[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Medicine](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med) › [Early and ascribed compendia](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita) › [The Compendium of Caraka](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka) › 2.8 # The Compendium of Caraka 2.8: aṣṭamo 'adhyāyaḥ/ Carakasaṃhitā 2.8 - **Language:** Sanskrit ### aṣṭamo 'adhyāyaḥ/ ### [2.8.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.1) athāto 'apasmāranidānaṃ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ// > Now we shall explain the etiology of epilepsy. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.2) iti ha smāha bhagavānātreyaḥ// > Thus spoke the venerable Ātreya. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.3) iha khalu catvāro 'apasmārā bhavanti vātapittakaphasannipātanimittāḥ// > Here, indeed, there are four kinds of epilepsy caused by vāta, pitta, kapha, and a combination of all three. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.4) ta evaṃvidhānāṃ prāṇabhṛtāṃ kṣipramabhinirvartante; tadyatā---rajastamobhyāmupahatacetasāmudbhrāntaviṣamabahudoṣāṇāṃ samalavikṛtopahitānyaśucīnyabhyavahārajātāni vaiṣamyayuktenopayogavidhinopayuñjānānāṃ tantraprayogamapi ca viṣamamācaratāmanyāśca śarīraceṣṭā viṣamāḥ samācaratām-&atyupakṣayādvā doṣāḥ prakupitārajastamobhyāmupahatacetasāmantarātmanaḥ śreṣṭhatamamāyatanaṃ &hṛdayamupasṛtyopari tiṣṭhante, tathendriyāyatanāni ca/ > They manifest quickly in living beings of the following kind; namely: in those whose minds are impaired by rajas and tamas; whose doshas are agitated, irregular, and abundant; who consume articles of food that are contaminated with dirt, corrupted, impure, and unsuitable, according to an improper rule of intake; who also practice improper application of technical procedures; and who perform other irregular physical activities; or, through excessive depletion, the doshas become aggravated in those whose minds are impaired by rajas and tamas, approach the heart—the supreme seat of the inner self—and settle upon it, as well as upon the seats of the sense faculties. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.4\_1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.4_1) tatra cāvasthitāḥ santo yadā hṛdayamindriyāyatanāni ceritāḥ kāmakrodhabhayalobhamohaharṣaśokacintodvegādibhiḥ sahasā 'abhipūrayanti, tadā janturapasmarati// > And while situated there, when, stirred by desire, anger, fear, greed, delusion, joy, grief, anxiety, agitation, and the like, they suddenly fill the heart and the seats of the sense faculties, then the person succumbs to epilepsy. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.5) apasmāraṃ punaḥ smṛtibuddhisattvasaṃplavādbībhatsaceṣṭamāvasthikaṃ tamaḥpraveśamācakṣate// > Epilepsy is described as a transient entrance into darkness accompanied by repulsive movements, resulting from the derangement of memory, intellect, and mental constitution. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.6) tasyemāni pūrvarūpāṇi bhavanti; tadyathā---bhrūvyudāsaḥ satatamakṣṇorvaikṛtamaśabdaśravaṇaṃ lālāsiṅghāṇaprasravaṇamanannābhilaṣaṇamarocakāvipākau hṛdayagrahaḥ kukṣerāṭopo daurbalyamasthibhedo 'aṅgamardo mohastamaso darśanaṃ mūrcchā bhramaścābhīkṣṇaṃ svapne ca madanartanavyadhanavyathanavepanapatanādīnīti// > Its premonitory symptoms are these; namely: twitching of the eyebrows; constant distortion of the eyes; hearing sounds that are not present; dripping of saliva and nasal secretion; lack of desire for food; anorexia; indigestion; tightness in the cardiac region; rumbling in the abdomen; weakness; aching in the bones; body aches; delusion; vision of darkness; fainting; frequent dizziness; and in dreams, intoxication, dancing, piercing, pain, trembling, falling, and the like. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.7) tato 'anantaramapasmārābhinirvṛttireva// > Immediately after that comes the manifestation of epilepsy. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.8) tatredamapasmāraviśeṣavijñānaṃ bhavati; tadyathā---abhīkṣṇamapasmarantaṃ, &kṣaṇena saṃjñāṃ pratilabhamānam, utpiṇḍitākṣam, asāmnā vilapantam, udvamantaṃ phenam, atīvādhmātagrīvam, āviddhaśiraskaṃ, viṣamavinatāṅgulim, anavasthitapāṇipādam, aruṇaparuṣaśyāvanakhanayanavadanatvacam, anavasthitacapalaparuṣarūkṣarūpadarśinaṃ, vātalānupaśayaṃ, viparītopaśayaṃ ca &vātenāpasmarantaṃ vidyāt// > In that regard, this is the diagnosis of the specific varieties of epilepsy; namely: one should recognize a person having epilepsy caused by vāta when he has frequent seizures, regains consciousness in a moment, has bulging eyes, babbles without coherence, vomits foam, has an excessively distended neck, has a twisted head, has unevenly bent fingers, has restless hands and feet, has reddish, rough, and dusky nails, eyes, face, and skin, sees unstable, fleeting, harsh, and dry shapes, finds suitability in the opposite of vāta-provoking factors, and finds unsuitability in vāta-provoking factors. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.8\_2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.8_2) abhīkṣṇamapasmarantaṃ, &kṣaṇena saṃjñāṃ pratilabhamānam, avakūjantam, āsphālayantaṃ bhūmiṃ, haritahāridratāmranakhanayanavadanatvacaṃ, rudhirokṣitograbhairavādīptaruṣitarūpadarśinaṃ, pittalānupaśayaṃ, viparītopaśayaṃ ca pittenāpasmarantaṃ vidyāt// > One should recognize a person having epilepsy caused by pitta when he has frequent seizures, regains consciousness in a moment, groans, strikes the ground, has greenish, yellowish, and coppery nails, eyes, face, and skin, sees forms that are smeared with blood, fierce, terrible, blazing, and angry, finds unsuitability in pitta-provoking factors, and finds suitability in the opposite. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.8\_3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.8_3) cirādapasmarantaṃ, cirācca saṃjñāṃ pratilabhamānaṃ, patantam, anativikṛtaceṣṭaṃ, lālāmudvamantaṃ, śuklanakhanayanavadanatvacaṃ, śuklagurusnigdharūpadarśinaṃ, śleṣmalānupaśayaṃ, viparītopaśayaṃ ca śleṣmaṇā 'apasmarantaṃ vidyāt// > One should recognize a person having epilepsy caused by śleṣman when he has seizures after a long interval, regains consciousness after a long time, falls, shows not very distorted movements, vomits saliva, has white nails, eyes, face, and skin, sees white, heavy, and unctuous shapes, finds unsuitability in śleṣman-provoking factors, and finds suitability in the opposite. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.8\_4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.8_4) samavetasarvaliṅgamapasmāraṃ sānnipātikaṃ vidyāt, tamasādhyamācakṣate// > One should recognize epilepsy having all symptoms combined as born of all three doshas; they declare that to be incurable. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.8\_5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.8_5) iti catvāro 'apasmārā vyākhyātāḥ// > Thus the four varieties of epilepsy have been explained. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.9) teṣāmāganturanubandho bhavatyeva kadācit, tamuttarakālabhupadekṣyāmaḥ/tasya viśeṣavijñānaṃ yathoktaliṅgairliṅgādhikyamadoṣaliṅgānurūpaṃ ca kiñcit// > In them an exogenous succession indeed sometimes occurs; we shall explain it later. Its specific diagnosis is an excess of symptoms beyond those mentioned, and anything that does not correspond to the symptoms of the doshas. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.10) hitānyapasmāribhyastīkṣṇāni saṃśodhanānyupaśamanāni ca yathāsvaṃ, mantrādīni cāgantusaṃyoge// > Beneficial for epileptics are sharp evacuations and pacifying therapies according to their respective dosha, as well as mantras and the like when there is an exogenous combination. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.11) tasmin hi dakṣādhvaradhvaṃse dehināṃ nānādikṣu vidravatāmabhidraṛvaṇataraṇadhāvanaplavanalaṅghanādyairdehavikṣobhaṇaiḥ purā gulmotpattirabhūt, haviṣprāśāt pramehakuṣṭhānāṃ, bhayatrāsaśokairunmādānāṃ, vividhabhūtāśucisaṃsparśādapasmārāṇāṃ, jvarastu khalu &maheśvaralalāṭaprabhavaḥ, tatsaṃtāpādraktapittam, ativyavāyāt punarnakṣatrarājasya rājayakṣmeti// > For at the destruction of Dakṣa's sacrifice, as embodied beings fled in various directions, through bodily agitations such as charging, crossing over, running, jumping, and leaping, gulma formerly arose; from the consumption of sacrificial offerings \[arose\] pramehas and kuṣṭhas; from fright, terror, and grief \[arose\] insanities; from contact with various spirits and impurities \[arose\] epilepsies; fever indeed originated from the forehead of Maheśvara; from its burning heat \[arose\] blood-bile; and from the excessive sexual indulgence of the king of constellations \[arose\] consumption. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.12) bhavanti cātra--- > And here are \[verses\]: > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.12\_1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.12_1) apasmāro hi vātena pittena ca kaphena ca/ caturthaḥ sannipātena pratyākhyeyastathāvidhaḥ// > Epilepsy is indeed caused by vāta, by pitta, and by kapha; / the fourth is caused by all three doshas combined, and such a case is to be rejected. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.13) sādhyāṃstu bhiṣajaḥ prājñāḥ sādhyanti samāhitāḥ/ tīkṣṇaiḥ saṃśodhanaiścaiva yathāsvaṃ śamanairapi// > Wise physicians, attentively collected, treat the curable ones / with sharp evacuations and also with pacifying therapies according to each dosha. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.14) yadā doṣanimittasya bhavatyāganturanvayaḥ/ tadā sādhāraṇaṃ karma pravadanti bhiṣagvidaḥ// > When there is an exogenous succession upon a disease caused by a dosha, / then discerning physicians prescribe a combined line of treatment. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.15) sarvarogaviśeṣajñaḥ sarvauṣadhaviśāradaḥ/ bhiṣak sarvāmayān hanti na ca mohaṃ &nigacchati// > A physician who knows the distinctions among all diseases and is skilled in all medicines / destroys all illnesses and does not fall into confusion. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.16) ityetadakhilenoktaṃ nidānasthānamuttamam/ nidānārthakaro rogo rogasyāpyupalabhyate// > Thus has this supreme section on etiology been explained in its entirety. / A disease is also observed to serve as the etiology of \[another\] disease. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.17](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.17) tadyathā---jvarasaṃtāpādraktapittamudīryate/ raktapittājjvarastābhyāṃ &śoṣaścāpyupajāyate// > Namely: from the burning heat of fever, blood-bile is provoked; / from blood-bile, fever arises, and from both of them wasting also arises. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.18](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.18) plīhābhivṛddhyā jaṭharaṃ jaṭharācchotha eva ca/ arśobhyo jaṭharaṃ duḥkhaṃ gulmaścāpyupajāyate// > From enlargement of the spleen \[arises\] abdominal disease, and from abdominal disease indeed swelling; / from hemorrhoids arises painful abdominal disease, and gulma also arises. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.19](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.19) pratiśyāyādbhavet kāsaḥ kāsāt saṃjāyate kṣayaḥ/ kṣayo rogasya hetutve śoṣasyāpyupalabhyate// > From coryza cough may arise; from cough depletion arises; / depletion is also observed to be the cause of the disease wasting. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.20](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.20) te pūrvaṃ kevalā rogāḥ paścāddhetvarthakāriṇaṃ/ ubhayārthakarā &dṛṣṭāstathaivaikārthakāriṇaḥ// > Earlier they are purely diseases, later they perform the function of a cause; / they are seen to perform both functions, and likewise to perform only one function. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.21](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.21) kaściddhi rogo rogasya heturbhūtvā praśāmyati/ na praśāmyati cāpyanyo &hetvarthaṃ kurute 'api ca// > For a certain disease, having become the cause of another disease, subsides, / while another does not subside and also performs the function of a cause. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.22](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.22) evaṃ kṛcchratamā nYṇāṃ dṛśyante vyādhisaṅkarāḥ/ prayogāpariśuddhatvāttathā cānyonyasaṃbhavāt// > Thus the most intractable admixtures of diseases are seen in men, / owing to the impurity of treatment and likewise to their arising from one another. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.23](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.23) prayogaḥ śamayedvyādhiṃ yo 'ayamanyamudīrayet/ nāsau viśuddhaḥ, śuddhastu śamayedyo na kopayet// > A treatment that pacifies a disease but provokes another / is not pure; but that \[treatment\] is pure which pacifies and does not aggravate. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.24](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.24) eko heturanekasya tathaikasyaika eva hi/ vyādherekasya cāneko bahūnāṃ bahavo 'api ca// > A single cause can be for many diseases, and likewise only one for one; / there may be many for a single disease, and also many for many. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.25](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.25) jvarabhramapralāpādyā dṛśyante rūkṣahetujāḥ/ rūkṣeṇaikena cāpyeko jvara evopajāyate// > Fever, giddiness, delirium, and the like are seen to arise from dry causes; / and from a single dry cause only fever alone arises. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.26](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.26) hetubhirbahubhiścaiko jvaro rūkṣādibhirbhavet/ rūkṣādibhirjvarādyāśca vyādhayaḥ saṃbhavanti hi// > A single fever can arise from many causes such as dry things and the like; / and from dry things and the like, fever and other diseases indeed arise. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.27](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.27) liṅgaṃ caikamanekasya &tathaivaikasya lakṣyate/ bahūnyekasya ca vyādherbahūnāṃ &syurbahūni ca// > A single symptom is observed for many diseases, and likewise for a single one; / there may be many symptoms for a single disease, and many for many. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.28](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.28) viṣamārambhamūlānāṃ liṅgamekaṃ jvaro mataḥ/ jvarasyaikasya cāpyekaḥ saṃtāpo liṅgamucyate// > Fever is considered a single symptom for diseases having irregular onset and roots; / and for fever alone, burning heat alone is declared to be the symptom. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.29](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.29) viṣamārambhamūlaiśca jvara eko nirucyate/ liṅgairetairjvaraśvāsahikkādyāḥ santi cāmayāḥ// > A single fever is described by symptoms having irregular onset and roots; / and by these symptoms illnesses such as fever, dyspnoea, and hiccup exist. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.30](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.30) ekā śāntiranekasya &tathaivaikasya lakṣyate/ vyādherekasya cānekā bahūnāṃ bahvya eva ca// > A single remedy is observed for many diseases, and likewise for one; / there may be many for a single disease, and very many for many. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.31](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.31) śāntirāmāśayotthānāṃ vyādhīnāṃ laṅghanakriyā/ jvarasyaikasya cāpyekā śāntirlaṅghanamucyate// > The remedial action for diseases arising from the stomach is reducing therapy; / and reducing therapy is declared to be the single remedy for fever alone. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.32](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.32) tathā laghvaśanādyāśca jvarasyaikasya śāntayaḥ/ etāścaiva jvaraśvāsahikkādīnāṃ praśāntayaḥ// > Likewise, light food and the like are remedies for fever alone; / and these very measures are remedies for fever, dyspnoea, hiccup, and the like. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.33](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.33) sukhasādhyaḥ sukhopāyaḥ kālenālpena sādhyate/ sādhyate kṛcchrasādhyastu yatnena mahatā cirāt// > The easily curable is cured with easy measures in a short time; / but the difficult to cure is cured with great effort after a long time. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.34](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.34) yāti nāśeṣatāṃ vyādhirasādhyo yāpyasaṃjñītaḥ/ paro 'asādhyaḥ kriyāḥ sarvāḥ pratyākhyeyo 'ativartate// > The incurable termed manageable does not attain complete resolution; / the other incurable, which is to be rejected, surpasses all treatments. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.35](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.35) nāsādhyaḥ sādhyatāṃ yāti sādhyo yāti tvasādhyatām/ pādāpacārāddaivādvā yānti bhāvāntaraṃ gadāḥ// > An incurable disease does not become curable, but a curable one becomes incurable; / through faults in the \[four\] pillars of treatment or through fate, diseases change their nature. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.36](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.36) vṛddhisthānakṣayāvasthāṃ &rogāṇāmupalakṣayet/ susūkṣmāmapi ca prājño dehāgnibalacetasām// > A wise man should observe the states of increase, maintenance, and decrease of diseases, / and also the most subtle states of the body, digestive fire, strength, and mind. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.37](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.37) vyādhyavasthāviśeṣān hi jñātvā jñātvā vicakṣaṇaḥ/ tasyāṃ tasyāmavasthāyāṃ &catuḥśreyaḥ prapadyate// > For a discerning physician, having repeatedly recognized the specific stages of a disease, / attains the quadruple excellence in each of those stages. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.38](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.38) prāyastiryaggatā doṣāḥ kleśayantyāturāṃściram/ &teṣu na tvarayā kuryāddehāgnibalavit kriyām// > Doshas that have spread obliquely generally afflict the patient for a long time; / with respect to them, one who knows the body, digestive fire, and strength should not rush to treat. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.39](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.39) prayogaiḥ kṣapayedvā tān sukhaṃ vā koṣṭhamānayet/ jñātvā koṣṭhaprapannāṃstān &yathāsannaṃ haredbudhaḥ// > He should either diminish them through therapies or bring them easily into the gut; / knowing them to have entered the gut, the wise physician should evacuate them by the nearest route. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.40](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.40) jñānārthaṃ yāni coktāni vyādhiliṅgāni saṃgrahe/ vyādhayaste tadātve tu liṅgānīṣṭāni nāmayāḥ// > And the symptoms of diseases that were stated in the summary for the sake of diagnosis / are indeed diseases at that time, but here they are intended as symptoms, not illnesses. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.41](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.41) vikāraḥ prakṛtiścaiva dvayaṃ sarvaṃ samāsataḥ/ taddhetuvaśagaṃ hetorabhāvānnānuvartate// > Disease and normal state—everything, in short, is twofold; / it is subject to its cause, and in the absence of the cause it does not persist. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.42](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.42) tatra ślokāḥ--- > Here are the summary verses: > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.42\_1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.42_1) hetavaḥ pūrvarūpāṇi rūpāṇyupaśayastathā/ saṃprāptiḥ pūrvamutpattiḥ sūtramātraṃ cikitsitāt// > Causes, premonitory symptoms, symptoms, and therapeutic suitability, / pathogenesis, prior origin, and just an outline of therapeutics, > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.43](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.43) jvarādīnāṃ vikārāṇāmaṣṭānāṃ sādhyatā na ca/ pṛthagekaikaśaścoktā hetuliṅgopaśāntayaḥ// > The curability and incurability of the eight disorders beginning with fever, / and separately, one by one, the causes, symptoms, and remedies have been told. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.44](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.44) hetuparyāyanāmāni vyādhīnāṃ lakṣaṇasya ca/ nidānasthānametāvat saṃgraheṇopadiśyate// > The synonyms for causes and for the diagnostic signs of diseases— / this much is taught in summary in the section on etiology. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.44\_1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.44_1) ityagniveśakṛte tantre carakapratisaṃskṛte nidānasthāne apasmāranidānaṃ nāmāṣṭamo 'adhyāyaḥ/ > Thus, in the treatise composed by Agniveśa and redacted by Caraka, in the section on etiology, the eighth chapter, entitled 'The Etiology of Epilepsy', \[is concluded\]. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [2.8.44\_2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8.44_2) nidānasthānaṃ samāptam/ > The section on etiology is completed. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ## Translations (1) - [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka~en-mt.2.8.1) — English, machine translation ## Commentaries (1) - [Jalpakalpataru](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka!gangadhara.9.1) — Gaṅgādhara Kaviratna 1860, Sanskrit ## Linked texts (2) - [Mādhavanidāna (Rugviniścaya)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.sangraha.madhavanidana.1.16) — Mādhavakara, Sanskrit - [Cikitsāsārasaṅgraha (Vaṅgasena)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.sangraha.vangasena.1.16-2) — Vaṅgasena, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.med.samhita.caraka.2.8) · Pramāṇa