[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Jain Literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina) › [The Śvetāmbara canon (Siddhānta)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta) › [The Mūlasūtras ("root texts")](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula) › [Uttarajjhayana](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2) › 26 # Uttarajjhayana 26 Uttarajjhayaṇa 26 - **Language:** Ardhamāgadhī Prakrit ### [26.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.1) sāmāyāriṃ pavakkhāmi savvadukkhavimokkhaṇiṃ | jaṃ carittāṇa niggaṃthā tinnā saṃsārasāgaraṃ || > I shall explain correct conduct, which frees from all suffering, / by practicing which the Nirgranthas have crossed the ocean of the cycle of rebirth. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.2) paḍhamā āvassiyā nāma biiyā ya nisīhiyā | āpucchaṇā ya taiyā cautthī paḍipucchaṇā || > The first is called 'necessary activity', and the second is 'disavowal of worldly activity', / the third is 'asking permission', and the fourth is 'asking again'. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.3) paṃcamā chaṃdaṇā nāma icchākāro ya chaṭṭhao | sattamo micchakāro ya tahakkāro ya aṭṭhamo || > The fifth is offering (chandaṇā), the sixth is voluntary request (icchākāra), / the seventh is acknowledging error (micchākāra), and the eighth is acceptance (tahakkāra). > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.4) abbhuṭṭhāṇaṃ navamaṃ, dasamā uvasaṃpadā | esā dasaṃgā sāhūṇaṃ sāmāyārī paveiyā || > Rising to greet is the ninth (abbhuṭṭhāṇa), and the tenth is taking instruction (uvasaṃpadā); / this ten-limbed daily conduct has been proclaimed for virtuous mendicants. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.5) gamane āvassiyaṃ kujjā ṭhāṇe kujjā nisīhiyaṃ | āpucchaṇā sayaṃkaraṇe parakaraṇe paḍipucchaṇā || > On going out one should say 'āvassiyā', on entering one should say 'nisīhiyā'; / permission is asked in one's own action, and inquiry in another's action. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.6) chaṃdaṇā davvajāeṇaṃ icchākāro ya sāraṇe | micchākāro ya niṃdāe tahakkāro ya paḍissue || > Offering is \[made\] with things; voluntary request in reminding; / acknowledging error in self-censure; and acceptance in assenting \[to an instruction\]. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.7) abbhuṭṭhāṇaṃ gurupūyā acchaṇe uvasaṃpadā | evaṃ dupaṃcasaṃjuttā sāmāyārī paveiyā || > Rising to greet is honoring the preceptor; taking instruction is in staying \[under guidance\]; / thus is the daily conduct endowed with twice five \[rules\] proclaimed. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.8) puvvillaṃmi caubbhāe āiccaṃmi samuṭṭhie | bhaṃḍayaṃ paḍilehittā vaṃdittā ya tao guru || > In the first quarter \[of the day\], when the sun has risen, / having inspected one's equipment and then paid homage to the preceptor, > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.9) pucchejjā paṃjaliuḍo kiṃ kāyavvaṃ mae ihaṃ? | icchaṃ nioiuṃ bhaṃte! veyāvacce ya sajjhāe || > With folded hands one should ask: 'What should be done by me here? / I wish to be assigned, reverend sir, to service or to study.' > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.10) veyāvacce niutteṇaṃ kāyavvaṃ agilāyao | sajjhāe vā niutteṇaṃ savvadukkhavimokkhaṇe || > When appointed to service, it must be performed unweariedly; / or when appointed to study, which frees \[the soul\] from all suffering. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.11) divasassa cauro bhāge kujjā bhikkhū viyakkhaṇo | tao uttaraguṇe kujjā dinabhāgesu causu vi || > A discerning monk should divide the day into four parts; / then he should practice the higher virtues in all four parts of the day. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.12) paḍhamaṃ porisiṃ sajjhāyaṃ bīyaṃ jjhāṇaṃ jjhiyāyaī | taiyāe bhikkhāyariyaṃ puṇo cautthīe sajjhāyaṃ || > In the first watch he studies, in the second he practices meditation, / in the third \[he goes on\] the begging tour, and again in the fourth \[he engages in\] study. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.13) āsāḍhe māse dupayā pose māse cauppayā | cittāsoesu māsesu tipayā havai porisī || > In the month of Āṣāḍha \[the watch shadow is\] two paces, in the month of Pauṣa four paces; / in the months of Caitra and Āśvina a watch is three paces. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.14) aṃgulaṃ sattaratteṇaṃ pakkheṇa ya duaṃgulaṃ | vaḍḍhae hāyae vāvi māseṇaṃ cauraṃgulaṃ || > By one digit (aṅgula) in seven nights, and by two digits in a fortnight, / or by four digits in a month, it increases or decreases. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.15) āsāḍhabahulapakkhe bhaddavae kattie ya pose ya | phagguṇavaisāhesu ya nāyavvā omarattāo || > In the dark fortnight of Āṣāḍha, in Bhādrapada, Kārttika, and Pauṣa, / and in Phālguna and Vaiśākha, the short-night \[periods\] are to be known. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.16) jeṭṭhāmūle āsāḍhasāvaṇe chahiṃ aṃgulehiṃ paḍilehā | aṭṭhahiṃ bīyatiyaṃmī taie dasa aṭṭhahiṃ cautthe || > In Jyeṣṭhāmūla, Āṣāḍha, and Śrāvaṇa, the inspection \[shadow\] is six digits, / in the second triad eight, in the third ten, and in the fourth eight. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.17](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.17) rattiṃ pi cauro bhāge bhikkhū kujjā viyakkhaṇo | tao uttaraguṇe kujjā rāibhāesu causu vi || > A discerning monk should also divide the night into four parts; / then he should practice the higher virtues in all four parts of the night. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.18](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.18) paḍhamaṃ porisiṃ sajjhāyaṃ bīyaṃ jjhāṇaṃ jjhiyāyaī | taiyāe niddamokkhaṃ tu cautthī bhujjo vi sajjhāyaṃ || > In the first watch he studies, in the second he practices meditation, / in the third he rests in sleep, and in the fourth \[he engages\] once again in study. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.19](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.19) jaṃ nei jayā rattiṃ nakkhattaṃ taṃmi nahacaubbhāe | saṃpatte viramejjā sajjhāyaṃ paosakālammi || > When the constellation that brings the night reaches that quarter of the sky, / at the evening hour he should desist from study. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.20](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.20) tammeva ya nakkhatte gayaṇacaubbhāgasāvasesaṃmi | verattiyaṃ pi kālaṃ paḍilehittā munī kujjā || > When that same constellation leaves one quarter of the sky remaining, / having inspected the time before dawn, a sage should act. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) > When a small part of the quarter is left, in which the (leading) nakshatra stands, during that space of time, being considered intermediate (between two) days, a monk should watch. > — Hermann Jacobi 1895, Uttarâdhyayana Sûtra (Gaina Sûtras II, SBE 45) ### [26.21](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.21) puvvallaṃmi caubbhāe paḍilehittāṇaṃ bhaṃḍaya | guruṃ vaṃdittu sajjhāyaṃ kujjā dukkhavimokkhaṇaṃ || > In the first quarter \[of the day\], having inspected one's equipment, / having paid homage to the preceptor, one should study, which brings release from suffering. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.22](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.22) porisīe caubbhāe vaṃdittāṇa tao guruṃ | apaḍikkamittā kālassa bhāyaṇaṃ paḍilehae || > In the fourth part of the watch, having then paid homage to the preceptor, / not letting the time pass by, he inspects the begging bowl. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.23](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.23) muhapottiyaṃ paḍilehittā paḍilehijja gocchagaṃ | gocchagalaiyaṃgulio vatthāiṃ paḍilehae || > Having inspected the mouth-cloth, he should inspect the broom; / with fingers clasping the broom, he inspects his garments. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.24](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.24) uḍḍhaṃ thiraṃ aturiyaṃ puvvaṃ tā vatthameva paḍilehe | to biiyaṃ papphoḍe taiyaṃ ca puṇo pamajjejjā || > Upright, steady, unhurried, he first inspects the garment; / then, second, shakes it out, and third, wipes it clean. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.25](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.25) anaccāviyaṃ avaliyaṃ anānubaṃdhiṃ amosaliṃ ceva | chappurimā nava khoḍā pāṇīpāṇavisohaṇaṃ || > Not dragging, not twisted, not clinging, not \[sweeping like a\] pestle— / the first six, the nine defects, the purification of living beings by hand. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.26](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.26) ārabhaḍā sammaddā vajjeyavvā ya mosalī taiyā | papphoḍaṇā cautthī vikkhittā veiyā chaṭṭhā || > Hurried handling, crushing, and the third, using like a pestle, must be avoided; / shaking too roughly is the fourth, scattered the fifth, and tossing the sixth. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.27](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.27) pasiḍhilapalaṃbalolā egāmosā anegarūvadhuṇā | kuṇai pamāṇi pamāyaṃ saṃkie gaṇaṇovagaṃ kujjā || > Slack, dangling, unsteady, touching in one place, flapping in various forms; / if one acts carelessly in measurement, being doubtful, one should count \[the strokes\]. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) > (One must further avoid) to hold the cloth loosely, or at one corner, or so as to let it flap, or so as to subject it to friction, or so as to shake it in different ways, or if one has made a mistake in the number of foldings (see verse 25) to count (aloud or with the help of the fingers, &c.) > — Hermann Jacobi 1895, Uttarâdhyayana Sûtra (Gaina Sûtras II, SBE 45) ### [26.28](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.28) anūnāirittapaḍilehā avivaccāsā taheva ya | paḍhamaṃ payaṃ pasatthaṃ sesāṇi u appasatthāiṃ || > An inspection neither deficient nor excessive, and likewise without reversal— / the first manner is praised, but the others are blameworthy. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.29](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.29) paḍilehaṇaṃ kuṇaṃto mihokahaṃ kuṇai janavayakahaṃ vā | dei va paccakkhāṇaṃ vāei sayaṃ paḍicchai vā || > While performing inspection, if one chats mutually or talks about worldly affairs, / or gives a vow of abstinence, recites \[a text\], or receives \[instruction\] oneself, > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.30](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.30) puḍhavīāukkāe teūvāūvaṇassaitasāṇaṃ | paḍilehaṇāpamatto chaṇhaṃ pi virāhao hoi || > Careless in inspection, he becomes an injurer of all six \[classes of beings\]: / earth-bodies, water-bodies, fire, wind, vegetation, and mobile souls. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.31](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.31) taiyāe porisīe bhattaṃ pānaṃ gavesae | chaṇhaṃ annayarāgammi kāraṇaṃmi samuṭṭhie || > In the third watch he seeks food and drink / for any one of six reasons that has arisen: > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.32](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.32) veyaṇaveyāvacce iriyaṭṭhāe ya saṃjamaṭṭhāe | taha pāṇavattiyāe chaṭṭhaṃ puna dhammaciṃtāe || > Affliction, service, for the sake of movement, for the sake of self-restraint, / likewise for the maintenance of life, and sixth, for meditation on Dharma. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.33](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.33) niggaṃtho dhiimaṃto niggaṃthī vi na karejja chahiṃ ceva | ṭhāṇehiṃ u imehiṃ anaikkamaṇā ya se hoi || > A steadfast homeless mendicant, male or female, should not eat, except for these six / reasons, and then there is no transgression for them: > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.34](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.34) āyaṃke uvasagge titikkhayā baṃbhaceraguttīsu | pāṇidayā tavaheuṃ sarīravoccheyaṇaṭṭhāe || > In sickness, calamity, endurance in the protection of celibacy, / compassion for living beings, for the sake of austerity, and to end the body. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) > In case of illness; 2. in case of a disaster; 3. to preserve one's chastity and the Guptis; 4. out of compassion for living beings; 5. in the interest of penance; 6. to make an end of one's life. > — Hermann Jacobi 1895, Uttarâdhyayana Sûtra (Gaina Sûtras II, SBE 45) ### [26.35](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.35) avasesaṃ bhaṃḍagaṃ gijjhā cakkhusā paḍilehae | paramaddhajoyaṇāo vihāraṃ viharae munī || > Taking the remaining equipment, he inspects it with his eyes; / a sage travels on his journey not beyond half a yojana. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.36](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.36) cautthīe porisīe nikkhivittāṇa bhāyaṇaṃ | sajjhāyaṃ tao kujjā savvabhāvavibhāvaṇaṃ || > In the fourth watch, having set down the bowl, / he should then engage in study, which clarifies all realities. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.37](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.37) porisīe caubbhāe vaṃdittāṇa tao guruṃ | paḍikkamittā kālassa sejjaṃ tu paḍilehae || > In the fourth part of the watch, having then paid homage to the preceptor, / performing pratikramaṇa at the proper time, he inspects the bed. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.38](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.38) pāsavaṇuccārabhūmiṃ ca paḍilehijja jayaṃ jaī | kāussaggaṃ tao kujjā savvadukkhavimokkhaṇaṃ || > And the restrained ascetic should carefully inspect the place for urine and feces; / then he should perform kāyotsarga, which frees from all suffering. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.39](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.39) desiyaṃ ca aīyāraṃ ciṃtijja anupuvvaso | nāṇe daṃsaṇe ceva carittaṃmi taheva ya || > And he should reflect in order on the transgressions of the day / regarding knowledge, faith, and likewise conduct. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.40](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.40) pāriyakāussaggo vaṃdittāṇa tao guruṃ | desiyaṃ tu aīyāraṃ āloejja jahakkamaṃ || > Having concluded kāyotsarga, having then paid homage to the preceptor, / he should confess the transgressions of the day in proper order. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.41](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.41) paḍikkamittu nissallo vaṃdittāṇa tao guruṃ | kāussaggaṃ tao kujjā savvadukkhavimokkhaṇaṃ || > Having performed pratikramaṇa, freed from spiritual thorns, having then paid homage to the preceptor, / he should perform kāyotsarga, which frees from all suffering. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.42](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.42) pāriyakāussaggo vaṃdittāṇa tao guruṃ | thuimaṃgalaṃ ca kāūṇa kālaṃ saṃpaḍilehae || > Having concluded kāyotsarga, having then paid homage to the preceptor, / and having recited praise and auspicious verses, he examines the time. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.43](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.43) paḍhamaṃ porisiṃ sajjhāyaṃ bīyaṃ jjhāṇaṃ jjhiyāyaī | taiyāe niddamokkhaṃ tu sajjhāyaṃ tu cautthie || > In the first watch he studies, in the second he practices meditation, / in the third he rests in sleep, and in the fourth he studies. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.44](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.44) porisīe cautthīe kālaṃ tu paḍilehiyā | sajjhāyaṃ tao kujjā aboheṃto asaṃjae || > In the fourth watch, having inspected the time, / he should then engage in study without waking the unrestrained. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.45](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.45) porisīe caubbhāe vaṃdiūṇa tao guruṃ | paḍikkamittu kālassa kālaṃ tu paḍilehae || > In the fourth part of the watch, having then paid homage to the preceptor, / performing pratikramaṇa at the proper time, he inspects the time. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.46](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.46) āgae kāyavossagge savvadukkhavimokkhaṇe | kāussaggaṃ tao kujjā savvadukkhavimokkhaṇaṃ || > When the hour for kāyotsarga has arrived, which frees from all suffering, / he should then perform kāyotsarga, which frees from all suffering. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.47](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.47) rāiyaṃ ca aīyāraṃ ciṃtijja anupuvvaso | nāṇaṃmi daṃsaṇaṃmī carittaṃmi tavaṃmi ya || > And he should reflect in order on the transgressions of the night / regarding knowledge, faith, conduct, and austerity. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.48](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.48) pāriyakāussaggo vaṃdittāṇa tao guruṃ | rāiyaṃ tu aīyāraṃ āloejja jahakkamaṃ || > Having concluded kāyotsarga, having then paid homage to the preceptor, / he should confess the transgressions of the night in proper order. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.49](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.49) paḍikkamittu nissallo vaṃdittāṇa tao guruṃ | kāussaggaṃ tao kujjā savvadukkhavimokkhaṇaṃ || > Having performed pratikramaṇa, freed from spiritual thorns, having then paid homage to the preceptor, / he should perform kāyotsarga, which frees from all suffering. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.50](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.50) kiṃ tavaṃ paḍivajjāmi evaṃ tattha viciṃtae | kāussaggaṃ tu pārittā vaṃdaī ya tao guruṃ || > 'What austerity shall I undertake?'—thus he should reflect there; / having concluded kāyotsarga, he then pays homage to the preceptor. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.51](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.51) pāriyakāussaggo vaṃdittāṇa tao guruṃ | tavaṃ saṃpaḍivajjettā karejja siddhāṇa saṃthavaṃ || > Having concluded kāyotsarga, having then paid homage to the preceptor, / having undertaken the austerity, he should praise the perfected souls. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [26.52](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26.52) esā sāmāyārī samāseṇa viyāhiyā | jaṃ carittā bahū jīvā tiṇṇā saṃsārasāgaraṃ || –tti bemi || > This daily conduct has been expounded in brief; / practicing it, many souls have crossed the ocean of the cycle of rebirth. — Thus I say. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ## Translations (4) - [Uttarajjhayaṇa: Hindi translation (Dīparatnasāgara, 2019)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2~hi-deepratnasagar2019.26.1) — Hindi - [Uttarâdhyayana Sûtra (Gaina Sûtras II, SBE 45)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2~en-jacobi.26.20) — Hermann Jacobi 1895, English - [Uttarajjhayaṇa: Gujarati translation (Dīparatnasāgara, 2020)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2~gu-deepratnasagar2020.26.1) — Gujarati - [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2~en-mt.26.1) — English, machine translation ## Commentaries (5) - [Uttarādhyayanaśiṣyahitā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2!santisuri.v29.p113) — Śāntisūri, Sanskrit - [Uttarajjhayaṇa: ṭīkānusārī vivecana](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2!deepratnasagar.1342) — Muni Dīparatnasāgara 2000, Gujarati - [Sukhabodhā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2!devendragani.p631) — Devendragaṇi, Sanskrit - [Uttarajjhayaṇanijjutti](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2!niryukti) — Bhadrabāhu & Bhadrabāhu II, Māhārāṣṭrī Prakrit - [Uttarajjhayaṇacuṇṇi](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2!curni) — Jinadāsagaṇi Mahattara, Māhārāṣṭrī Prakrit ## Discussed in (5) - [The Doctrine of the Jainas, Described after the Old Sources](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.schubring-1962.c10.4) — Schubring 1935, English - [Prakrit Proper Names (Āgamic Index I)](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.mehta-chandra-1970.v1.c5.541) — Mehta & Chandra 1970, English - [Grammatik der Prakrit-Sprachen](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.literature.pischel-1900.c3.s1.t2.157) — Pischel 1900, German - [A History of the Canonical Literature of the Jainas](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.literature.kapadia-1941.c9.s27.27) — Kapadia 1941, English - [Some Jaina Canonical Sūtras](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.law-1949.c27.168) — Law 1949, English --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26](https://indike.org/pramana/in.jaina.sveta.mula.2.26) · Pramāṇa