[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Philosophy](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana) › [Logic and epistemology](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya) › [Nyāyasūtra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra) › [Nyāyabhāṣya](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana) › [Text of the Tokyo Indology Student Team](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo) › 2 # Commentary on the Nyāyasūtra 2 Text of the Tokyo Indology Student Team 2 - **Language:** Sanskrit ### [2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.2) pramaṇato 'rthapratipattau pravṛttisāmarthyād arthavat pramāṇam/ ### [2.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.3) pramāṇam antareṇa nārthapratipattiḥ, nārhtapratipattim antareṇa pravṛttisāmarthyam/ pramāṇena khalv ayaṃ jñātārtham abhīpsati jihāsati vā/ tasyepsājihāsāprayuktasya samīhā pravṛttir ity ucyate/ sāmrthyaṃ punar asyāḥ phalenābhisambandhaḥ/ samīhamānas tam artham abhīpsan jihāsan vā tam artham āpnoti jahāti vā/ arthas tu sukhaṃ sukhahetuś ca, duḥkhaṃ duḥkhahetuś ca/ ### [2.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.4) so 'yaṃ pramāṇārtho 'parisaṅkhyeyaḥ, prāṇabhṛdbhedasyāparisaṅkhyeyatvāt/ arthavati ca pramāṇe pramātā prameyaṃ pramitir ity arthavanti bhavanti/ kasmāt? anyatamāpāye 'rthasyānupapatteḥ/ ### [2.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.5) tatra yasyepsājihāsāprayuktasya pravṛttiḥ sa pramātā, sa yenārthaṃ pramiṇoti tat pramāṇam, yo 'rthaḥ pramīyate tat prameyam, yad arthavijñānaṃ sā pramitiḥ, catasṛṣu caivaṃvidhāsv arthatattvaṃ parisamāpyate/ kiṃ punas tattvam? sataś ca sadbhāvo 'sataśüEcāsadbhāvaḥ/ sat sad iti gṛhyamāṇaṃ yathābhūtam aviparītaṃ tattvaṃ bhavati/ ### [2.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.6) % yathābhūtam aviparītaṃ tattvaṃ bhavati/\] p.25 asac cāsad iti gṛhyamāṇaṃ yathābhūtam aviparītaṃ tattvaṃ bhavati/ ### [2.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.7) katham uttarasya pramāṇenopalabdhir iti? saty upalabhyamāne tadanupalabdheḥ pradīpavat/ yathā darśakena dīpena dṛśye gṛhyamāṇe tad iva yan na gṛhyate, tan nāsti/ yady abhaviṣyad idam iva vyajñāsyata, vijñānābhāvān nāstīti/ evaṃ pramāṇena sati gṛhyamāṇe tad iva yan na gṛhyate, ### [2.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.8) tan nāsti/ yady abhaviṣyad idam iva vyajñāsyata, vijñānābhāvān nāstīti/ tad evaṃ sataḥ prakāśakaṃ pramāṇam asad api prakāśayatīti/ ### [2.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.9) sac ca khalu ṣoḍaśadhā vyūḍham upadekṣyate/ tāsāṃ khalv āsāṃ sadvidhānām--- ### [2.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.10) pramāṇaprameyasaṃśayaprayojanadṛṣṭāntasiddhāntāvayavatarkanirṇayavādajalpavitaṇḍāhetvābhāsacchalajātinigrahasthānānāṃ tattvajñānān niḥśreyasādhigamaḥ || ### [2.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.11) nirdeśe yathāvacanaṃ vigrahaḥ/ cārthe dvandvasamāsaḥ/ pramāṇādīnāṃ tattvam iti śaiṣikī ṣaṣṭhī/ ### [2.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.12) tattvasya jñānaṃ niḥśreyasasyādhigama iti karmaṇi ṣaṣṭhau/ ta etāvanto vidyamānārthāḥ, yeṣām aviparītajñānārtham ihopadeśaḥ/ ### [2.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.13) % vidyamānārthā, ...\] p/32 so 'yam anavayavena tantrārtha uddiṣṭo veditavyaḥ/ ātmādeḥ khalu prameyasya tattvajñānān niḥśreyasādhigamaḥ/ ### [2.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.14) tac caitad uttarasūtreṇānūdyata iti/ heyam, tasya nirvartakaṃ hānam ātyantikam, tasyopāyo 'dhigantavya ity etāni catvāry arthapadāni samyag buddhvā niḥśreyasam adhigacchati/ ### [2.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.15) tatra saṃśayādīnāṃ pṛthagvacanam anarthakam --- saṃśayādayo yathāsambhavaṃ pramāṇeṣu prameyeṣu cāntarbhavanto na vyatiricyanta iti? satyam etat, imās tu catasro vidyāḥ pṛthakprasthānāḥ prāṇabhṛtām anugrahāyopadiśyante, yāsāṃ caturthīyam ānvīkṣikī nyāyavidyā/ ### [2.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.16) % -prasthānāḥ prāṇabhṛtām ... \] p.35 tasyāḥ pṛthakprasthānāḥ saṃśayādayaḥ padārthāḥ/ teṣāṃ pṛthagvacanam antareṇādhyātmavidyāmātram iyaṃ syāt, yathopaniṣadaḥ/ tasmāt saṃśayādibhiḥ padārthaiḥ pṛthak prasthāpyate/ tatra nānupalabdhe na nirṇīte 'rthe nyāyaḥ pravartate, kiṃ tarhi? saṃśayite 'rthe/ yathoktaṃ --- \`\`vimṛśya pakṣapratipakṣābhyām arthāvadhāraṇaṃ nirṇayaḥ'' iti/ vimarśaḥ --- saṃśayaḥ/ pakṣapratipakṣau --- nyāyapravṛttiḥ/ arthāvadhāraṇaṃ --- nirṇayas tattvajñānam iti/ sa ca \`\`ayaṃ kiṃsvid'' iti vastuvimarśamātram anavadhāraṇaṃ jñānaṃ saṃśayaḥ, prameye 'ntarbhavann evam arthaṃ pṛthag ucyate/ ### [2.17](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.17) atha prayojanam --- yena prayuktaḥ pravartate, tat prayojanam/ yam artham abhīpsan jihāsan vā karmārabhate, ### [2.18](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.18) % karmārabhate\] p.38 tenānena sarve prāṇinaḥ sarvāṇi karmāṇi sarvāś ca vidyā vyāptāḥ, tadāśrayaś ca nyāyaḥ pravartate/ kaḥ punar ayaṃ nyāyaḥ? pramāṇair arthaparīkṣaṇaṃ nyāyaḥ/ ### [2.19](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.19) pratyakṣāgamāśritam anumānam, sānvīkṣā/ pratyakṣāgamābhyām īkṣitasyānvīkṣaṇam anvīkṣā/ tayā pravarttata ity ānvīkṣikī --- nyāyavidyā --- nyāyaśāstram/ yat punar anumānaṃ pratyakṣāgamaviruddhaṃ nyāyābhāsaḥ sa iti/ ### [2.20](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.20) tatra vādajalpau saprayojanau/ vitaṇḍā tu parīkṣyate/ vitaṇḍayā pravartamāno vaitaṇḍikaḥ/ sa prayojanam anuyukto yadi pratipadyate so 'sya pakṣaḥ so 'sya siddhānta iti, vaitaṇḍikatvaṃ jahāti/ atha na pratipadyate nāyaṃ laukiko na parīkṣaka ity āpadyate/ athāpi parapakṣapratiṣedhajñāpanaṃ prayojanaṃ bravīti, etad api tādṛg eva/ yo jñāpayati yo jānāti yena jñāpyate yac ca jñāpyate etac ca pratipadyate yadi, tadā vaitaṇḍikatvaṃ jahāti/ atha na pratipadyate, parapakṣapratiṣedhajñāpanaṃ prayojanam ity etad asya vākyam anarthakaṃ bhavati/ vākyasamūhaś ca sthāpanāhīno vitaṇḍā, tasya yady abhidheyaṃ pratipadyate, so 'sya pakṣaḥ sthāpanīyo bhavati/ atha na pratipadyate, pralāpamātram anarthakaṃ bhavati, vitaṇḍātvaṃ nivartata iti/ atha dṛṣṭāntaḥ pratyakṣaviṣayo 'rthaḥ, yatra laukikaparīkṣakāṇāṃ darśanaṃ na vyāhanyate/ ### [2.21](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.21) sa ca prameyam/ tasya pṛthagvacanaṃ ca tadāśrayāv anumānāgamau, tasmin sati syātām anumānāgamau asati ca na syātām/ tadāśrayā ca nyāyapravṛttiḥ/ dṛṣṭāntavirodhena ca parapakṣapratiṣedho vacanīyo bhavati, dṛṣṭāntasamādhinā ca svapakṣaḥ sādhanīyo bhavati/ nāstikaś ca dṛṣṭāntam abhyupagacchann āstikatvaṃ jahāti/ anabhyupagacchan kiṃsādhanaḥ param upālabheteti/ niruktena ca dṛṣṭāntena śakyam abhidhātuṃ \`\`sādhyasādharmyāt taddharmabhāvī dṛṣṭānta udāharaṇam'' \`\`tadviparyayād viparītam'' iti/ ### [2.22](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.22) asty ayam ity anujñāyamāno 'rthaḥ siddhāntaḥ/ sa ca prameyam/ tasya pṛthagvacanaṃ satsu siddhāntabhedeṣu vādajalpavitaṇḍāḥ pravartante, nāto 'nyatheti/ ### [2.23](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.23) sādhanīyārthasya yāvati śabdasamūhe siddhiḥ parisamāpyate tasya pañcāvayavāḥ pratijñādayaḥ, samūham apekṣyāvayavā ucyante/ ### [2.24](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.24) teṣu pramāṇasamavāyaḥ, āgamaḥ pratijñā/ hetur anumānam/ ### [2.25](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.25) udāharaṇaṃ pratyakṣam/ upanayanam upamānam/ ### [2.26](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.26) sarveṣām ekārthasamavāye sāmarthyapradarśanaṃ nigamanam iti/ so 'yaṃ paramo nyāya iti/ etena vādajalpavitaṇḍāḥ pravartante nāto 'nyatheti/ ### [2.27](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.27) tadāśrayā ca tattvavyavasthā/ te caite 'vayavāḥ śabdaviśeṣāḥ santaḥ prameye 'ntarbhūtā evamarthaṃ pṛthag ucyanta iti/ tarko na pramāṇasaṃgṛhīto, na pramāṇāntaram, pramāṇānām anugrāhakas tattvajñānāya kalpate/ tasyodāharaṇam --- kim idaṃ janma kṛtakena hetunā nirvartyate, āhosvid akṛtakena, athākasmikam iti? ### [2.28](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.28) % -ākasmikam iti?\] p.54 evam avijñāte 'rthe kāraṇopapattyā ūhaḥ pravarttate --- yadi kṛtakena hetunā nirvartyate, hetūcchedād upapanno 'yaṃ janmocchedaḥ/ athākṛtakena hetunā, tato hetūcchedasyāśakyatvād anupapanno janmocchedaḥ/ athākasmikam, ato 'kasmān nirvartyamānaṃ na punar nivartsyatīti nivṛttikāraṇaṃ nopapadyate, tena janmānuccheda iti/ etasmiṃs tarkaviṣaye karmanimittaṃ janmeti pramāṇāni pravarttamānāni tarkeṇānugṛhante, ### [2.29](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.29) tattvajñānaviṣayasya vibhāgāt tattvajñānāya kalpate tarka iti/ so 'yam itthambhūtas tarkaḥ pramāṇasahito vāde sādhanāyopālambhāya cārthasya bhavatīty evam arthaṃ pṛghag ucyate prameyāntarbhūto 'pīti/ ### [2.30](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.30) nirṇayas tattvajñānaṃ pramāṇānāṃ phalam, tadavasāno vādaḥ, tasya pālanārthaṃ jalpaviṭaṇḍe/ tāv etau tarkanirṇayau lokayātrāṃ vahata iti/ so 'yaṃ nirṇayaḥ prameyāntarbhūta evamarthaṃ pṛthag uddīṣṭa iti/ ### [2.31](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.31) vādaḥ khalu nānāpravaktṛkaḥ pratyadhikaraṇasādhano 'nyatarādhikaraṇanirṇayāvasāno vākyasamūhaḥ/ ### [2.32](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.32) % vākyasamūhaḥ/\] p.58 pṛthag uddiṣṭa upalakṣaṇārtham/ upalakṣitena vyavahāras tattvajñānāya bhavatīti/ \`\`tadviśeṣau jalpavitaṇḍe tattvādhyavasāyasaṃrakṣaṇārtham'' ity uktam/ ### [2.33](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.33) nigrahasthānebhyaḥ pṛthag uddhiṣṭā hetvābhāsā vāde codanīyā bhaviṣyantīti/ ### [2.34](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.34) jalpavitaṇḍayos tu nigrahasthānānīti/ ### [2.35](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.35) chalajātinigrahasthānānāṃ pṛthagupadeśa upalakṣaṇārtham iti/ upalakṣitānāṃ svavākye parivarjanam, chalajātinigrahasthānānāṃ paravākye paryanuyogaḥ/ jāteś ca pareṇa prayujyamānāyāḥ sulabhaḥ samādhiḥ, svayaṃ ca sukaraḥ prayoga iti/ ### [2.36](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.36) seyam ānvīkṣikī pramāṇādibhiḥ padārthair vibhajyamānā --- pradīpaḥ sarvavidyānām upāyaḥ sarvakarmaṇām/ āśrayaḥ sarvadharmāṇāṃ vidyoddeśe prakīrtitā// ### [2.37](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2.37) tad idaṃ tattvajñānaṃ niḥśreyasādhigamārthaṃ yathāvidyaṃ veditavyam/ iha tv adhyātmavidyāyām ātmādijñānaṃ tattvajñānam/ niḥśreyasādhigamo 'pavargaprāptiḥ//1// ## Linked texts (2) - [Utpādasiddhi](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.anuyoga.phil.nyaya.pramana.utpadasiddhi.11.1.2) — Candrasena, Sanskrit - [Nyāyakalikā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.prakarana.nyayakalika.1.13) — Jayanta Bhaṭṭa, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayasutra!vatsyayana*tokyo.2) · Pramāṇa