati---atheti| uttaram--indriyeti| sannikarṣagrahaṇalabhyaṃ prakārabhedaṃ parisaṃcaṣṭe--sannikarṣaḥ punariti| punaḥśabdena saṃyogasamavāyapadopādānāt vyavacchinatti| saṃyogapadopādāne hi na samavāyo labhyate, samavāyapadopādāne vā na saṃyogaḥ| sannikarṣapadopādāne tvabhimatalābhaḥ| arthagrahaṇenārthyamāṇatayā jñeyasvarūpyogyatā darśitā| na cāsāvaṇvākāśādīnāmastīti satyapi saṃyogādau nāsāvarthasannikarṣa iti tadvyudāsaḥ| utpannagrahaṇena ca sannikarṣasyotpādakatvaṃ sūcitam| tataḥ satyapyarthasvarūpayogyatve saṃyuktasaṃyogāderanutpādakasya sannikarṣasya vyudāsaḥ| anyathā kuḍyādisaṃyuktenendriyeṇa kuḍyādivyavahitasya tatsaṃyuktasya ghaṭādeḥ tatsamavetasya ca rūpāderapi grahaṇaprasaṅgaḥ| na caitāvatā trividha eva sannikarṣaḥ saṃyogaḥ saṃyuktasamavāyaḥ samavāyaśceti sāṃpratam| svatantravyāghātādanubhavavyāghātācca| ye hi dravyaguṇakarmāśrayaṃ sāmānyātiriktaṃ sādṛśsayamarthānataraṃ rocayante, teṣāṃ kathaṃ rūpādibhedānāmanyonyasya sādṛśyaṃ pratyakṣaṃ bhavet ? na hi tadindriyeṇa saṃyuktam| nāpīndriyasaṃyuktasamavetam| tasmāt caturthaḥsaṃyuktasamavetasamavāyo'bhyupagantavyaḥ| itarathā svatantravyāghātaḥ, anubhavavyāghātaśca| anubhūyante hi rūpagandhatvādayaḥ sāmānyaviśeṣā anugatāḥ, tāsu tāsu vyaktiṣu parasparavyāvṛttimatīṣu ete nānubhūyeran asati sannikarṣāntare| yadi tu vaiyātyādāhuḥ nānubhūyanta eveti, tadā prativaktavyaṃ kutastyo'yamanantāsu rūpagandhādivyaktiṣu rūpamiti vā gandha iti vā vyapadeśabhedaḥ? cākṣuṣatvādyupādhinibandhana iti cet--na, ananusaṃhitopādherūpahitapratyayāyogāt| na khalvananusaṃhitadaṇḍaścaitraṃ daṇḍīti vyapadiśati| na cendriyāṇyatīndriyāṇīndriyadarśanaviṣayabhāvamanubhavanti| tasmādastīndriyeṇa rūpatvādisāmānyānubhavo yannibandhanāḥ ### [21.3.p5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p5) kāsucideva kecideva vyaktiṣu vyapadeśebhedā iti siddhaṃ sannikarṣāntaram| viśeṣaṇabhāvena ca saṃyuktaviśeṣaṇaṃ samavetaviśeṣaṇa ca saṃgṛhītam|| ### [21.3.p6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p6) yasyendriyeṇa yādṛśaḥ sannikarṣaḥ tādṛśaṃ tatra darśayati--tatra cakṣuriti| śabdassya ākāśaguṇatvam| karṇaśaṣkulyavacchinnasya nabhobhāgasya śrotratvam| ādyasyaiva śabdasya saṃyogavibhāgayonijatvam| santānena śrotre samutpādaḥ samavāya ityādi dvitīye nipuṇataramupapādayiṣyate| avayavāvayavinau guṇaguṇinau kriyākriyāvantau jātijātimantau ca mithaḥ saṃbaddhāvanubhūtete| nānyathā tantuṣu paṭa iti ca, śuklaḥ paṭa iti ca, paṭaḥ spandate iti ca, paṭo dravyamiti ca buddhivyapadeśau syātām| śuklaḥ paṭa ityādi sāmānādhikaraṇyajñānaṃ na tu saṃbandhijñānamiti cet? kiṃ punaridaṃ sāmānādhikaraṇyam? tādātmyamiti cet--na, dvitīyabuddhivyapadeśayoḥ paunaruktyāt| apaunarūktyaṃ cābhimanyante pratipattāraḥ, yadanyataradupalabhyānyad bubhutsante| na caikaṃ vastu dvyātmakamiti yuktam| bhedādhiṣṭhānasya ### [21.3.p7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p7) tannāntarīyakasya dvitvasyaikātmani virodhenāsaṃbhavāt| tasmād bhinne eva vastunī saṃbaddhe sāmānādhikaraṇyena bhāsete, asaṃbandhe gauraśva itivat tadanupapatteḥ| saṃbandhe'pi kuṇḍe dadhītivadvaiyadhikaraṇyaprasaṅga iti cet--na, śabdavṛttibhedena saṃbandhābhede'pi sāmānādhikaraṇyavaiyadhikaraṇyavyavasthāpanāt| na hi jātu dadhiśabdaḥ kuṇḍe vartate kuṇḍaśabdo vā dadhni| vartante tu surabhimadharaśuklādiśabdāḥ svābhidheyaṃ nimittīkṛtya paṭādiṣu, evaṃ paṭādiśabdā api jātyādi nimittīkṛtya dravye pravartante iti sāmānādhikaraṇyam| tena sāmānādhikaraṇye'pi pravṛttinimittānāṃ naikātmyaṃ parasparam| nāpi dravyeṇa, kiṃ tu taistainvitamekaṃ dravyaṃ pratīyate| śabdānāṃ tu tatraikasmin dravye pravṛtteḥ tadvācyānāmaikātmyabhramaḥ| ayutasiddhyā tu kuṇḍe dadhītivat na sphuṭataro vivekaprakāśaḥ| tadevamasti saṃbaddhānubhavaḥ, na cāsau saṃbaddhānubhavaṃ vineti saṃbandho'nubhūyate, sa cāyutasiddhyādisaṃpattyā samavāyaḥ, na cāsyānyaḥ samavāyaḥ, avasthānāt| na cendriyeṇāsya saṃyogaḥ adravyatvāt| na cāsaṃbaddhasya grahaṇam, indriyāṇāṃ prāpyakāritvasamarthanāt| tasmāt viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyabhāvaḥ pariśiṣyate| nanvayaṃ viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyabhāvo'nyatra saṃbandhāntarapūvrako dṛṣṭaḥ| tat kimatra saṃbandhāntaraṃ kalpyatām? tathā cānavasthā ityuktam| na cendriyāsaṃvabaddhasya grahaṇam| tasmād vinā saṃbandhāntaraṃ viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyabhāva eṣitavya iti siddham|| ### [21.3.p8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p8) evamabhāve'pi yadindriyasaṃyuktaṃ vā yadvendriyasamavetu yathā bhūtale ghaṭo nāstīti vā nāstyakāre'nudāttasvara iti vā tasya saṃyuktasya vā viśeṣaṇabhāvena, samavetasya viśeṣaṇabhāvena cendriyapratyāsattyā grahaṇam| na ca bhūtalādirūpameva ghaṭābhāvo nārthāntaramiti sāṃpratam, satyapi ghaṭādau bhūtalasya bhāvāt| na ca kaivalyaṃ tasya dharmo ghaṭabhāvavirodhī ghaṭābhāvādanyaḥ| na ca dṛśye ghaṭādau bhūtalopalambhaḥ kaivalyamabhāvavyavahāraheturiti yuktam| evaṃ hi ghaṭasaṃsṛṣṭabhūtalagraho'pi kaivalyamiti ghaṭābhāvavyavahāraṃ pravartayet| na hyadṛśyo ghaṭastadānīṃ dṛśyamānaḥ| dṛśye'nupalabhyamāna iti tu viśeṣaṇe kimaparāddhamupalabhyābhāvena yena tadapākaraṇāyopalambhābhāvo'bhyupeyate? tasmāt sadivāsadapi tattvamabhyupeyam| tacca pratyakṣamakṣavyāpāre sati tatpratyayāt| na ca pratiyogismaraṇavyavahita indriyārthasannikarṣo nālamabhāvadhiyamupajanayitumiti sāṃpratamityagra darśayiṣyāmaḥ| savikalpakassa pratyakṣatvasiddhau yathā śabdasmaraṇapūrvagṛhītapiṇḍānusandhānādayo nendriyavyāpāraṃ vyavadadhatīti, na ca śabdasmaraṇādīnāmanuyogitā, bhūtalavikalpaṃ pratyaṅgatvāt, svāṅgamavyavadhāyakamiti nyāyāt, ghaṭasya tu pratiyogiteti sāṃpratam| kasya punaḥ pratiyogī ghaṭaḥ? tadabhāvasyeti ced bhavatu| ghaṭābhāvānubhavasya tu ghaṭasmaraṇaṃ heturiti na pratiyogi, kiṃ tvanuyogyeva| nanu svarūpamātraṃ dṛṣṭaṃ veśmādyarthaṃ smaranneva bahirnitaścaitro yadā pṛcchyate kenacit--vayasya, tava gṛhe tadā kimāsīt maitra iti ? sa caitraḥ pratiyogismaraṇavirahāt pūrvamapratipannamaitrābhāvo'pi tatpraśnajanitamaitrasmṛtiḥ kṣaṇaṃ dhyātva tadabhāvamavagamyāha, mitra, tatra nāsīt maitra iti| tadīyamasatīndriyārthasannikarṣe'bhāvabuddhirbhavantī pratyakṣādyatiriktamabhāvākhyaṃ pramāṇa vyavasthāpayatīti| naitat, saṃyuktaviśeṣaṇalakṣaṇena manaḥsannikarṣeṇa smartavyasya smaraṇābhāvaṃ maitrasya gṛhītvā tena liḍgena tadabhāvasya tadānīmanumānāt| tathā hi tadgehaṃ tadā maitrābhāvavat jñānārhasya maitrasyājñāne gehasya jñāyamānatvāt| yad yasya jñānārhasyājñāne jñāyate tat tadabhā vavat| yathā ghaṭabhāvavad bhūtalam| tathā ca geham| tasmāt tathā| na ca yat kadācidānumānikaṃ tenenidrayagamyena na bhavitavyam, pramāṇasaṃplavavyavasthāpanāt| tat saddhiṃ viśeṣaṇabhāvādabhāvasyendriyaprameyateti| saṃyogasamavāyapadaparihāreṇa ### [21.3.p9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p9) sannikarṣapadopādānasya prayojanamāha---so'yaṃ sannikarṣaśabda iti|| ### [21.3.p10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p10) tadanena prabandhena indriyasyārthena sannikarṣād yadutpadyate jñānaṃ tat pratyakṣamiti bhāṣyaṃ vyākhyātam| saṃprati na tarhīti codyabhāṣyaṃ vyācaṣṭe---yadīndriyārtheti| pratyakṣajñānakāraṇābhidhānapravṛttestadekadeśaṃ vadannakuśalaḥ sūtrakāraḥ syādityarthaḥ| kāraṇāntarāṇi darśayati--tadyatheti| viṣayasaṃyoti cakṣurālokaśca| tatsthaṃ rūpam| ātmīyena hi rūpeṇālokacakṣuṣī dravyaṃ darśayata iti sthitiḥ| mahattvaṃ vā anekadravyavattvaṃ vā, anekadravyā avayavāḥ, tadvattvamavayavino mahata eva na dvyaṇukasya, tasmādanyonyanirapekṣatvaṃ mahattvānekadravyavattvayoriti vikalpa eva nyāyya iti| satyapyevaṃlakṣaṇakatve cukṣuravayavinastaijasasya na cākṣuṣatvamityata uktam--upalabdhikalaḥ saṃskāra iti| dharmādharmanimitta ubhdavasamākhyātaḥ saṃskāraḥ upalabdhiphalaḥ| na cāsau cakṣuṣi, tasyādṛṣṭavaśenānudbhūtarūpasparśatvādityarthaḥ| pariharati--na vaktavyāni iti| pratyakṣalakṣaṇakaraṇapravṛtto hi sūtrakāraḥ tadeva brūyāt yadasyāsādhāraṇaṃ kāraṇam| na tu sadapi sādhāraṇamasya kāraṇam| na hi tat tasya lakṣaṇamativyāpterityarthaḥ| tadanena nedam ityādi bhāṣyaṃ vyākhyātam| asādhāraṇaṃ kāraṇaṃ cet pratyakṣalakṣaṇāyopādeyaṃ hanta, anyadapyasyāsādhāraṇamasti kāraṇamiti tadapyupādeyamiti codayati--indriyamanaḥ- saṃyogastarhīti| tadanena manasastarhītyasya ### [21.3.p11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p11) bhāṣyasyārtha ukto veditavyaḥ| pariharati-na, anenaiva indriyārthasannikarṣeṇaiva| tasya---indriyamanaḥsannikarṣasya uktatvāt| taduktisādhyaṃ yat tat tenaiva kṛtam| tatsādhyaṃ tvindriyamanaḥsannikarṣo na śaknoti sādhayitum| na ca sukhādijñāne mānase astīndriyamanaḥsannikarṣaḥ| indriyārthasannikarṣastu sarvavyāpakaḥ| vakṣyati hi manasa indriyatvam| sukhādeścārthatvaṃ siddhameveti| saṃprati vyāpakatvamabhyupetya parīhārāntaramāha---indriyārtheti| yadyapīndriyamanaḥsannikarṣe'pīndriyam asti pratyakṣajñānasya viśeṣakam indriyeṇa vyapadeśādindriyajñānamiti, tathāpi manasā vyapadeśāmāvāt manasastatrāviśeṣakatvam indriyārthasannikarṣe tūbhayamapi viśeṣakam, ubhābhyāṃ pratyakṣajñānasya vyapadeśādityayamasyendriyamanaḥsannikarṣādviśeṣa iti|| ### [21.3.p12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p12) codayati--yadā tviti| tuśabdaḥ pūrvapakṣaṃ vyāvartayati| yu\*jānasya hi yogino yadātmamanaḥsayogādātmani buddhayo bhavanti tāḥ khalvātmanā vyapadiśyante ātmabuddhaya iti| manasā ca vyapadiśyante manobuddhaya iti| tasmādubhābhyāṃ vyapadeśād ubhayorviśeṣakatvamitīndriyārthasannikarṣavadātmamanaḥsannikarṣo vaktavya ityarthaḥ| pariharati--yacceti| co'vadhāraṇe| yadevāsādhāraṇaṃ tad vyapadeśabhāgbhavati, kāraṇatvena jñānaṃ vyapadiśyate ityarthaḥ| etaduktaṃ bhavati---yathā cukṣuṣā indriyatvena jñānaṃ vyapadiśyate cākṣuṣamiti, tathā manasāpīndriyatvena vyapadiśyate jñānaṃ mānasamiti| evaṃ yathā rūpeṇārthena vyapadiśyate jñānaṃ rūpajñānamiti, tathā ātmanāpyarthena vyapadiśyate ātmajñānamiti, tatra cāsādhāraṇatvameva tayoḥ| yatra tvindriyāntaramevāsādhāraṇam, liḍgādi vā tatra cātmā nārtho'pi tu pramātaiva| yathā rūpādijñāne'numānādijñāne vā na tatra jñānaṃ mānasamiti vā ātmajñānamiti vā vyapadeśaḥ sa kasya hetāḥ, tayoḥ sādhāraṇyāt? ātmamanaḥsannikarṣastvindriyārthasannikarṣeṇa saṃgṛhīto na tvindriyārthasannikarṣasyaiṣa saṃgrāhako'vyāpakatvāditi|| ### [21.3.p13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p13) ekadeśinaḥ parīhāramupanyasyati--indriyamanaḥsaṃyogasya vā agrahaṇaṃ bhede'bhedāt| yadā hi nāgarayoṣitaḥ kutūhalāt praṇihitamanaso vikasitaniḥspandanayanotpalāḥ saudhamālāgavākṣakairavanipatiṃ sabalavāhanamaticiraparāvṛttaṃ gopureṇa niviśamānamālokayanti, tadā khlvāsāmekenaivendriyamanaḥsaṃyogena kramavadanekendriyārthasannikarṣasahakāriṇā bhinnāni kramavanti hāstikāśvīyādipratyakṣajñānāni jāyante| tadidamāha--yasmād iti| codayati--yadīti| yadā hi mandaṃ gacchati gavi dūrataḥ saṃyuktasamavāyenendriyārthasannikarṣeṇa śuklo gaurityajñāsīt, atha pratyāsīdan gacchatītyapi vijānāti tenaiva saṃyuktasamavāyena sannikarṣeṇa, tena pratyakṣajñānasya śukla iti ca gacchatīti ca bhede'pi indriyārthasannikarṣo na bhidyate| tasmādindriyārthasannikarṣe tulyatvādindriyamanaḥsaṃyogo'pi tatra vaktavya ityarthaḥ| pariharati--na vaktavyaḥ| kutaḥ--uktottaratvāditi| tadvibhajate--ukteti| nanu bhavatūktamuttaraṃ bhede'bhedādityasyākṣepaḥ samādhātavyaḥ ityata āha--anabhyupagamācca| ekadeśimatametadasmābhirnābhyupeyate| tasmānna samādheyam ityarthaḥ| tat kimidānīṃ bhidyamānasya pratyakṣajñānasya nāyaṃ bhidyata iti samānatvānnokta iti bhāṣyam anupapannameva? netyāha--indriyamanaḥsaṃyogasya cāgrahaṇaṃ samānatvāt| pṛcchati--keneti| uttaram"--ātmamana iti| punaḥ pṛcchati--kiṃ punaḥ samānatvam, uttaram--vyapadeśābhāva ityuktam| tena bhāṣyasyāyamarthaḥ| pratyakṣajñānasya rūpajñānasya rūpajñānamiti vā cakṣurvijñānamiti vā vyapadeśena bhidyamānasya ātmamanaḥsaṃyoga iva ayam indriyamanaḥsaṃyogo na bhidyate| evaṃ hi sa bhidyate, yadi svasaṃbandhivācakena vyapadeśena svamanyato vyāvartyate, na viśeṣaṇena viśiṣṭaṃ jñānamapyanyato vyāvartayet| ### [21.3.p14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p14) na tvasti indriyamanaḥsannikarṣādhārābhyāmindriyamanobhyāṃ pratyekamasya vyapadeśo yathendriyārthasannikarṣādhārābhyāṃ indriyārthābhyāṃ vyapadeśo rūpajñānamiti cakṣurjñānamiti vā| tasmād vyapadeśābhāva ātmamanaḥsannikarṣeṇa sāmyam indriyamanaḥsannikarṣasya| tasmāt samānatvāt nokta iti|| ### [21.3.p15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p15) prākarāntaraṃ samānatve darśayati--atīndriyādhāratā veti| lakṣaṇaṃ hi prasiddhaṃ bhavati yathā dhūmo vahneḥ na cātīndriyadvayādhārasannikarṣastathā prasiddho yathendriyārthasannikarṣo'rthasya saṃbandhina ekasnaya prasiddhatvāt, indriyamanasostu dvayoratīndriyatvāt| ātmā tu yadyapi yu\*jānasya śarīrādyatiriktaḥ pratyakṣaḥ, tathāpyasmadādīnāṃ na tathetyatīndriya uktaḥ| tadanenātīndriyādhāratvaṃ svarūpeṇoktvā tadevaṃ viṣayāvṛttitvamanovṛttitvābhyām atīndriyādhāratvaṃ sāmānyamāha--viṣayāvṛttitvaṃ veti| upasaṃharati--tasmāditi samānatvāditi bhāṣyokto hetuḥ, caritārthatvāditi svoktaḥ|| ### [21.3.p16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p16) ākṣipati--indriyārthasannikarṣotpannamityayuktamiti| sāntaragrahaṇāditi hetuṃ vibhajate--viprakṛṣṭeti| nanu nārtho viprakṛṣṭaḥ, cakṣuṣastatra prāpterityata āha--na tu cakṣuṣa iti| kasmādityata āha--bhūtaviśeṣasyeti| bāhyo bhūtaviśeṣa ālokaḥ| tasya prasāda indriyāvyavadhāyakatvam kuḍyādibhyo viśeṣaḥ yaḥ khalu kācābhrapaṭalādiṣu svaccheṣu samasti| ### [21.3.p17](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p17) syādetat| asti kṛṣṇasāralakṣaṇo bhūviśeṣaḥ prasannāndhasyāpi, atastasyāpi rūpopalabdhiḥ syāditpata āha--tattṛṣṇāpūrvaketi| rūpopabhogatṛṣṇā hi tatsādhanaṃ kṛṣṇasāramapi viṣayīkaroti| etaduktaṃ bhavati--bhūtaviśeṣaḥ karmāpekṣo rūpaṃ caṣṭa iti cakṣurityucyate| karmakṣāyāt tu prasannāndhasya na rūpaṃ caṣṭa iti na cakṣuḥ| astu golakameva cakṣuḥ kimetāvatāpītyāha--na ceti| vicchinnaṃ hi golakamarthādanubhūyata ityarthaḥ| tadevaṃ vastunaḥ sāntarasya grahaṇamaprāpyakāritve heturuktam|| ### [21.3.p18](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p18) kecit tu sāntaramiti grahaṇaviśeṣaṇaṃ heṃtu bruvate, tanmatamupanyasyati---apare tviti| sādhyaviparyayādasya vyatirekaṃ darśayati--na hi prāpyakāriṣviti pakṣadharmatāmāha--dṛṣṭaṃ tviti| yaccoktamaprāpyakāritve sādhanaṃ pṛthutaragrahaṇāditi, tadvibhajate--pṛthutareti| dvyāśrayo hi saṃyogo'lpameva saṃyoginamanurudhyate, na mahāntam| na jātu rathādisaṃyogā nabho vyaśnuvate, mā bhūt sarvatra rathādīnāṃ tatsaṃyogādīnāṃ copalabdhiḥ| tena yāvanmātra rāṣṭravanādergolakena vyāptaṃ tāvanmātrasya grahaṇaprasaṅgaḥ| hetvantaramāha--digiti| asyāpi vyatirekamukhena gamakatvaṃ darśayati---yadi prāpyakārīti| aparamapi hetumāha---sannikṛṣṭeti| yadyapi gatikṣaṇānāṃ pratyekaṃ spāśrayasya deśāntaravibhāgasaṃyogopajananaṃ prati kṣipratayā na viśeṣaḥ| svāśrayapratyāsattau cāviśeṣaḥ tathāpyā cāpādānavibhāgāt ā ca prāpanīyadeśaprāpterantarālavartī yāvān gatikṣaṇapracayaḥ pūrvāparībhūto gatiriha vivakṣitaḥ| tasya sāntaratvaṃ mandatvaṃ vilambaḥ nairantaryaṃ tu pāṭavaṃ kṣipratā| tāmimāṃ gatimabhindad nairantaryeṇa kurvadapi sannikṛṣṭamāśu prāpnoti| na viprakṛṣṭena tulyakālam, kiṃ tu viprakṛṣṭaṃ cireṇeti| yathoktaṃ digrāgena-- ### [21.3.p19](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p19) sāntaragrahaṇaṃ na syāt prāptau jñāne'dhikasya ca| ### [21.3.p20](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p20) bahirvartitvādindriyasyopapannaṃ sāntaragrahaṇamiti cet? ### [21.3.p21](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p21) ata uktam--- ### [21.3.p22](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p22) adhiṣṭhānād bahirnākṣaṃ ### [21.3.p23](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p23) kiṃ tvadhiṣṭhānadeśa evendriyam| kutaḥ? ### [21.3.p24](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p24) taccikitsādiyogataḥ|| ### [21.3.p25](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p25) satyapi ca bahirbhāve na śaktirviṣayekṣaṇe| ### [21.3.p26](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p26) yadi ca syāt tadā paśyedapyunmīlya nimīlanāt|| ### [21.3.p27](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p27) yadi ca syāt unmīlya nimīlitanayano'pi rūpaṃ paśyet, unmīlanādasti bahirindriyamiti|| ### [21.3.p28](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p28) tatra vārttikakāraḥ sāntaragrahaṇāditi hetuṃ vikalpya dūṣayati--yat tāvaditi| sāntaratā khalvaprāptisāhacaryāt| aprāptiṃ lakṣayati---hetvarthasya pratijñārthenākṣipratvāt amedena| taduktam--na pratijñārthād bhidyata iti| hetupratijñāpadavācyatvena bhedamupacaryākṣepyākṣepakabhāvo draṣṭavyaḥ| tasya vyavadhāyakatvāditi rūpavato'prasādasvabhāvasya kuḍyāderityarthaḥ| yat tu prasādasvabhāvaṃ tejaḥ tanna gṛhyate, kiṃ tu tasya rūpamātraṃ visphāritākṣaṇa dṛśyate| tadāśrayaṃ ca dravyaṃ sādhayiṣyate| na ca guṇo dravyasyāntaram| mā bhūd gandhādibhirantaraṃ dravyasya, mā na bhūtāṃ ca nirantare dravye, svaguṇābhyāmantaritatvāt| na cāpātajanmālocanaṃ vā vikalpo vā dravyānumānaṃ ### [21.3.p29](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p29) pratīkṣate yena rūpajñānānumitaṃ dravyam indriyarthayordravyayorantaraṃ syāt| api ca rūpamātramagṛhyamāṇe dravye svatantraṃ gandhādivad gṛhyamāṇaṃ kathamantarā svāśrayamanumāpayet, ākāśādīnāmāśrayāṇamagrahaṇāt? tasmād viṣaktāvayavatejodravyāpratyakṣatvasamāropamātreṇa dūṣaṇaṃ vakṣyamāṇaṃ tvanyathāsiddhatvadūṣaṇaṃ pāramārthikaṃ draṣṭavyam| athābhāvo'ntaraśabdavācya iti, nāsmākaṃ mūrtadravyābhāvādanyat ākāśamastīti bhāvaḥ| dūṣayati--sa svatantraścakṣurviṣayo na bhavati indriyaṃ cārthaṃ cāntarā abhāvo grāhyaḥ, tena sahārthasya grahaṇaṃ sāntaragrahaṇam| na cendriyārthayormadhyate kasyacit saṃyuktasya vā samavetasya vā grahaṇamasti, yattantro'yamabhāvo gṛhyeta iti bhāvaḥ|| ### [21.3.p30](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p30) syādetat| mā bhūdāntarālikaṃ saṃyuktaṃ vā samavetaṃ vā viśeṣyaṃ gṛhyamāṇameva tu rūpādiviśeṣyamiti| tattantro'yamabhāvaḥ tadviśeṣaṇatvena rirūpayiṣyate| tataśca sāntaragrahaṇamupapatsyata ityata āha--tena sahopalabdhāviti| pratīyate hi tvagādibhiḥ apīndriyaiḥ prāpyakāribhirauṣṇyābhavaviśeṣaṇa śiṣirataraṃ pāthaḥ| na cendriyāṇāmatrāprāpyakāritā, ### [21.3.p31](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p31) tasmādanaikāntikam| anvayābhyupagamenaitaduktam| anvayābhāve tu viruddhamiti bhāvaḥ| na ca taijasaṃ rūpamantaram, yena sāntaragrahaṇaṃ syādityāha--na cānyā gatirati| yathā caitat tathopapāditamadhastāt| ye tu sāntara iti grahaṇamiti hetumāhuḥ, tān prati dūṣaṇamāha---yairapīti| anyathāsiddhatve hetumāha--śarīreti| śarīrāvacchinnāḥ khalvātmānaḥ śarīrāyatanāḥ ### [21.3.p32](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p32) śarīramevātmānamabhimanyānā arthānanubhavanti| tatra ya eva śarīrāsaṃbaddha ityanubhūyate tameva sāntara iti manyate| indriyasaṃbandho bhavatu, mā vā bhūt, śarīrasaṃbandhena tasya sparśādau na sāntaratvābhimāna ityarthaḥ| hetvantaraṃ dūṣayati--yadapīti| saṃbandhamātreṇeti| mātragrahaṇaṃ saṃbandhacatuṣṭayavyāptyartham| tad yathā indriyeṇārthasya saṃbandhaḥ, indriyāvayavairarthasya, arthāvayavairindrayasya, indriyāvayavairarthāvayavānām| na caitat niryatā vinā pṛthvagratāṃ bhavatīti pṛthvagratā sūcitā| yathā vartideśe piṇḍitamapi tejaḥ prasarpat prāsādodaraṃ vyāpnoti| tat kasya hetoḥ? pṛthvagratvāditi| svabhāvataḥ prasaradapi na svaparimāṇānuvidhāyinaṃ pratyayamādhatte, kiṃ tu viṣayabhedānuvidhāyinam| viṣayanirūpaṇādhīnanirūpaṇā hi pratyayā nendriyanirūpaṇādhīnanirūpaṇāḥ| tadidamuktam---viṣayabhedānuvidhāyī pratyaya iti|| ### [21.3.p33](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p33) aparamapi hetuṃ dūṣayati--yat punariti| dehamarthaṃ cāntarāvasthitasya pṛthivyādeḥ saṃyuktasaṃyogālpīyastvaṃ bhūyastvaṃ cāpekṣamāṇasyeti| khagānāṃ coparyupari saṃcaratāṃ dūrāntikabhāvo bahulatamālokāvayavabhāgānāṃ saṃyuktasaṃyogālpatvabhūyastvābhyāmavagantavyaḥ| sa ca tādṛgālokāvayavī pratyakṣo'nyathā na rūpamātreṇa tadanumānaṃ śakyamityuktam| na ca khagānāmuparyupari saṃcaratāṃ dūrantikapratyayaḥ syāt| na ca patati patatriṇīha prāpto neheti bhavet| tasmādanyathāsiddhireva sahāntareṇa grahaṇāditivadatrāpi dūṣaṇamiti draṣṭavyam|| ### [21.3.p34](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p34) aparamapi hetuṃ dūṣayati--yat punariti| yugapadgrahaṇamasiddham, tadabhimānastu anyathāsiddhaḥ| acintyo hi tejaso lādhavātiśayena vegātiśayo yadudayagiriśikharam ārohatyeva mārtaṇḍamaṇḍale bhavanodareṣvāloka ityabhimāno laukikānām| tādṛśaṃ cākṣuṣamapi teja iti krameṇāpi gacchad yugapattatra tatra lakṣyate| na caikasmādeva karmaṇo yugapad durāntikasaṃyogā bhavantīti yuktam| taddhi svakārye janayitavye svāśrayapratyāsattim apekṣate| anyathā madhurāsthasya devadattasya karma pāṭaliputreṇa devadattaṃ yojayet| vegākhyasaṃskārajamapi karmana sahasā śaramantarāladeśena ca lakṣyeṇa ca yojayati| tasmāt mithyaiva yaugapadyābhimāna iti| codayati--kathaṃ punariti| asti hi śākhācandramasoḥ grahaṇe yaugapadyābhimānaḥ| na cāyamasati bādhake mithyeti vaktuṃ śakyaḥ| so'yamabādhito bodho'vabodhayatyaprāpyakāritāṃ cakṣuṣa ityarthaḥ| pariharati--idamiti| indriyaṃ yadyagatvānāgatamarthaṃ gṛhṇīyāt, kimasya kuḍyakaṭādyāvaraṇamapakuryāt yena tadāvṛtaṃ na gṛhṇīyāt| gatau tu sparśavatā prasādarahitena saivāsya pratibaddheti na prāpnoti viṣayam, aprāptaṃ ca na gṛhṇāti| prāyogastu, cakṣuḥśrotre prāpya svaviṣaye kāryaṃ kurutaḥ, janakatve sati ### [21.3.p35](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p35) tadaprāptāvajanakatvāt| yajjanakaṃ sad yadaprāptau yanna janayati tat tatprāptāveva tajjanayati, yathā kumbhajanakaḥ kumbhakāro mṛdo'prāptāvakurvan kumbhaṃ tatprāptāveva karoti| tathā caitat| tasmāt tatheti|| ### [21.3.p36](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p36) yuktyantaramāha--dūrāntikānuvidhānamiti| dūre nopalabhyate, antike ca upalabhyate| aprāpteraviśeṣeṇa dūre'pyupalambhaḥ syāt| anupalambhe vā antike'pi na syāt| prāptau tu dūraṃ gacchat prakṣīṇaṃ sat prāptamarthaṃ na gṛhṇāti ataijasam, taijasam apyabhibhūtaṃ na gṛhṇāti, yatholkāprakāśaṃ madhyandine| anabhibhūtaṃ tu mārtaṇḍamaṇḍalaṃ gṛhṇātyeveti| codayati--viṣayībhāvāditi| yogyo hi tādṛśa indriyakṣaṇaḥ svakāraṇādupajātaḥ pariṇato vārthakṣaṇaśca, yayoraprāptayoreva grahaṇagrāhyabhāvaḥ| vyavahitaviprakṛṣṭau ca na tau tādṛśau| tat kimapratīyamānaprāptikalpanayetyarthaḥ| pariharati---tacca naivamiti| niṣatsyete hi kṣaṇabhaṅgapariṇāmau bhāvānām| tena sthemabhājāṃ bhāvānāṃ svarūpayogyatā vā mahattvādirviṣayībhāvaḥ sahakārisākalyaṃ vā jñānopajananaṃ prati pariśiṣyate| tatra svarūpayogyatāmātraṃ cedāsthīyeta, tadā yadevāvyavahitaṃ sannihitaṃ sad ajanayad vijñānaṃ viprakṛṣṭamapi vyavahitamapi tadeveti tathaiva tena jñānaṃ janayitavyam| asti hi tasya tadāpi svarūpayogyateti, sahakārisākalyaṃ tu prāptireva| tasmāt na saṃbandhamantareṇa viṣayībhāva iti sūktam| sandigdhaḥ pṛcchati--atha prāpyakāritva iti| ayamabhisandhiḥ| kulālādau prāpyakāriṇi dṛṣṭaṃ yathā viprakṛṣṭo vyavahitaśca na karotīti, tasmāt aprāpyakāriṇi cācaskāntādau dṛṣṭaṃ yathā viprakṛṣṭo vyavahitaśca lauhaṃ maṇirākarṣati, tasmāt tatra pramāṇaṃ vaktavyamiti uttaram--indriyatvameva pramāṇam| tadeva pa\*cāvayavopapannamāha--prāpyakārīti| yadi tu kaścit dṛṣṭāntasya sādhyavikalatvam ubhdāvayet tvagādīnāmaprāpyakāritvāditi, tu pratyāha--atha punarna kii\*caditi| pṛcchati--atheti| yogyatayaiva hi kāraṇāni svakāryaṃ kurvanti, prāptistu svarūpyogyatāprayuktāṃ vyāptimupajīvati, na tvasyāḥ svābhāvikaṃ vyāpakatvamiti bhāvaḥ| uttaram--so'pīti| sahakārisākalyaṃ tāvat na prāpteratiricyata ityuktam| kevalaṃ svarūpayogyatā vaktavyā| sa ca vyastānāmapyastīti yatra tatra vyavasthitebhyo'pi kāryotpādaprasaṅkaḥ| ayaskāntamaṇerapi cakṣuṣa iva vṛttibheda eṣitavyaḥ, ### [21.3.p37](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p37) anyathā vyavadhānaviprakarṣayorapi lauhākarṣaṇaprasaḍgāt| na ca vyavadhānaviprakarṣābhāvasahito lauhamākarṣati, vyavadhānaviprakarṣayostu tadabhāvābhāvo nākarṣati saṃpratam| prāptereva tatra tatra kāryotpādaṃ prati upayogasya viditasvāt| yogyatāmātrasya copādherapākṛtatvāt| yathā ca dravyātiriktastaddharmaḥ prāptistathāgrenivedayiṣyate| tasmāt sarvamavadātam| upasaṃharati--tasmāditi| yadapi kṛṣṇasārānugrahopaghātābhyāṃ darśanādarśanāditi tatrocyate, tadadhiṣṭhānamindriyamityadhiṣṭhānānugrahopaghātābhyāṃ tasyānugrahopadhātau, yathā kūṣmāṇḍalatāsecanacchedanābhyāṃ tatphalasya anugrahopaghātau| ataeva bahirnisṛtāpyacchinnamūlā dṛṣṭiḥ kāryāya samarthā na chinnamūleti siddham|| ### [21.3.p38](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p38) pṛcchati--atha jñāneti, pratyakṣasamākhyātalakṣaṇānuvādena lakṣaṇe vidhīyamāne jñāyata evaitajjñānameveti loke sākṣātkārijñānahetoḥ pratyakṣatvāditi bhāvaḥ| uttaram---sukhādivyudāsārtham| tadeva hi lakṣaṇavāyamucyate, yasya lakṣyānapekṣo'tivyāptyavyāptivyudāso lakṣaṇapadebhya eva pratīyate| lakṣyānurodhena tu lakṣaṇavyavasthāpane anyonyāśrayatvamagatirveti bhāvaḥ| sukhādīnāṃ vijñānābhinnahetujatvena vijñānatvādaśakyaṃ vyāvartanamiti cet--na, abhinnahetujatvāsiddhaḥ| na khalu yaiva candanasparśajñānasyotpattau sāmagrī saiva sukhasyāpīti| asti hi śītārtasyāpi candanendriyasaṃyogāt śītasparśajñānam iti tadvadevāsya sukhamapi bhavet| avāntarasāmagrībhede'pīndriyārthamanaskārajatvāt jñānajātīyatvamiti cet---na, kii\*catkāraṇābhede'pi kāryabhedasyānākasmikatvopapatteḥ| tadarthatvācca kāraṇabhedānusaraṇaprayāsasya| na copādānābhedādabheda iti yuktam| bhinnānāmapi jñānānāmekasamanantarapratyayopādānatvasya bhavabhdirabhyupagatatvāt| api copādānābhedaśca kutaścit kāraṇabhedāt kāryabhedaśceti ko virodhaḥ? ataevāsmākamabhede apyupādānasya piṭharasyauṣṇyāparākhyasya ca vahinasaṃyogasya pūrvarūpādipradhvaṃsānāṃ kāraṇānāṃ bhedād bhinnajātīyā jāyante gandharūparasasparśā iti siddhāntaḥ| ### [21.3.p39](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p39) tasmādarthapravaṇebhyo jñānebhyastadapravaṇatayā bhinnajātīyāḥ sukhādayo yathāsvamunakūlavedanīyatvādibhirlakṣaṇairanyonyamapi ### [21.3.p40](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p40) bhedavantastīvrasaṃvegatayā pramitsānapekṣamānasapratyakṣapravedanīyā iti ramaṇīyam|| ### [21.3.p41](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p41) syādetat| asatyapīndriyārthasannikarṣe jñānamātrādeva sukhaduḥkhayoḥ svapnāntike darśanāt yatrāpīndriyārthasannikarṣastatrāpi jñānamastīti tadeva sukhaduḥkhayoḥ kāraṇaṃ kluptasāmarthyāt| indriyārthasannikarṣasya tu jñānamātropayogādanyathāsiddhau bhāvābhāvāviti| tadayuktam, svapnāntike sukhaduḥkhotpādasyāsiddhestajjñānasyārthajñānasyeva mithyātvāt| yathā hi tatra kāminīsmṛtiviṣaryāsa eva mupalabdhacaratajjanmasukhasmaraṇaviparyāsaḥ| sukhaduḥkhabuddhyutpāda eva cātra dharmādharmopayogo na tu susaduḥkhotpāde| na cāsatīndriyārthasannikarṣe jñānamanyanmanorathādi vā tādṛśaṃ sukhabhedaṃ vidhatte yādṛśo viṣayopabhogajanmā| satīndriyārthasannikarṣe jñānamātrameva tasya hetuḥ| jñānahetustu sukhabhedasyānutpādādityapyuktameva| viṣayasākṣātkārastadutpādaheturna viṣayajñānamātramiti cet? hanta, īśvarasyāpyasti tatrabhavato yogarddhisaṃpannānāṃ ca mahādhiyāṃ samastavastusākṣātmāra iti teṣāmapi sukhaduḥkhotpādapracayaḥ prasajyet, asatyāṃ pratipakṣadhāraṇāyām| tasmādindriyārthasannikarṣo'pi sukhaduḥkhotpādahetureṣitavyaḥ| sa ca satyapyarthasākṣātkāre nāsti siddhānāmiti na teṣāṃ ### [21.3.p42](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p42) sukhaduḥkhotpādaḥ| api ca caramabhāvi kāraṇaṃ gṛhītvā pūrvabhāvināmakaraṇatvāpādane tantvādīnāmapi paṭādīn pratyakāraṇatvaprasaṅgaḥ| saṃyogabhedādeva tādṛśapaṭātpatteḥ tantvādīnāṃ ca saṃyogabheda evopayogāt| tatsahitasya tu tatkāraṇatvaṃ sannikarṣasyāpyālocanasahitasyeti samānam| yathāhuḥ padārthavidaḥ stragādyabhiprataviṣayasānnidhye satīṣṭopalabdhīndriyārthasannikarṣadharmādyapekṣādātmamanasoḥ saṃyogāt yadanugrahābhiṣvaṅganayanādiprasādajanakamatpadyate tatsukham iti| tasmāt suṣṭhūktaṃ sukhādinivṛttyarthaṃ jñānagrahaṇamiti|| ### [21.3.p43](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p43) iha dvayī pratyakṣajātiravikalpikā savikalpikā ceti| tatrobhayyapi indriyārthasannikarṣotpannaṃ jñānamavyabhicārīti lakṣaṇena saṃgṛhītāpi svaśabdenopāttā, tatra vipratipatteḥ| tatrāvikalpikāyāḥ padam avyapadeśyamiti, savikalpikāyāśca vyavasāyātmakamiti| tatra vyapadeśo viśeṣaṇamupalakṣaṇaṃ vā nāmajātyādi, tat karma vyapadeśyaṃ viśeṣyamiti yāvat| tadyathā ḍittho'yaṃ gaurayaṃ śuklo'yaṃ kamaṇḍalumānayaṃ gacchatyayamiti sarvaṃ hi savikalpakaṃ viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyabhāvena vastuṣu pravartate| avidyamānaṃ vyapadeśyaṃ yasmistadavyapadeśyaṃ jātyādisvarūpāvagāhi, na tu jātyādīnāṃ mitho viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyabhāvāvagāhīti yāvat|| ### [21.3.p44](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p44) tatra nāmarahitamavikalpakaṃ nāstīti ye vipratipadyante tanmatamapacikīrṣurūpanyasyati bhāṣyakāraḥ yāvadarthaṃ vai nāmadheyaśabdāḥ| sarve'rthāḥ sarvathā sarvadā sarvatra nāmadhayānvitāḥ| nāsti so'rtho yaḥ kadācit kvacit kathi\*cat nāmadheyena viyujyate| tadanena nāmadheyatādātmyamarthānāṃ pratijānīte| atra hetumāha--tairarthasaṃpratyaya iti| arthā hi pratīyamānāṃ nāmadheyairūpetāstatsāmānādhikaraṇyenāvagamyante gaurityartho'śva ityartha iti| na copāyatayā sāmānādhikaraṇyaṃ ghaṭate| na hi cakṣurādisāmānādhikaraṇyaṃ rūpādyanubhavati| nāpi jñāyamāna upāya upeyasāmānādhikaraṇmanubhavati| na hi bhavati dhūmo'yaṃ vahinariti kiṃ tu dhūmo'yaṃ dhūmatvāt vahinamāniti| api cāśabdopāye'numeyādau na śabdasaṃbhedenādhigamo bhavet, asti tu| tasmāt tairnāmadheyaiḥ saha samānādhikaraṇasyārthasya pratyayo yata iti| tasmāt nāmadheyātmānaḥ arthāḥ| kiṃ ca gavādiṣu ṣaḍjādiṣu ca śabdāpakarṣe'rthapratyayāpakarṣāt tadutkarṣe tvarthapratyayotkarṣāt pratyayasya ca pratyetavyotkarṣādhīnotkarṣatvāt nāmadheyotkarṣeṇārthasyotkarṣaḥ arthasya tādatmyaṃ gamayati| tadidaṃ samaḥ prayojanaṃ saṃpratyaya iti samadhikaḥ pratyaya ityarthaḥ| astyarthasaṃpratyayo nāmadheyasāmānādhikaraṇyena, na tvetāvatā nāmadheyātmatā sidhyati| asti hi purovartidravyasāmānādhikaraṇyena rajatapratyayo na caitāvatā śuktī rajatātmikā bhavatītyata āha---arthasaṃpratyayācca vyavahāraḥ| tataścavisaṃvādāt pramāṇaṃ sannāmadheya tādatmyaṃ sādhayatyarthānāmityarthaḥ|| ### [21.3.p45](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p45) tadevaṃ sāmānyato'rthānāṃ nāmadheyatādātmyaṃ vyutpādya prakṛte yojanayati---tatredamindriyārthasannikarṣādutpannaṃ viṣayajñānaṃ rūpamiti vā rasa iti vā evaṃ rūpādyarthasāmānādhikaraṇyena bhavati| bhavatu, kimetāvatāpītyata āha---rūparasaśabdāśca viṣayanāmadheyam| kimetāvatāpītyata āha--tena vyapadiśyate jñānam| uktamapi vyapadeśaṃ savyākhyānamāha--rūpamiti jānīte rasa iti jānīte iti| tathā cārthānāṃ nāmadheyātmakatvāt tadgocaramālocanamapi nāmadheyagocaramityarthavat nāmadheyena vyapadiśyamānaṃ śābdaṃ prasajyata iti| na śabdapramāṇakatayā śābdam, api tu śabde jātaṃ śābdam| śabdaścātra viṣayatvena janako'rthatādātmyāt| tathā ca nāvikalpakaṃ śabdarahitamastīti tātparyārthaḥ| tathā cāhuḥ, ### [21.3.p46](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p46) na so'sti pratyayo loke yaḥ śabdānugamādṛte| ### [21.3.p47](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p47) anuviddhamiva jñānaṃ sarvaṃ śabdena gamyate|| ### [21.3.p48](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p48) bālakamūkādīnāmapi jñānaṃ śabdānuvyādhavadevānādiśabdabhāvanāvaśāt| yadavocat, ### [21.3.p49](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p49) ādyaḥ karaṇavinyāsaḥ prāṇasyordhvaṃ samīraṇam| ### [21.3.p50](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p50) sthānānāmabhighātaśca na vinā śabdabhāvanām|| ### [21.3.p51](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p51) iti| tadasya nirākaraṇaṃ lakṣaṇagatenālocanajñānāvarodhārthenāvyapadeśyapadena sūcitam iti parīkṣāparvaṇi vacanārhamapi subhāṣitarucitayā tadvilambamasahamāno bhāṣyakāro lakṣaṇāvasara evāha| ata evāha---avyapadeśyamitīti| tena sūcite'pyarthe avyapadeśyapadaṃ cojayati---yadidamanumayukte śabdārthasaṃbandhe'rthajñānam, na tat nāmadheyaśabdena vyapadiśyate|| ### [21.3.p52](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p52) ayamabhisandhiḥ| sāmānādhikaraṇyena śabdātmakatvaṃ rūpādīnāmabhidhīyānaṃ śabdabrahmātmakatvaṃ vocyeta śreyamāṇagaurityādipadabhedātmakatvaṃ vā? na tāvadādya| kalpaḥ| na salvasmadādisamastadarśanapathātivṛttena śabdabrahmaṇā rūpādīnāmasti sāmānādhikaraṇyapratītiḥ laukikānām| śrūyamāṇaśabdasāmānādhikaraṇyena tu tādātmyaprasādhane anupayuktaśabdasaṃbandhasya bālamūkādeḥ rūpādijñāneṣu nāsti śrūyamāṇaśabdagandho'pi, prāgeva tu tatsāmānādhikaraṇyam| na ca teṣāmapi prāgbhavīyaśabdabhāvanānugamena tatsāmānādhikaraṇyamiti sāṃpratam| na khalu rūpādyātmanaḥ śabdasya rūpādivaiśadyaināvaiśadyaṃ saṃbhavati| yugapad vaiśadyāvaiśadyarūpaviruddhadharmayogena bhedaprasaḍgāt| veśadye tu vyutpannavadavyutpanno'pi śabdaiḥ vyavaharet, na tu saṃbandhagrahaṇapekṣeta| na ca tādātmyādanyad vācakatvaṃ śabdānāṃ yatra saṃbandhagrahāpekṣā bhavet| na ca tādātmye'pi kalpitabhedānāṃ vācyavācakabhāvaḥ| tathā sati na sāmānādhikaraṇyaṃ syāt| na hyasti saṃbhavo bhedakalpanā ca sāmānādhikaraṇyaprathā ceti| tasmādavyutpannānāmasti śabdarahitaṃ rūpādiṣu nirvikalpakaṃ pratyakṣamiti| na kevalamabyutpannānām, vyutpannānāmapyastītyāha--gṛhīte'pi ca śabdārthasaṃbandhe iti| ārddhokta eva sāmānādhikaraṇyanirāsāya saṃbandhagrahaṇasvarūpamāha--asthārthasya sāsnādimadrūpasya ayaṃ gakarādyokāro nāmadheyamiti| itikaraṇo jñānaparāmarśapradhānaḥ| tathā ca yo ḍittho nānādeśakālāvasthāsaṃsṛṣṭaḥ piṇḍabhedaḥ so'yamiti sannihitadeśakāla ityarthaḥ| na tvayaṃ piṇḍo ḍitthaśabda iti pratyayaḥ| autsargikaṃ hi śabdānāmarthaparatvaṃ kvacit punarityādibhiḥ śabdaistadapodyate| yatrāpi saṃbandhapratipādanamabhedena ayaṃ ḍittha iti, tatrāpi śabdo vācyatvaparo na svarūpaparaḥ yathā gaurvāhīka iti lakṣyamāṇaguṇayogaparaḥ| na ca tanmātreṇa vāhīkasya gotvaṃ bhavati| tasmād bhinnayoreva śabdārthayoḥ saṃbandhagrahāt tanmūlatvācca śabdavyavahārasya na śabdapuraḥsaramapi jñānaṃ śabdasāmānādhikaraṇyamātmano'rthasyāvagamayati| yattu śabdānupāye'pi jñāne śabdaḥ pūrvaṃ bhavati tadgṛhītasaḍketasya prathamamindriyārthasannikarṣādālocanena śabdasaṃsargarahitenālocite'rthamātretasyārthabhedasya śabdabhedena saṃbandhāt śabdaviṣayaḥ saṃskāraḥ prabodhyate| prabuddhaḥ śabdasmṛtiṃ janayati| tena vyutpannasya nirvikalpakāt parā\*caḥ pratyayāḥ śabdānupāyā api śabdapuraḥsarā jāyante| yathāhuḥ, ### [21.3.p53](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p53) yat saṃjñāsmaraṇaṃ tatra na tadapyanyahetukam| ### [21.3.p54](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p54) piṇḍa eva hi dṛṣṭaḥ san saṃjñāṃ smārayituṃ kṣamaḥ|| ### [21.3.p55](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p55) tasmād vyutpannasyāpi nāmadheyasmaraṇāya pūrvameṣitavyo vinaiva nāmadheyamarthapratyayaḥ| tadidam uktam--gṛhīte'pi śabdārthasaṃbandhe asyārthasyāyaṃ śabdo nāmadheyamiti| yadā tu so'rtho gṛhyate nāmadheyarahito nāmadheyasmaraṇāt pūrvamavikalpena tadā pūrvasmād avyutpannāvasthāyām arthajñānāt na viśiṣyate iti| yato na viśiṣyate tasmāt tadarthajñānaṃ tādṛgeva bhavati| nanu parapratipādanādilakṣaṇavyavahārāya svarūpeṇa jñāne vyapadeṣṭavye yadarthavyapadeśena vyapadiśyate tadavagacchāmo'rthavyapadeśākāramiti| kathaṃ cārthākāraṃ bhavati? yadyarthavyapadeśayornābhedaḥ, tasmāt punarapi tādātmyaṃ prasaktamityata āha--tasya tviti| arthākārameva tu jñānamarthavyapadeśena vyapadiśyate anyathā ### [21.3.p56](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p56) aśakyatvādityarthaḥ| pratīyamānaṃ pareṇa| upasaṃharati--tasmāditi|| ### [21.3.p57](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p57) tadevamarthajñānakāle \[sa\]na samākhyāśabdo vyāpriyate pratīyamānatayā, vyavahārakāle tu parapratyāyanakāle tu vyāpriyate kāraṇatayā| tadanena gopālāvipālādīnāṃ saṃjñāniveśanaṃ tāsu tāsu vyaktiṣu vyavahārotkarṣahetuḥ ### [21.3.p58](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p58) nārthotkarṣaheturityapi sūcitaṃ bhavati| tasmād avikalpakapratyakṣāvarodhārthenāvyapadeśyapadenāsyaivāvikalpakasya śabdānuvyādharahitatā sūcitā ityāśayavān upasaṃharati---tatmāditi|| ### [21.3.p59](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p59) tadetad bhāṣyaṃ vārttikakāraḥ tātparyato vyācaṣṭe---taccendriyārtheti| viṣayabhedānuvidhāyi jñānamiti śabdātmatāmapāroti| cākṣuṣaṃ hi rūpajñānaṃ rūpa eva niyataṃ na śabde pravartate| evaṃ śrautramapi śabda eva niyataṃ na rūpādau pravartate| yadi punaridaṃ śabdātmakaṃ rūpādi bhavet, śrotrajaṃ jñānaṃ śabdagrāhīti rūpādāvapi pravarteta| apravartamānaṃ vā vidhurayati rūpādīnāṃ śabdātmatām| api ca śrūyamāṇaśabdātmatve rūpādīnām, teṣāmapi śravaṇagrāhyatvamityandho'pi rūpu gṛhṇīyāt| asti hi tasya śrotraṃ ca śabdajñānaṃ ca| evaṃ badhiro'pi śabdaṃ gṛhṇīyāt| asti hi tasya locanaṃ ca rūpajñānaṃ ca| aśabdo'bhāva iti ca vivakṣitaviparītāpattiḥ śabdābhāvasyārthasya śabdatvāt, aśabdatve vā sa evāsyārthaḥ śabdād bhinnaḥ prasajyate| evamabhāvo'pyartha iti śabdaḥ syāt| tathā ca nābhāvaḥ, śabdasya sattvāt| tathā cārthānuvidhāyi vijñānaṃ na bhavet| asti ca| tasmāt na śabdātmāno'rthā iti| tadutpattikāla iti prāthamyena śabdānuvyādhaṃ vyāvartayati|| ### [21.3.p60](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p60) ekadeśivyākhyānamāha---apare tviti| indriyārthasannikarṣeṇa hi liḍgena yadindriyagātijñānaṃ tadapi pratyakṣalakṣaṇopetamiti pratyakṣaṃ prasajyata iti tannivāraṇāya avyapadeśyapadam| apadeśo hetuvacanam| tadeva tadābhāsebhyo viśiṣṭaṃ vyapadeśaḥ| tasya kāryaṃ hetupratyāyanadvārā anumeyajñānaṃ vyapadeśyam| na vyapadeśyamavyapadeśyamaliḍgobhdavam ityanumānaṃ vyāvartitamityarthaḥ| tadekadeśimataṃ dūṣayati---tacca naivamiti| nanvindriyagatijñānamapi indriyārthasannikarṣālliḍgādutpannamityata āha---na hyanumeyasyeti naitadindrayārthasannikārṣādupajāyate, kiṃ tu tajjñānāt| ata evātīte'pi dhūmādau liḍge tatsmaraṇamātrādevānumeyajñāna bhavati| na ca sannikarṣapadasya mukhyatve saṃbhavati jñānalakṣaṇā yuktetti bhāvaḥ| upasaṃharati--ata iti| imaṃ ca vārttikagranthamabudhyamānā indriyagatijñānanivṛttyarthamindriyaviṣayeṣviti padaṃ sūtre'dhyāharantīti|| ### [21.3.p61](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p61) kramaprāptasyāvyabhicāripadasya tātparyaṃ brūvāṇo bhāṣyasyāpi tātparyamāha--grīṣme marīcaya itīti| yadyapi sāmānyalakṣaṇenaiva vyabhicāriṇo nirastāḥ pratyayāḥ tadapekṣaṃ ca viśeṣalakṣaṇam, anyathā anumānādipadeṣvapyabhicādipadamupādeyaṃ syāt, tathāpi siddhe satyārambho niyamārthaḥ| dvayī hi pramāṇānāṃ gatiḥ| kii\*cat sattāmātreṇapramāsādhanaṃ yathā pratyakṣam| na hi cakṣurādīnāṃ grahaṇamupayujyate, api tu sattaiva| anumānādīna tu svajñānena pramāsādhanāni| na khalvagṛhītaṃ liḍgaṃ vā śabdo vā āgamasahitaṃ sādṛśyaṃ vā yathāviṣayam ādadhāti pramām| tatrānumānasya pramopajananāt prāgeva arthāvyabhicāragrahaṇamapekṣate nānyathā| tataḥ pramā sidhyatīti| śabdādau tu yadyapi pramopajananaṃ prati nārthāvyabhicāragrahāpekṣā, tathāpi śakyamatirohitārthamantramadhyapatitasya drāgityeva pratīyamānārthasyāpi, ### [21.3.p62](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p62) sṛṇyeva jarbharī turpharītū|| ### [21.3.p63](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p63) ityevamādermantrasyāptapraṇetṛkatayā sāmānyato'rthāvyabhicāritvaṃ grahītum| autsargikaṃ hi śabdānāmarthaparatvam| ataeva nigamaniruktavyākaraṇasahāyāstato'rthamavadhārayanti| evaṃ yathā mudgastambastathā mudgaparṇīti āptavākyaśravaṇādeva mudgastambasādṛśyajñānasyānupajanitaphalasyāpi śakyaṃ tadarthāvyabhicāritvaṃ niścetum| pratyakṣasya tu pramāṇasyātyantaparokṣasvarūpolambha eva tāvat pramopajananāt prāg durlabhaḥ, prāgeta tu tasyārthāvyabhicāritvam| yadyapi ca saṃvedanaprāmāṇyapakṣe'pi tatsaṃvedanaṃ manasā sulabham, tathāpi na tanmātraṃ pramāṇam| api tu asādhāraṇendriyārthasannikarṣasahāyamiti tatsahāyasya tasya parokṣatvameva| tena pratyakṣasya pramāṇasya phalāvyabhicāreṇaivāvyabhicārajñānam, na svarūpataḥ ityetat pramāṇāntarebhyo vyāvṛttamasādhāraṇaṃ pratyakṣasya rūpamādarśayitumavyabhicāripadopādānam| atha vā pratyakṣāvyabhicāra evānumānādyavyabhicāre kāraṇam| na hyasti saṃbhavo'vyabhicaritapratyakṣagṛhītapakṣadharmatākaṃ tarkasahāyapratyakṣagṛhītāvinābhāvaṃ cānumānaṃ vyabhicāratīti| yattu bādhitaviṣayaṃ satpratipakṣitaṃ cānumānam, tadapi yadyapi prathamaṃ vyāptigrahaṇadoṣeṇa na khaṇḍitam, tathāpi khaṇḍanottarakālaṃ so'pi pratīyate| tathā ca vyāptigrāhi pratyakṣaṃ tatrāpi vyabhicārīti| evamāgamo'pi sākṣāt kvacit pāramparyeṇa pratyakṣapūrvakastadvyabhicāreṇaiva vyabhicarati| āgamavyabhicāreṇaivopamānavyabhicāro vyākhyātaḥ| tadevaṃ pratyakṣāvyabhicāre pramāṇānāmavyabhicāro'stīti pratyakṣasyaiva viśeṣaṇamavyabhicāripadaṃ cakāra, netareṣāṃ pramāṇānām| ### [21.3.p64](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p64) na hyasti saṃbhavastanmūlaṃ pratyakṣam avyabhicāri, tāni ca vyabhicārīṇīti| so'yaṃ viśeṣaḥ pramāṇāntarebhyaḥ pratyakṣasya| yathāha mīmāṃsāvārttikakāraḥ, ### [21.3.p65](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p65) pratyakṣāvyabhicāreṇa svalakṣaṇabalena ca| ### [21.3.p66](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p66) prasiddhāvyabhicāritvānnānumānaṃ parīkṣyate|| ### [21.3.p67](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p67) iti| tasmāt suṣṭhūkaṃ grīṣme marīcaya iti bhāṣyam, tatpratiṣedhārthamidamucyate---avyabhicārīti|| ### [21.3.p68](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p68) pṛcchati--kimidamiti| uttaram--yadatasminniti| etaccopapāditaṃ dvitīyasūtre| punaḥ dūṣayati--tacca naivamiti| pṛcchati--kasmāt? uttaram--arthasyeti| tadeva sphorayati--yattaditi| atra ca na nirvikalmakaṃ bhrāntam, kiṃ tu savikalpakamityāha--tāṃstu marīcīniti| indriyeṇālocya marīcīn uccāvacamuccalato nirvikalpakena gṛhītvā paścāt tatropaghātadoṣād viparyeti, savikalpako'sya pratyayo bhrānto jāyate iti| tasmād vijñānasya vyabhicāro nārthasyeti| yathāhuḥ niruktakārāḥ, naiṣa sthāṇoraparādho yadenamandhe na paśyati| puruṣāparādhaḥ sa bhavatīti|| ### [21.3.p69](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p69) avyabhicāripadenaiva saṃśayajñānamapi vyudastam| no khalu saṃśayajñānaṃ vikalpyamānavastugocaraṃ tadrūpaṃ vastu prāpayati| aprāpayaccopadarśitaṃ kathaṃ saṃvādam, asaṃvādakaṃ ca kathamavyabhicāri? tasmādavyabhicāripadenaiva saṃśayajñāne niraste savikalpakapratyakṣāvadodhārthamupādīyamānaṃ vyavasāyātmakapadaṃ saṃśayajñānapratyakṣatāpākaraṇamanvācinoti| tadyathā edhānāhartumaraṇyaṃ gaccha, śākamapyāneṣyasīti śākānayanamanvācīyate| na ca tadevāsya preṣiturvi dhitsitam, tathehāpi| vyavasāyātmakapadaṃ sākṣātsavikalpakasya vācakam| tathā hi vyavasāyo viniścayo vikalpa ityanarthāntaram| sa evātmā rūpaṃ yasya tat savikalpakaṃ pratyakṣam| tadetadatisphaṭatvāt śiṣyairgamyata eveti bhāṣyavārttikakārābhyām avyākhyātamapi asmābhiḥ, ### [21.3.p70](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p70) trilocanagurunnītamārgānugamanonmukhaiḥ| ### [21.3.p71](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p71) yathānyāyaṃ yathāvastu vyākhyātamidamīdṛśam|| ### [21.3.p72](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p72) syādetat| na vyavasāyātmakaṃ pratayakṣaṃ bhavitumarhati| abhilāpasaṃsargayogyapratibhāsaṃ hi tat| na cendriyārthābhyāṃ labdhajanma vijñānamarthāvabhāsaṃ śakyamabhilāpena yojanayitum| na hyarthe śabdāḥ santi, arthātmano vā, tathā satyavyutpannasyāpi vyutpannavad vyavahāraḥ syādityuktam| na cābhilāpo'rthāsaṃsparśo saṃvedanadharmaḥ, artheṣu tanniyojanāt| tasmādarthādupajāyamānaṃ jñānamarthamevādarśayet nābhilāpam| na hi rūpāt jāyamānaṃ pratyakṣaṃ rasasahitametadādarśayati| tasmādabhilāpasaṃsargānapekṣamabhilāpasaṃsargiṇamādarśayad vikalpavijñānaṃ vikalpavāsanotthāpitamaniyatārthagrāhi mānasamātmīyamutprekṣālakṣaṇaṃ vyāpāraṃ tiraskṛtyānubhavaprabhavatayā anubhavavyāpāraṃ darśanu puraskṛtya pravartamānamanubhavatayā abhimanyante pratipattāraḥ| tat siddhametat, yadarthasāmarthyalabdhajanma, na tat śabdakalpanānugatam, yathā nirvikalpakam| arthasāmarthyalabdhajanmāraśca vivādādhyāsitā vikalpā iti prasaṅgasādhanaviruddhavyāptopalabdhiḥ| śabdakalpanānugatatvasya hi pratiṣedhyasya viruddhaṃ tadananugatatvam, tenārthasāmarthyajatvaṃ vyāptam| tasyopalabdhistadananugatatvamutthāpayantī tadanugatatvaṃ virūṇaddhīti| athaiṣāṃ pratyayānāṃ pratyakṣamabhi lāpānugatatvamaśakyāpahnavam, hanta bhoḥ, nārthasāmarthyajatvamiti prasaṅgaviparyayaḥ| tathā hi yadabhilāpakalpanānugataṃ na tadarthasāmarthyajaṃ yatheśvarapradhānādivikalpavijñānam| tathā caite vivādādhyāsitā vikalpā iti vyāpakaviruddhopalabdhiḥ| niṣedhyamarthasāmarthyajatvaṃ tadabhilāpakalpanānanugatatvena vyāptaṃ tadviruddhaṃ ca sadanugatatvamiti| na ca sandigdhavyatirekitā, arthasāmarthyena hi tadutpadyamānamartharūpam anukuryād na śabdarūpam| na hyarthe śabdāḥ santi tadātmāno vetyuktam| asaṃbaddharūpānukāre tu vijñānasya sarvarūpānukāreṇa sarvasarvajñātāpattirati| saḍketavaśāt śabdānāmarthasaṃbandhenārthopalabdhau tatsmaraṇāt tatsaṃsṛṣṭavedanamiti cet? yatra tarhi te kṛtasaḍketāḥ tadeva smārayedetān| tatraiva ca te kṛtasaḍketā yadanugataṃ sāmānyam| na ca taddṛṣṭam, kiṃ tu svalakṣaṇaṃ darśanagocaraḥ| tadeva hi paramārthasadvijñānasya kāraṇam, na tu sāmānyam| sarvasāmārthyayahitaṃ hi tat alīkatvāt| tasmād yad dṣṭaṃ na tena śabdānāṃ saṃbandhaḥ, yena ca saṃbandho na taddṛṣṭam| api ca dṛṣṭasya śabdavācyatve darśanādiva vahinaruṣṇa iti vākyādapi pratīyeta| tathā ca śabdādapi tasmin pratīte śītāpanopanaprasaṅgaḥ| sāmānyaviṣayauliṅgaśabdau vastubhūtasāmānyavacca svalakṣaṇam| tādṛśaṃ ca taddarśanasya kāraṇamiti nirvikalpakena prathamākṣatannipātajanmanā jātimadvastuvedanāt tatropalabdhacarasaṃbandhasya śabdasya smaraṇam| tathā ca tacchabdābhidheyajātiviśiṣṭadravyāvagāhīndriyārthasannikarṣajanmā vikalpapratyayo gaurayamityevamākāro jāyata iti cet? yathāhuḥ, ### [21.3.p73](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p73) nirvikalpakabodhena dvyātmakasyāpi vastunaḥ| ### [21.3.p74](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p74) grahaṇam \[ślo 0 vā0 pratyakṣa 0 118\] ### [21.3.p75](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p75) tathā ### [21.3.p76](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p76) tataḥ paraṃ punarvastu dharmairjātyādibhiryayā| ### [21.3.p77](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p77) buddhyāvasīyate sāpi pratyakṣatvena saṃmatā|| ### [21.3.p78](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p78) \[ślo 0 vā 0 pratyakṣa 0120\]iti| tanna, piṇḍavivekena jātyāderavikalpakenāgrahaṇāt| na hi jātijātibhantau vā kriyākriyāvantau va guṇaguṇinau vā tatsamavāyo vā vivekena cakāsati| na ca vivekenāpratibhāsamānaḥ śakyā mitho yojayituṃ kṣīrodakavadatadvedinā| tasmādekamavibhāgaṃ svalakṣaṇamanādivikalpavāsanāsamāropitajātyādibhedaṃ tathā vikalpyata iti yuktamutpaśyāmaḥ| api ca paramārthasadvastudvayavedane'pi kuto viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyabhāvaḥ? na hyaḍgulyāvekavijñānaviṣayau mitho viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyabhāvamāpadyete|| viśeṣaṇa khalūpakārakam, upakāryaṃ ca viśeṣyam| nānyathā tayostabhdāvaḥ| na caikavijñānasamārūḍhayorjñāpyajñāpakabhāvo vā kāryakāraṇabhāvo vā saṃbhavī, samānakālayoḥ tayorūbhayorapi paurvāparyaniyamāt| api ca vastuniveśe jātyādīnāmupādhīnāmekasya vastunaḥ sattvaṃ ca dravyatvaṃ ca pārthivatvaṃ ca vṛkṣatvaṃ ca śiṃśapātvaṃ copādhaya iti dūrādekopādhiviśiṣṭasya grahe sarvopādhiviśiṣṭagrahaprasaṅgaḥ| tathā hyādhārādheyabhāva upakāragarbho bhavati| patanadharmaṇo hi badarasyottarasya kuṇḍamadharaṃ pratayāsannamapatanadharmakaṃ badaraṃ vidadhadādhāraḥ| tadvadihāpi dravyeṇa jātyādīnāmupādhīnāmupakartavyam| na ca śaktyantarairūpakaroti| śaktyantarapakāre'pi śaktyantaraukalpanāyām anavasthāpātāt| tasmāt svabhāva eva svakāraṇādhīnajanmā dravyasya sa tādṛśo yena bahūnāmupādhīnāmupakarotīti vācyam| tathā ca sattvopakārasamartheṃ tasmin dravye gṛhyamāṇe dravyatvādyupakārasamartho'pi sa evāsya svabhāva iti tatsvabhāvāvacchinnāḥ sattvavikalpakena paramārthasaddravyāvagāhinā sarva eva dravyatvapārthivatvavṛkṣatvaśiśapātvādayo viṣayīkṛtā iti vikalpāntarāṇāmānarthakyam| yadāha, ### [21.3.p79](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p79) yasyāpi nānopādherdhīgrāhikārthasya bhedinaḥ| ### [21.3.p80](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p80) nānopādhyupakārāṅgaśakyabhinnātmano grahe| ### [21.3.p81](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p81) sarvātmanopakāryasya ko bhedaḥ syādaniścitaḥ|| ### [21.3.p82](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p82) ekopakārake grāhye nopakārāstato'pare| ### [21.3.p83](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p83) dṛṣṭe tasmannadṛṣṭā ye tadgrahe sakalagrahaḥ|| ### [21.3.p84](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p84) iti| ### [21.3.p85](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p85) asmākaṃ tu anādivikalpavāsanopādānā vikalpā yacca gṛhṇanti, yacca adhyavasyanita tayorūbhayorapyanyanivṛttirūpatayā avastutvāt matāgapi na paramārthasad vastu gāhante, pāramparyeṇa tu vastupratibandhāt tatra pravartayantaḥ prāpayantaśca na visaṃvādayanti lokam| ato vastusabhdāvāviniveśād vikalpānāṃ na paunarūktyamasti| api cālocite vastunīndriyeṇa tadanantarotpannaṃ śabdasmaraṇavyavahitavyāpāramindriyamarthaśca na savikalpikāmapi dhiyamupajanayitumarhataḥ| yathāha, ### [21.3.p86](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p86) arthopayoge'pi punaḥ smārtaṃ śabdānuyojanam| ### [21.3.p87](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p87) akṣadhīryadyapekṣeta so'rtho vyavahito bhavet|| ### [21.3.p88](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p88) na ca yadevālocanamajījanadindriyaṃ tadeva smaraṇasahakāri vikalpapratyayamādhatte| na ca smṛtirvyavadhāyikā, svāṅgamavyavadhāyakamiti nyāyāt| yato yaḥ prāgajanako buddherūpayogāviśeṣataḥ| ### [21.3.p89](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p89) sa paścādapi| iti ### [21.3.p90](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p90) no khalvatītaṃ bhavati gocaro'kṣasya| na cāgocare sahastreṇāpyupāyairetat pravartitumarhati| na ca smṛtiratītaviṣayānanubhūtapūrvaṃ vartamānaṃ gocarayitumarhati| tadgocaratve cāndhānāmapi rūpasākṣātkāraprasaṅgaḥ yathāha, ### [21.3.p91](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p91) tena syādakṣāpāye'pi netradhīḥ|| ### [21.3.p92](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p92) iti| tadevaṃ nāmajātiguṇakarmakalpanāḥ pratyakṣatvena parāstāḥ| dravyakalpanāpi daṇḍīti, ### [21.3.p93](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p93) viśeṣaṇaṃ viśeṣyaṃ ca saṃbandhaṃ laukikīṃ sthitim| ### [21.3.p94](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p94) gṛhītvā saṅkalayyaitat tathā pratyeti nānyathā|| ### [21.3.p95](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p95) na caitāvantaṃ vyāpārakalāpaṃ vicārakanivartanīyamindriyajñānaṃ sahate, tasya sannihitaviṣayabalenotpatteravicārakatvāt| jātiguṇakriyāvatāṃ caitanna saṃbhavatyeva rūpavivekasaṃbandhayorapratibhāsanena ghaṭanāyogāt kṣīrodakavadatadvedinetyuktam| tasmāt na tadvikalpaṃ pratyakṣamiti|| ### [21.3.p96](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p96) atrocyate| yat tāvaduktam---arthasāmarthyajatvābhilāpasaṃsargayogyapratibhāsattvayoḥ virodha iti, tatra brūmaḥ| syād virodho yadi svalakṣaṇamevārthaḥ, na tvetadasti| upapādayiṣyati hi paramārthasantaṃ jātyādimantamarthaṃ sthemabhājamabhilāpasaṃsargayogyam| tena tajjanitaṃ jñānamarthasāmarthyajaṃ cābhilāpasaṃsargayogyapratibhāsaṃ ceti na virodhaḥ| tathā ca prasaṅgasādhanasya sandigdhavyatirekitā| na ca dravyādyabhinnaṃ jātyādi bhinnaṃ kalpayanto vikalpā nārthasāmarthyajanmāna iti sāṃpratat| dravyādapi hi bhedaḥ sādhayiṣyate teṣām| yathā ca bhede'pi teṣāṃ tadvācakānāṃ sāmānādhikaraṇyaṃ tathopapāditamadhastāt| na ca bhinnena śabdena ḍittho'yamityabhedakalpanādarthasya vikalpānāmanarthajatvamiti yuktam| uktametad avyapadeśyapadavyākhyānāvasare yathā na śabdābhedenārthayorekendriyajñānasaṃsargitā kiṃ tu prathamamālocito'rthaḥ sāmānyaviśeṣavān saḍketagrahaṇsamayavartinīmātmano'vasthāṃ smārayan tatkālabhāvinaṃ śabdamapi smārayatyavarjanīyatayā| na tvindriyajavikalpotpādaṃ pratyastyupayogaḥ kaścit śabdasmaraṇasya| anyathā bālamūkādīnāṃ nendriyajaḥ syādvikalpaḥ śabdasmaraṇābhāvāt| saḍketasamayavartyavasthāsmaraṇaṃ tūpayujyate, vastunastadānīntanedānīntanāvasthābhedavata ekasyendriyajena vikalpenākalanāt| śabdastu saṃpātāyāto na niveśayatyātmānam indriyaje vikalpe| yathāha, ### [21.3.p97](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p97) devadattādiśabdana hṛdayasthena yaḥ smṛtaḥ| ### [21.3.p98](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p98) cakṣuṣāpi sa evāyaṃ piṇḍaḥ saṃprati dṛśyate|| ### [21.3.p99](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p99) anena hi piṇḍasya pūrvāparāvasthāvartinīmekatāmindiyajavikalpagocaratvena darśayati, na tu śabdaniveśanamapi| tathā, ### [21.3.p100](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p100) saṃjñā hi smaryamāṇāpi pratyakṣatvaṃ na bādhate| ### [21.3.p101](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p101) saṃjñinaḥ| ### [21.3.p102](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p102) kutaḥ? ### [21.3.p103](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p103) sā taṭāvasthā na rūpācchādanakṣamā|| ### [21.3.p104](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p104) nārthendriyavyāpāraṃ vyavadhatte ityarthaḥ| na ca prāgavasthāsmaraṇasāpekṣatayā nendriyārthasannikarṣaḥ kāraṇaṃ vikalpasyeti sāṃpratam| yato, ### [21.3.p105](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p105) na kii\*cadekamekasmāt sāmagryāḥ sarvaṃsaṃbhavaḥ| ### [21.3.p106](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p106) \[pra 0 vā 0 3.53\]iti bhavanto'pyāhuḥ| anyathālokamanaskārasāpekṣamarthendriyaṃ nirvikalpakamapi na janayet| ### [21.3.p107](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p107) yattu prathamaṃ nājījanat tat smaraṇasahakārivirahāt| na hi nājījanat kuśūlasthaṃ bījamaḍkuramiti na ### [21.3.p108](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p108) samavahitakṣityādisahakārigrāmamapyasyājanakaṃ bhavati| na ca janakatvājanakatvalakṣaṇo viruddhadharmasaṃsargo bhedaheturityupapādayiṣyate kṣaṇabhaṅgabhaḍge|| ### [21.3.p109](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p109) syādetat| atītāvasthā nendriyagocarastasya vartamānārthe niyamāt| na ca vartamāno'rthaḥ smaraṇagocaraḥ smaraṇasyānubhavajanitasaṃskārodbodhajanmanaḥ pūrvānubhavagocaraṃ prati niyamāt| tasmāt bhinnaviṣayatayā nendriyasahakāritā smaraṇasya| na hi rūpaviṣayāḥ sahastramapi nayanapradīpādayaḥ śabdaviṣayasya śravasaḥ sahakāritāmāpadyanta iti| tat kiṃ bhavatāṃ yatra gandhajñānānantaraṃ cākṣuṣaṃ rūpajñānaṃ jāyate tatra gandhajñānam na samanantarapratyayaḥ? tatrāpi hi cakṣūrūpaviṣayaṃ na gandhaviṣayasya jñānasya sahakāri bhavitumarhati, bhinnaviṣayatvādeva| athānvayavyatirekanibandhanaḥ kāryakāraṇabhāvo na samānaviṣayatvamanuvidhīyate ityucyetra, tadasmākamapi samānam| nanvatītāvasthāviśiṣṭatvam asya nendriyasannikṛṣṭamiti kathaṃ pratyakṣam? tat kiṃ yadindriyasaṃbaddhaṃ tat pratyakṣam? tathā satyākāśaparamāṇvādayo'pi tatsaṃyuktā iti te'pi pratyakṣāḥ prasajyeran| tasmād yadevendriyajasya jñānasya gocarastat pratyakṣam| na tvindriyasaṃbaddham| nanvasaṃbaddhamindriyaṃ kathaṃ tatra jñānaṃ janayati? tacca jñānaṃ kathaṃ pratyakṣam? ### [21.3.p110](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p110) pratyakṣaṃ cet, kathamindriyārthasannikarṣotpannamiti lakṣaṇaṃ pratyakṣaṃ vyāpnoti, asyaiva pratyakṣasya lakṣaṇenāvyānāt? mā bhūdarthasya pūrvakālavartitā indriyagocaraḥ, tathāpi smaraṇasahakāriṇā saṃskārasahakāriṇendriyārthasannikarṣeṇopajanitaṃ tadindriyārthasannikarṣotpannaṃ na bhavati| tathā ca nāvyāpakamasya lakṣaṇam|| ### [21.3.p111](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p111) nanu pūrvāparāvasthāparāmarśijñānaṃ kathamekam, viṣayabhedāt pārokṣyāpārokṣyalakṣaṇaviruddhadharmasaṃsargācca? tathā hi taditi pārokṣyam, idamiti ca sākṣātkāraḥ| na ca viruddhadharmasaṃsarge'pyekatvam, trailākyasyaikatvaprasaḍgāt| viṣayabhedaśca pūrvadeśakālāparadeśakālasaṃbandhayorekasya virodhāt| yathā hyekasmin padmarāgamaṇau gṛhyamāṇe tadabhāvo ### [21.3.p112](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p112) vyavacchidyate, yadi punarnaṃ vyavacchidyeta tadā bhāvo na paricchidyeta, tasya svābhāvavyavacchedarūpatvāt| tadabhāvāvinābhāvinaśca puṣparāgādaya iti te'pi sarve vayavacchinna bhavanti| yadi punarna vyavacchidyaran, sa eva puṣparāgādyatmeti tadavinābhāvī padmarāgābhāvaḥ padmarāgaśca syāditi durghaṭamāpadyeta| evaṃ tasyaiva pūrvadeśakālasaṃbandhe gṛhyamāṇe tadabhāvavyavacchedakrameṇāparadeśakālasaṃbandho vyavacchinnaḥ| pūrvadeśakālasaṃbandhābhāvāvyabhicārī| tathā ca na padadeśakālasaṃbandhasvabhāvaḥ| tathāpi yadyasau taddeśakālasaṃbandhādanyasvabhāvo bhavet, tathā sati sa eva bhavet, na bhavecceti durghaṭamāpadyeta| tasmāt pūrvadeśakālasaṃbandhādanyo'paradeśakālasaṃbandha iti siddho viṣayabheda iti|| ### [21.3.p113](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3.p113) atrocyate| yadi parokṣyāpārokṣyadharmabhedāt pūrvāparāvasthāparāmarśijñānaṃ bhidyeta, hanta bhoḥ, tadityapi vikalpo bhidyeta| so'pi hi parokṣaścāparokṣaśca vikalpaścāvikalpaśca| arthe parokṣo vikalpaśca svātmani tvavikalpo'parokṣaśca| tasmād viṣayabhodāt virodha iti cet---na tvihāpi tadekaṃ jñānaṃ tasyaivaikasya vastunaḥ pūrvadeśakālasaṃbandhe parokṣamaparokṣaṃ vā paradeśakālasaṃbandha iti ko virodhaḥ? yo'pi kāladeśasaṃbandhabhedena viṣayabheda uktaḥ, so'pi ayuktaḥ| yato yuktaṃ yat padmarāgasvarūpagrahe tadabhāvo vyavacchidyata iti, svābhāvavyavacchedātmakatvena bhāvānāṃ tadavyavacchede svarūpāgrahaṇaprasaḍgāt| kasmāt punaḥ puṣparāgādayo vyavacchidyante, padmarāgābhāvāvinābhāvāditi cet? athaitadabhāvāvinābhāvajñānaṃ kutastyam? tayoḥ kadācidapi tādā tmyenānupalambhāditi cet---yatra tarhi tādātmyamupalabhyate na tatra tadabhāvāvinābhāvaḥ, tathā ca pūrvāparadeśakālasaṃbaddhastādātmyenānubhūyamāna indriyajena vikalpena padmarāgo na bhinno bhavitumarhati| tasmāt parvāparadeśakālau tatsaṃndhau vā kāmaṃ bhidyeyātāṃ parasparābhāvāvinābhāvāt, tayorekadāpi tādātmyenāpratibhāsanāt| na tu tadāliḍrigatasvabhāvaḥ padmarāgamaṇi|, tasya tābhyāmanyatvāt| na cānyasya bhedo'nyasya bhedamāpādayati, atiprasaḍgāt| na cendriyārthasannikarṣābhāve'pi pūrvāparāvasthāparāmarśātmano vikalpasya bhāvādanindriyajayatvamiti sāṃpratam, tathā satyavikalpakamapi kāmāturasya kāminīṃ bhāvayataḥ tadviṣayamindriyārthasannikarṣaṃ vināpi dṛṣṭamiti nīlādyanubhāvātmāno'pi avikalpakā anindriyajāḥ prasajyeran| yadi tu nīlādyanubhavānāṃ kāminyanubhavāt kathi\*cad viśeṣaṃ brūyāta, tadā asmākamapi anindriyajebhyo vikalpebhya utprekṣāvyāpārebhyo'stīndriyajānāṃ darśanavyāpārāṇāṃ bhedaḥ| na ca vikalpagato darśanavyāpāro'nubhūyamānaḥ sati saṃbhave nirvikalpakopādhiriti yuktam| sarvā eva hīndriyajā buddhayo vikalpikā avikalpikā vā dhārāvāhinyo'mahamikayā parasparānapekṣā ekamarthamavagāhamānā udayante vyayante ca| na tvamūṣāmanyonyamanugamyānugantṛtāmīkṣāmahe| tasmāt indriyārthasannikarṣalabdhajanmāno vikalpā darśanavyāpārā nānya iti yuktamutpaśyamaḥ| na ca śabdapratyakṣayorvastugocaratve satyapi pratyayābhedaḥ kāraṇabhedena pārokṣyāpārokṣyabhedopapatteḥ| na ca vahinasaṃyogajanmā śītāpanodo vahinajñānād bhavitumarhati| na caikopādhinā sattvena viśiṣṭe tasmin gṛhīte upādhyantaraviśiṣṭatadgrahaprasaṅgaḥ| svabhāvo hi dravyasyopādhibhirviśiṣyate, na tūpādhayo va tairviśiṣṭatvaṃ vā tasya svabhāvaḥ| na ca yat svabhāvasaṃbandhi sa svabhāvaḥ| tathā satyasaṃbandhitvameva| na hi tadeva tena saṃbadhyate| api ca rūpajñānaṃ viṣayagrahaṇadharma nānāparamāṇuviṣayaṃ na _First 114 of 155 passages. [Read on](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3)_ ## Linked texts (8) - [Bhāmatī, text without the sūtras (Sansknet input)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.vedanta.brahmasutra!sankara!bhamati*textonly.498) — Sanskrit - [Mṛgendra (another edition)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.sampradaya.saiva.agama.siva.kamika.mrgendra*alt.7.152) — Sanskrit - [Vādarahasya](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.sanskrit.darsana.pramana.vadarahasya.259) — Ratnakīrti, Sanskrit - [Vākyapadīya](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.vyakarana.darsana.vakyapadiya.1.130) — Bhartṛhari (grammarian), Sanskrit - [Pramāṇavārttika (ed. Rāhula Sāṅkṛtyāyana)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.bauddha.sanskrit.darsana.pramana.pramanavarttika*sankrtyayana.3.53) — Sanskrit - [Prakaraṇapañcikā (with the Nyāyasiddhi)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.mimamsa.prabhakara.prakaranapancika*nyayasiddhi.125.1) — Sanskrit - [Vidhirasāyana](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.mimamsa.bhatta.vidhirasayana.8.4.p1.3) — Appayya Dīkṣita 1560, Sanskrit - [Ātmatattvaviveka](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.atmatattvaviveka.6.p75) — Udayana, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*complete.21.3) · Pramāṇa