[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Philosophy](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana) › [Logic and epistemology](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya) › [Manuals and primers](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.prakarana) › [The Bud of Nyāya](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.prakarana.nyayakalika) › 1.8 # The Bud of Nyāya 1.8 Nyāyakalikā 1.8 - **Language:** Sanskrit ### [1.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.prakarana.nyayakalika.1.8) tatkṛtaṃ janmāpaiti janmāpāye tatkṛtaṃ duḥkhamapaiti duḥkhāpāyaścāpavarga iti viśeṣasmṛtihetordharmasya grahaṇād viśeṣasmṛteśca jāyamānaḥ kiṃ svit iti vimarśaḥ saṃśayaḥ | sa ca pañcavidhaḥ (1)sādhāraṇadharmadarśanāt-yathā ūrdhvatvadarśanāt sthāṇurvā puruṣo veti | (2)asādhāraṇadharmadarśanāt-yathā vibhāgajatvācchabdo dravyaṃ guṇo veti saṃśayo bhavati | (3) vipratipatteḥ-yathā nityatvānityatve śabdasya saṃśayaḥ | (4)upalabdhyavyavasthātaḥ-yathā kiñcit sadupalabhyate yathā nadyādau jalam | anyadasaḍupalabhyate yathā marumarīciṣu jalam | evamanyadupalabhyamāne saṃśayo bhavati kiṃ sadupalabhyate utāsaditi | (5) anupalabdhyavyavasthātaḥyathā sadapi mṛdantaritamudakaṃ nopalabhyate asacca khapuṣpādi nopalabhyate tato'nyatare'nupalabhyamāne saṃśayo bhavati kiṃ sannopalabhyate utāsaditi | sa cāyaṃ saṃśayaḥ pramāṇaprameyāntarbhūto nyāyapravṛttyaṅgatvat pṛthagupadiśyate yamarthamadhikṛtya puruṣaḥ pravartate tat prayojanam | tadvidham-mukhyaṃ gauṇaṃ ca | sukhaṃ duḥkhamukhyamprayojanam | tatsādhanaṃ tu gauṇam | prayojanamūlatvānnyāyapravṛtteḥ tadapi pṛthagupadiśyate vādiprativādinoḥ sādhyasādhanadharmādhikaraṇatvena tadrahitatvena vā prasiddho'rtho dṛṣṭāntaḥ | sa ca nyāyasya pratibandhagrahaṇasthānamiti pṛthagupadiśyate ayamevamiti pramāṇamūlābhyupagamaḥ viṣayīkṛtaḥ sāmānyaviśeṣavānarthaḥ siddhāntaḥ | sa caturvidhaḥ | sarvatantrasiddhāntaḥ pratitantrasiddhāntaḥ adhikaraṇasiddhāntaḥ abhyupagamasiddhānta iti sarvatantrāviruddhaḥ svaśāstre prakriyamāṇo'rthaḥ sarvatantrasiddhāntaḥ - [Previous: 1.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.prakarana.nyayakalika.1.7) - [Next: 1.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.prakarana.nyayakalika.1.9) - [Up: 1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.prakarana.nyayakalika.1) ## Linked texts (1) - [Nyāyamañjarī](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.nyayamanjari.2.6.106) — Jayanta Bhaṭṭa, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.prakarana.nyayakalika.1.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.darsana.nyaya.prakarana.nyayakalika.1.8) · Pramāṇa