[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Medicine](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med) › [Early and ascribed compendia](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita) › [The Compendium of Caraka](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka) › 2.1 # The Compendium of Caraka 2.1: prathamo 'adhyāyaḥ/ Carakasaṃhitā 2.1 - **Language:** Sanskrit ### prathamo 'adhyāyaḥ/ ### [2.1.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.1) athāto jvaranidānaṃ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ// > Now we shall expound the etiology of fever. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.2) iti ha smāha bhagavānātreyaḥ// > Thus spoke the venerable Ātreya. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.3) iha khalu heturnimittamāyatanaṃ kartā kāraṇaṃ pratyayaḥ samutthānaṃ nidānamityanarthāntaram/ > Here, indeed, hetu, nimitta, āyatana, kartṛ, kāraṇa, pratyaya, samutthāna, and nidāna are synonymous. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.3\_1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.3_1) tantrividham---asātmyendriyārthasaṃyogaḥ, prajñāparādhaḥ, pariṇāmaśceti// > It is threefold: unwholesome contact with sense objects, error in judgment, and transformation. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.4) atastrividhā vyādhayaḥ prādurbhavanti-āgneyāḥ, saumyāḥ, vāyavyāśca; dvividhāścāpare-rājasāḥ, tāmasāśca// > From these, three kinds of diseases arise: fiery, watery, and airy; and others are twofold: rajasic and tamasic. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.5) tatra vyādhirāmayo gada ātaṅko yakṣmā jvaro vikāro roga ityanarthāntaram// > There, vyādhi, āmaya, gada, ātaṅka, yakṣman, jvara, vikāra, and roga are synonymous. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.6) tasyopalabdhirnidānapūrvarūpaliṅgopaśayasaṃprāptitaḥ// > Its apprehension is by means of etiology, premonitory symptoms, symptoms, therapeutic suitability, and pathogenesis. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.7) tatra nidānaṃ kāraṇamityuktamagre// > There, etiology (nidāna) has been stated previously as ‘cause’. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.8) pūrvarūpaṃ prāgutpatti lakṣaṇaṃ vyādheḥ// > Premonitory symptom (pūrvarūpa) is the sign of a disease prior to its arising. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.9) prādurbhūtalakṣaṇaṃ punarliṅgam/ tatra liṅgamākṛtirlakṣaṇaṃ cihnaṃ saṃsthānaṃ vyañjanaṃ rūpamityanarthāntaram// > Symptom (liṅga), on the other hand, is the manifested sign. There, liṅga, ākṛti, lakṣaṇa, cihna, saṃsthāna, vyañjana, and rūpa are synonymous. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.10) upaśayaḥ punarhetuvyādhiviparītānāṃ viparītārthakāriṇāṃ cauṣadhāhāravihārāṇāmupayogaḥ sukhānubandhaḥ// > Therapeutic suitability (upaśaya), moreover, is the application of medicines, diet, and conduct that are contrary to the cause or disease, or that produce an effect contrary to them, resulting in relief. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.11) saṃprāptirjatirāgatirityanarthāntaraṃ vyādheḥ// > Pathogenesis (saṃprāpti), jāti, and āgati are synonymous with respect to disease. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.12) sā saṃkhyāprādhānyavidhivikalpabalakālaviśeṣairbhidyate// > It is differentiated by distinctions of number, dominance, variety, fractional distribution, strength, and time. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.12\_2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.12_2) saṃkhyā tāvadyathā---aṣṭau jvarāḥ, pañca gulmāḥ, sapta kuṣṭhānyevamādiḥ// > Number, to begin with, is such as: eight fevers, five abdominal swellings, seven dermatoses, and so forth. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.12\_3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.12_3) prādhānyaṃ punardoṣāṇāṃ taratamābhyāmupalabhyate/ > Dominance, moreover, is discerned through the degrees and superlative degrees of the doṣas. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.12\_1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.12_1) tatra dvayostaraḥ, triṣu tama iti// > Between two \[doṣas\], there is the comparative degree (-tara); among three, the superlative (-tama). > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.12\_4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.12_4) vidhirnāma---dvividhā vyādhayo jijāgantubhedena, trividhāstridoṣabhedena, caturvidhāḥ sādhyāsādhyamṛdudāruṇabhedena// > Variety (vidhi) is twofold by the division into innate and exogenous; threefold by the division into the three doṣas; and fourfold by the division into curable, incurable, mild, and severe. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.12\_5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.12_5) &samavetānāṃ punardoṣāṇāmaṃśāṃśabalavikalpo vikalpo 'asminnarthe// > Fractional distribution (vikalpa), moreover, in this context means the breakdown according to the fractional strength of each combined doṣa. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.12\_6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.12_6) balakālaviśeṣaḥ punarvyādhīnāmṛtvahorātrāhārakālavidhiviniyato bhavati// > The distinction of strength and time (balakālaviśeṣa) of diseases, furthermore, is determined by the specific rules governing seasons, day and night, and meal times. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.13) tasmādvyādhīn bhiṣaganupahatasattvabuddhirhetvādibhirbhāvairyathāvadanubuddhyeta// > Therefore, a physician whose mind and intellect are unimpaired should properly understand diseases through factors such as etiology and the rest. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.14) ityarthasaṃgraho nidānasthānasyoddiṣṭo bhavati/ > Thus the concise summary of the subject matter of the Nidānasthāna has been set forth. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.14\_1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.14_1) taṃ vistareṇopadiśanto bhūyastaramato 'anuvyākhyāsyāmaḥ// > Teaching it in detail, we shall explain it further from this point onward. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.15) tatra prathamata eva tāvadādyāṃllobhābhidrohakopaprabhavānaṣṭau vyādhīnnidānapūrveṇa krameṇa vyākhyāsyāmaḥ, tathā sūtrasaṃgrahamātraṃ cikitsāyāḥ/ > There, first of all, we shall explain the first eight diseases arising from greed, malice, and anger in regular order beginning with their etiology, as well as a mere aphoristic summary of their therapeutics. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.15\_1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.15_1) &cikitsiteṣu cottarakālaṃ &yathopacitavikārānanuvyākhyāsyāmaḥ// > And in the \[section on\] therapeutics, we shall subsequently explain the accumulated disorders in detail. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.16) iha khalu jvara evādau vikārāṇāmupadiśyate, tatprathamatvācchārīrāṇām// > Here indeed, fever is taught first among disorders, because it is the foremost among somatic diseases. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.17](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.17) atha khalvaṣṭābhyaḥ kāraṇebhyo jvaraḥ saṃjāyate manuṣyāṇāṃ; tadyathā---vātāt, pittāt, kaphāt, vātapittābhyāṃ, vātakaphābhyāṃ, pittakaphabhyāṃ, vātapittakaphabhyaḥ, āgantoraṣṭamāt kāraṇāt// > Now indeed, fever arises in human beings from eight causes; that is to say: from vāta, from pitta, from kapha, from vāta and pitta, from vāta and kapha, from pitta and kapha, from vāta, pitta, and kapha, and from an exogenous \[factor\] as the eighth cause. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.18](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.18) tasya &nidānapūrvarūpaliṅgopaśayaviśeṣānanuvyākhyāsyāmaḥ// > We shall explain its distinctive etiologies, premonitory symptoms, signs, and therapeutic suitabilities. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.19](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.19) rūkṣalaghuśītavamanavirecanāsthāpanaśirovirecanātiyogavyāyāmavegasaṃdhāraṇānaśanābhighātavyavāyodvegaśokaśoṇitātiṣekajāgaraṇaviṣamaśarīranyāsebhyo 'atisevitebhyo vāyuḥ prakopamāpadyate// > Vāyu becomes aggravated by excessive indulgence in dry, light, and cold \[foods and regimens\]; excessive application of emesis, purgation, non-unctuous enema, and errhines; exercise; suppression of natural urges; fasting; trauma; sexual intercourse; anxiety; grief; excessive bloodletting; staying awake at night; and awkward bodily postures. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.20](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.20) sa yadā prakupitaḥ &praviśyāmāśayamūṣmaṇā saha miśrībhūyādyamāhārapariṇāmadhātuṃ rasanāmānamanvavetya rasasvedavāhāni srotāṃsi pidhāyāgnimupahatya paktisthānādūṣmāṇaṃ bahirnirasya kevalaṃ śarīramanuprapadyate, tadā jvaramabhinirvartayati// > When aggravated, it enters the stomach, mixes with the bodily heat, reaches the primary tissue resulting from the digestion of food called chyle (rasa), blocks the channels carrying chyle and sweat, impairs the digestive fire, expels the heat outward from the seat of digestion, and spreads through the entire body; then it produces fever. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.21](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.21) tasyemāni liṅgāni bhavanti; tadyathā---viṣamārambhavisargitvam, ūṣmaṇo vaiṣamyaṃ, tīvratanubhāvānavasthānāni jvarasya, jaraṇānte divasānte niśānte gharmānte vā jvarasyābhyāgamanamabhivṛddhirvā, viśeṣeṇa paraṣāruṇavarṇatvaṃ nakhanayanavadanamūtrapurīṣatvacāmatyarthaṃ kḷptībhāvaśca; anekavidhopamāścalācalāśca vedanāsteṣāṃ teṣāmaṅgāvayavānāṃ; tadyathā---pādayoḥ suptatā, piṇḍikayorudveṣṭanaṃ, jānunoḥ kevalānāṃ ca sandhīnāṃ viśleṣaṇam, ūrvoḥ sādaḥ, kaṭīpārśvapṛṣṭhaskandhabāhvaṃsorasāṃ ca bhagnarugṇamṛditam&athitacaṭitāvapāṭitāvanunnatvamiva, hanvoścāprasiddhiḥ, svanaśca karṇayoḥ, śaṅkhayornistodaḥ, kaṣāyāsyatā āsyavairasyaṃ vā, mukhatālukaṇṭhaśoṣaḥ, pipāsā, hṛdayagrahaḥ, śuṣkacchardiḥ, śuṣkakāsaḥ, kṣavathūdnāravinigrahaḥ, annarasakhedaḥ, prasekārocakāvipākāḥ, viṣādajṛmbhāvināmavepathuśramabhramapralāpaprajāgararomaharṣadantaharṣāḥ, uṣṇābhiprāyatā, nidānoktānāmanupaśayo viparītopaśayaśceti &vātajvarasya liṅgāni bhavanti// > Its signs are as follows: irregular onset and relief; irregularity of temperature; instability of fever between mild and intense states; arrival or increase of fever at the end of digestion, at the end of day, at the end of night, or at the end of summer; especially a rough, reddish-brown discoloration and excessive emaciation of nails, eyes, face, urine, feces, and skin; various types of shifting pains in various body parts, such as: numbness in the feet, cramps in the calves, a sense of dislocation in the knees and in all joints, fatigue in the thighs, and a feeling as if broken, aching, crushed, churned, cracked, torn, and compressed in the waist, flanks, back, shoulders, arms, scapulae, and chest; stiffness of the jaws; ringing in the ears; piercing pain in the temples; astringent taste in the mouth or tastelessness; dryness of the mouth, palate, and throat; thirst; tightness in the chest; dry vomiting; dry cough; suppression of sneezing and belching; aversion to the taste of food; excessive salivation, anorexia, and indigestion; dejection, yawning, bending of the body, trembling, exhaustion, giddiness, delirium, sleeplessness, horripilation, and teeth-chattering; desire for warmth; unsuitability of things mentioned in the etiology and suitability of their opposites—these are the signs of vāta fever. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.22](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.22) uṣṇāmlalavaṇakṣārakaṭukājīrṇabhojanebhyo 'atisevitebhyastathā tīkṣṇātapāgnisaṃtāpaśramakrodhaviṣamāhārebhyaśca pittaṃ prakopamāpadyate// > Pitta becomes aggravated by excessive indulgence in hot, sour, salty, alkaline, pungent foods, and eating before the previous meal is digested; as well as from intense exposure to the sun and fire, exertion, anger, and irregular diet. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.23](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.23) tadyadā &prakupitamāmāśayādūṣmāṇamupasṛjyādyamāhārapariṇāmadhātuṃ rasanāmānamanvavetya rasasvedavahāni srotāṃsi pidhāya dravatvādagnimupahatya paktisthānādūṣmāṇaṃ &bahirnirasya prapīḍayat kevalaṃ śarīramanuprapadyate, tadā jvaramabhinirvartayati// > When aggravated, it approaches the heat of the stomach, reaches the primary tissue resulting from the digestion of food called chyle, blocks the channels carrying chyle and sweat, impairs the digestive fire due to its liquidity, expels the heat outward from the seat of digestion, and, causing distress, spreads through the entire body; then it produces fever. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.24](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.24) tasyemāni liṅgāni bhavanti; tadyathā---yugapadeva kevale śarīre jvarasyābhyāgamanamabhivṛddhirvā bhuktasya vidāhakāle madhyandine 'ardharātre śaradi vā viśeṣeṇa, kaṭukāsyatā, ghrāṇamukhakaṇṭhauṣṭhatālupākaḥ, tṛṣṇā, mado, bhramo, mūrcchā, pittacchrdanam, atīsāraḥ, annadveṣaḥ, sadanaṃ, khedaḥ, pralāpaḥ, raktakoṭhābhinirvṛttiḥ śarīre, haritahāridratvaṃ nakhanayanavadanamūtrapurīṣatvacām, atyarthamūṣmaṇastīvrabhāvaḥ, atimātraṃ dāhaḥ, śītābhiprāyatā, nidānoktānupaśayo viparītopaśayaśceti &pittajvaraliṅgāni bhavanti// > Its signs are as follows: simultaneous arrival or increase of fever throughout the entire body, especially at the time of digestive combustion, at midday, at midnight, or in autumn; pungent taste in the mouth; inflammation of the nose, mouth, throat, lips, and palate; thirst; intoxication; giddiness; fainting; vomiting of bile; diarrhea; aversion to food; prostration; exhaustion; delirium; appearance of red circular eruptions on the body; greenish-yellow discoloration of nails, eyes, face, urine, feces, and skin; excessive intensity of temperature; extreme burning sensation; desire for coldness; unsuitability of things mentioned in the etiology and suitability of their opposites—these are the signs of pitta fever. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.25](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.25) snigdhagurumadhurapicchilaśītāmlalavaṇadivāsvapnaharṣāvyāyāmebhyo 'atisevitebhyaḥ śleṣmā prakopamāpadyate// > Śleṣman becomes aggravated by excessive indulgence in unctuous, heavy, sweet, slimy, cold, sour, and salty \[foods\]; daytime sleep; rejoicing; and lack of physical exercise. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.26](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.26) sa yadā prakupitaḥ praviśyāmāśayamūṣmaṇā saha miśrībhūyādyamāhārapariṇāmadhātuṃ rasanāmānamanbavetya rasasvedavahāni srotāṃsi pidhāyāgnimupahatya paktisthānādūṣmāṇaṃ bahirnirasya prapīḍayan kevalaṃ śarīramanuprapadyate, tadā jvaramabhinirvartayati// > When aggravated, it enters the stomach, mixes with the bodily heat, reaches the primary tissue resulting from the digestion of food called chyle, blocks the channels carrying chyle and sweat, impairs the digestive fire, expels the heat outward from the seat of digestion, and, causing distress, spreads through the entire body; then it produces fever. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.27](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.27) tasyemāni liṅgāni bhavanti; tadyathā---yugapadeva kevale śarīre jvarasyābhyāgamanamabhivṛddhirvā bhuktamātre pūrvāhṇe pūrvarātre vasantakāle vā viśeṣeṇa, gurugātratvam, anannābhilāṣaḥ, śleṣmaprasekaḥ, mukhamādhuryaṃ, hṛllāsaḥ, hṛdayopalepaḥ, stimitatvaṃ, chirdiḥ, mṛdvagnitā, nidrādhikyaṃ, stambhaḥ, tandrā, kāsaḥ, śvāsaḥ, pratiśyāyaḥ, śaityaṃ, śvaityaṃ ca nakhanayanavadanamūtrapurīṣatvacām, atyarthaṃ ca śītapiḍakā &bhṛśamaṅgebhya uttiṣṭhanti, uṣṇābhiprāyatā, nidānoktānupaśayo niparītopaśayaśca; iti (&śleṣmajvaraliṅgāni bhavanti)// > Its signs are as follows: simultaneous arrival or increase of fever throughout the entire body, especially immediately after eating, in the forenoon, in the early part of the night, or in spring; heaviness of the body; lack of desire for food; excessive salivation of phlegm; sweetness in the mouth; nausea; sensation of coating in the heart region; feeling of being wrapped in a wet cloth; vomiting; sluggishness of the digestive fire; excessive sleep; stiffness; drowsiness; cough; dyspnea; catarrh; coldness, and whiteness of nails, eyes, face, urine, feces, and skin; and cold eruptions arising profusely on the limbs; desire for warmth; unsuitability of things mentioned in the etiology and suitability of their opposites; thus are the signs of śleṣman fever. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.28](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.28) viṣamāśanādanaśanādannaparivartāddatuvyāpatterasātmyagandhopaghrāṇādviṣopahatasya codakasyopayogādgarebhyo girīṇāṃ copaśleṣāt snehasvedavamanavirecanāsthāpanānuvāsanaśirovirecanānāmayathāvatprayogāt mithyāsaṃsarjanādvā strīṇāṃ ca viṣamaprajananāt prajātānāṃ ca mithyopacārād yathoktānāṃ ca hetūnāṃ miśrībhavādyathānidānaṃ dvandvānāmanyatamaḥ sarve vā trayo doṣā yugapat prakopamāpadyante, te prakupitāstayaivānupūrvyā jvaramabhinirvartayanti// > Due to irregular eating, fasting, change of diet, vitiation of the seasons, smelling unsuitable odors, consuming poisoned water, slow poisons, proximity to mountains, improper administration of unction, fomentation, emesis, purgation, non-unctuous enema, unctuous enema, and head evacuation, or faulty post-therapeutic regimens, and in women due to abnormal childbirth and improper care after delivery, as well as due to a combination of the aforementioned causes, either any one pair of doshas or all three doshas simultaneously become aggravated according to their etiologies; being aggravated, they produce fever following that very same sequence. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.29](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.29) tatra tathoktānāṃ jvaraliṅgānāṃ miśrībhāvaviśeṣadarśanāddvāndvikamanyatamaṃ jvaraṃ sānnipātikaṃ vā vidyāt// > There, one should recognize either a dual-dosha fever or a fever born of all three doshas (sānnipātika) by observing the specific combination of the symptoms of fever described in that manner. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.30](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.30) abhighātābhiṣaṅgābhicārābhiśāpebhya āganturhi vyathāpūrvo 'aṣṭamo jvaro bhavati/ > Fever arising from external causes (āgantu) is indeed the eighth, preceded by pain, originating from trauma, possession or emotional affliction, sorcery, and curses. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.30\_1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.30_1) sa kiṃcitkālamāgantuḥ kevalo bhūtvā paścāddoṣairanubadhyate/ > Existing for some time purely as an external affliction, it is later joined by the doshas. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.30\_2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.30_2) tatrābhighātajo vāyunā duṣṭaśoṇitādhiṣṭhānena, abhiṣaṅgajaḥ punarvātapittābhyām, abhicārābhiśāpajau tu sannipātenānubadhyete// > Among these, that born of trauma is accompanied by vāta residing in vitiated blood; that born of possession or emotional affliction by vāta and pitta; but those born of sorcery and curses are accompanied by all three doshas together. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.31](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.31) sa saptavidhājjvarādviśiṣṭaliṅgopakramasamutthānatvādviśiṣṭo veditavyaḥ, karmaṇā sādhāraṇena &copacaryate/ > It should be understood as distinct from the seven varieties of fever because of its distinct signs, therapeutic management, and onset; and it is treated with common therapy. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.31\_1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.31_1) ityaṣṭavidhā jvaraprakṛtiruktā// > Thus the eightfold nature of fever has been declared. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.32](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.32) jvarastveka eva saṃtāpalakṣaṇaḥ/ > Fever, however, is singular in having burning heat (saṃtāpa) as its characteristic. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.32\_1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.32_1) tamevābhiprāyaviśeṣāddvividhamācakṣate, nijāgantuviśeṣācca/ > Physicians declare it to be of two kinds according to specific intention, and by virtue of the distinction between innate (nija) and external (āgantu). > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.32\_2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.32_2) tatra nijaṃ dvividhaṃ trividhaṃ caturvidhaṃ saptavidhaṃ cāhurbhiṣajo vātādivikalpāt// > There, physicians declare the innate to be of two kinds, three kinds, four kinds, and seven kinds, according to the fractional distribution of vāta and the others. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.33](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.33) tasyemāni pūrvarūpāṇi bhavanti; tadyathā---mukhavairasyaṃ, gurugātratvam, anannābhilāṣaḥ, cakṣuṣorākulatvam, aśrvāgamanaṃ, nidrādhikyam, aratiḥ,jṛmbhā, vināmaḥ, vepathuḥ, śramabhramapralāpajāgaraṇaromaharṣadantaharṣāḥ, śabdaśītavātātapasahatvāsahatvam, arocakāvipākau, daurbalyam, aṅgamardaḥ, sadanam, alpaprāṇatā, dīrghasūtratā, ālasyam, ucitasya karmaṇo hāniḥ, pratīpatā svakāryeṣu, gurūṇāṃ vākyeṣvabhyasūyā, bālebhyaḥ pradveṣaḥ, svadharmeṣvacintā, mālyānulepanabhojanaparikleśanaṃ, madhurebhyaśca bhakṣebhyaḥ pradveṣaḥ, amlalavaṇakaṭukapriyatā ca, iti jvarasya pūrvarūpāṇi bhavanti prāksaṃtāpāt; api cainaṃ saṃtāpārtamanubadhnanti// > Its premonitory symptoms are as follows: bad taste in the mouth, heaviness of the body, lack of desire for food, blurred eyes, watering of the eyes, excessive sleep, restlessness, yawning, stooping, trembling, fatigue, giddiness, delirium, sleeplessness, horripilation, tingling teeth, alternating tolerance and intolerance of sound, cold, wind, and sunshine, anorexia, indigestion, weakness, body aches, malaise, shortness of breath, procrastination, laziness, decline in regular duties, aversion to one's own tasks, indignation at the words of elders, dislike for children, unconcern for one's duties, discomfort from garlands, unguents, and food, aversion to sweet edibles, and fondness for sour, salty, and pungent things—these are the premonitory symptoms of fever before burning heat occurs; and they continue to accompany the sufferer even when afflicted by burning heat. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.34](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.34) ityetānyekaikaśo jvaraliṅgāni vyākhyātāni bhavanti vistarasamāsābhyām// > In this way, these symptoms of fever have been explained one by one, in detail and in brief. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.35](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.35) jvarastu khalu maheśvarakopaprabhavaḥ, sarvaprāṇabhṛtāṃ prāṇaharo, dehendriyamanastāpakaraḥ, &prajñābalavarṇaharṣotsāhahrāsakaraḥ, śramaklamamohāhāroparodhasaṃjananaḥ; jvarayati śarīrāṇīti jvaraḥ, nānye vyādhayastathā dāruṇā bahūpadravā duścikitsyāśca yathā 'ayam/ > Fever, indeed, originated from the anger of Maheśvara; it takes the life of all living beings, causes burning torment to the body, sense organs, and mind, diminishes intelligence, strength, complexion, joy, and enthusiasm, and produces fatigue, exhaustion, confusion, and obstruction to food intake. It is called jvara because it torments (jvarayati) the body; no other diseases are so dreadful, so full of complications, and so difficult to cure as this one. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.35\_1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.35_1) sa sarvarogādhipatiḥ, nānātiryagyoniṣu ca bahuvidhaiḥ śabdairabhidhīyate/ > It is the overlord of all diseases, and it is designated by diverse names among various animal species. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.35\_2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.35_2) sarve prāṇabhṛtaḥ sajvarā eva jāyante sajvarā eva mriyante ca; sa mahāmohaḥ, tenābhibhūtāḥ prāgdaihikaṃ dehinaḥ karma kiṃcidapi na smaranti, sarvaprāṇabhṛtāṃ ca jvara evānte prāṇānādatte// > All living beings are born with fever and die with fever; it is the great delusion, overcome by which embodied beings do not remember any deed of their previous life, and in the end it is fever alone that takes away the lives of all living beings. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.36](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.36) tatra pūrvarūpadarśane jvarādau vā hitaṃ laghvaśanamapatarpaṇaṃ vā, jvarasyāmāśayasamutthatvāt; tataḥ kaṣāyapānābhyaṅgasnehasvedapradehapariṣekānulepanavamanavirecanāsthāpanānuvāsanopaśamananastaḥkarmadhūpadhūmapānāñjanakṣīrabhojanavidhānaṃ ca yathāsvaṃ yuktyā prayojyam// > There, upon seeing the premonitory symptoms or at the onset of fever, a light diet or reducing therapy (apatarpaṇa) is beneficial, because fever originates in the stomach; thereafter, decoction drinks, massage, unction, fomentation, poultices, affusion, unguents, emesis, purgation, non-unctuous enema, unctuous enema, pacification therapy, errhine therapy, fumigation, medicated smoking, collyrium, and regimen of milk and food should be administered appropriately according to reason. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.37](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.37) jīrṇajvareṣu tu sarveṣveva sarpiṣaḥ pānaṃ praśasyate yathāsvauṣadhasiddhasya; sarpirhi snehādvātaṃ śamayati, saṃskārāt kaphaṃ, śaityāt pittamūṣmāṇaṃ ca; tasmājjīrṇajvareṣu sarveṣveva sarpirhitamudakamivāgnipluṣṭeṣu dravyeṣviti// > In all chronic fevers, however, the drinking of clarified butter prepared with appropriate drugs is praised; for clarified butter pacifies vāta due to unctuousness, kapha due to processing, and pitta and bodily heat due to coolness; therefore, in all chronic fevers, clarified butter is beneficial like water on things scorched by fire. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.38](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.38) bhavanti cātra--- > And here are \[the verses\]: > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.38\_1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.38_1) yathā prajvalitaṃ veśma pariṣiñcanti vāriṇā/ narāḥ śāntimabhipretya tathā jīrṇajvare ghṛtam// > Just as people sprinkle a blazing house with water / desiring it to be extinguished, so is ghee in chronic fever. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.39](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.39) snehādvātaṃ śamayati, śaityāt pittaṃ niyacchati/ ghṛtaṃ tulyaguṇaṃ doṣaṃ saṃskārāttu jayet kapham// > Due to unctuousness it pacifies vāta, due to coolness it restrains pitta; / though having qualities similar to the dosha, ghee overcomes kapha by processing. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.40](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.40) nānyaḥ snehastathā kaścit saṃskāramanuvartate/ yathā sarpirataḥ sarpiḥ sarvasnehottamaṃ matam// > No other unctuous substance adapts to processing in such a manner / as clarified butter; hence clarified butter is considered the best of all unctuous substances. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.41](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.41) gadyokto yaḥ punaḥ ślokairarthaḥ samanugīyate/ tadvyaktivyavasāyārthaṃ dviruktaṃ tanna garhyate// > A subject stated in prose that is subsequently sung in verses / to clarify its meaning is not censured as redundant. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.42](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.42) tatra ślokāḥ--- > Here are the verses: > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.42\_1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.42_1) trividhaṃ nāmaparyāyairhetuṃ pañcavidhaṃ gadam/ gadalakṣaṇaparyāyān vyādheḥ pañcavidhaṃ graham// > The three kinds of synonyms for etiology, the fivefold disease, / the synonyms for disease symptoms, the fivefold comprehension of disease, > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.43](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.43) jvaramaṣṭavidhaṃ tasya prakṛṣṭāsannakāraṇam/ pūrvarūpaṃ ca rūpaṃ ca bheṣajaṃ saṃgraheṇa ca// > The eightfold fever, its remote and immediate causes, / its premonitory symptoms, symptoms, and treatment in brief— > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.44](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.44) vyājahāra jvarasyāgre nidāne vigatajvaraḥ/ > All this the venerable Punarvasu, free from fever \[and grief\], expounded / in the section on etiology regarding fever, > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.44\_1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.44_1) bhagavānagneveśāya praṇatāya punarvasuḥ// > To the bowed Agniveśa. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.1.44\_2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1.44_2) ityagniveśakṛte tantre carakapratisaṃskṛte nidānasthāne jvaranidānaṃ nāma prathamo 'adhyāyaḥ//1// > Thus, in the section on etiology of the compendium composed by Agniveśa and redacted by Caraka, ends the first chapter, entitled "Etiology of Fever." //1 > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ## Translations (1) - [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka~en-mt.2.1.1) — English, machine translation ## Commentaries (1) - [Jalpakalpataru](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka!gangadhara.1.4.7) — Gaṅgādhara Kaviratna 1860, Sanskrit ## Linked texts (7) - [Garuḍapurāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.garuda.1.146.6) — Vyāsa, Sanskrit - [Mādhavanidāna (Rugviniścaya)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.sangraha.madhavanidana.1.7) — Mādhavakara, Sanskrit - [Tantrayukti](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.paribhasa.tantrayukti.1.p4) — Sanskrit - [Cikitsāsārasaṅgraha (Vaṅgasena)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.sangraha.vangasena.1.11) — Vaṅgasena, Sanskrit - [Bṛhadyogataraṅgiṇī](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.yoga.brhadyogatarangini.83.8) — Trimalla, Sanskrit - [Yogataraṅgiṇī (Trimalla)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.yoga.yogatarangini-trimalla-bhatta.81.8) — Trimalla, Sanskrit - [Tantrayuktivicāra (ed. N. E. Muthuswami)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.paribhasa.tantrayuktivicara*muthuswami1976.3.60) — Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.1) · Pramāṇa