Kautilya's Arthashastra 2.11: Chapter 11 (Section 29): Examination of Precious Articles Received in the Treasury

2.11.1

kośādhyakṣaḥ kośapraveśyaṃ ratnaṃ sāraṃ phalguṃ kupyaṃ vā tajjātakaraṇādhiṣṭhitaḥ pratigṛhṇīyāt //

THE Superintendent of the treasury shall, in the presence of qualified persons, admit into the treasury whatever he ought to, gems (ratna) and articles of superior or inferior value.

2.11.2

tāmraparṇikaṃ pāṇḍyakavāṭakaṃ pāśikyaṃ kauleyaṃ caurṇeyaṃ māhendraṃ kārdamikaṃ srautasīyaṃ hrādīyaṃ haimavataṃ ca mauktikam //

Támraparnika, that which is produced in the támraparni; Pándyakavátaka, that which is obtained in Pándyakavata; Pásikya, that which is produced in the Pása; Kauleya, that which is produced in the kúla; Chaurneya, that which is produced in the Chúrna; Mahéndra, that which is obtained near the mountain of Mahéndra; Kárdamika, that which is produced in the Kárdama; Srautasíya, that which is produced in the Srótasi; Hrádíya, that which is produced in (a deep pool of water known as) Hrada; and Haimavata, that which is obtained in the vicinity of the Himalayas are the several varieties of pearls.

2.11.3

śuktiḥ śaṅkhaḥ prakīrṇakaṃ ca yonayaḥ //

Oyster-shells, conch-shells, and other miscellaneous things are the wombs of pearls.

2.11.4

masūrakaṃ tripuṭakaṃ kūrmakam ardhacandrakaṃ kañcukitaṃ yamakaṃ kartakaṃ kharakaṃ siktakaṃ kāmaṇḍalukaṃ śyāvaṃ nīlaṃ durviddhaṃ cāpraśastam //

That which is like masúra (ervum hirsutam), that which consists of three joints (triputaka), that which is like a tortoise (kúrmaka), that which is semi-circular, that which consists of several coatings, that which is double (yámaka), that which is scratched, that which is of rough surface, that which is possessed of spots (siktakam), that which is like the water-pot used by an ascetic, that which is of dark-brown or blue colour, and that which is badly perforated are inauspicious.

2.11.5

sthūlaṃ vṛttaṃ nistalaṃ bhrājiṣṇu śvetaṃ guru snigdhaṃ deśaviddhaṃ ca praśastam //

That which is big, circular, without bottom (nistalam), brilliant, white, heavy, soft to the touch, and properly perforated is the best.

2.11.6

śīrṣakam upaśīrṣakaṃ prakāṇḍakam avaghāṭakaṃ taralapratibaddhaṃ ceti yaṣṭiprabhedāḥ //

Sirshaka, upasirshaka, prakándaka, avaghátaka, and taralapratibandha are several varieties of pearl necklaces.

2.11.7

yaṣṭīnām aṣṭasahasram indracchandaḥ //

One thousand and eight strings of pearls form the necklace, Indrachchhanda.

2.11.8

tato 'rdhaṃ vijayacchandaḥ //

Half of the above is Vijayachchhanda.

2.11.9

catuṣṣaṣṭir ardhahāraḥ //

Sixty-four strings make up Ardhahára.

2.11.10

catuṣpañcāśad raśmikalāpaḥ //

Fifty-four strings make up Rasmikalápa.

2.11.11

dvātriṃśad gucchaḥ //

Thirty-two strings make up Guchchha.

2.11.12

saptaviṃśatir nakṣatramālā //

Twenty-seven strings make up Nakshatramála.

2.11.13

caturviṃśatir ardhagucchaḥ //

Twenty-four strings make up Ardhaguchchha.

2.11.14

viṃśatir māṇavakaḥ //

Twenty strings make up Mánavaka.

2.11.15

tato 'rdham ardhamāṇavakaḥ //

Half of the above is Ardhamánavaka.

2.11.16

eta eva maṇimadhyās tanmāṇavakā bhavanti //

The same necklaces with a gem at the centre are called by the same names with the words 'Mánavaka' suffixed to their respective names.

2.11.17

ekaśīrṣakaḥ śuddho hāraḥ //

When all the strings making up a necklace are of sirshaka pattern, it is called pure necklace (suddhahára); likewise with strings of other pattern. That which contains a gem in the centre is (also) called Ardhamánavaka.

2.11.18

tadvatśeṣāḥ //

2.11.19

maṇimadhyo 'rdhamāṇavakaḥ //

2.11.20

triphalakaḥ phalakahāraḥ, pañcaphalako vā //

That which contains three slab-like gems (triphalaka) or five slab-like gems (panchaphalaka) in the centre is termed Phalakahára.

2.11.21

sūtram ekāvalī śuddhā //

An only string of pearls is called pure Ekávali; the same with a gem in the centre is called Yashti; the same variegated with gold globules is termed Ratnávali.

2.11.22

saiva maṇimadhyā yaṣṭiḥ //

2.11.23

hemamaṇicitrā ratnāvalī //

2.11.24

hemamaṇimuktāntaro 'pavartakaḥ //

A string made of pearls and gold globules alternately put is called Apavartaka.

2.11.25

suvarṇasūtrāntaraṃ sopānakam //

Strings of pearls with a gold wire between two strings is called Sopánaka.

2.11.26

maṇimadhyaṃ vā maṇisopānakam //

The same with a gem in the centre is called Manisópánaka.

2.11.27

tena śirohastapādakaṭīkalāpajālakavikalpā vyākhyātāḥ //

The above will explain the formation of head-strings, bracelets, anklets, waist-bands, and other varieties.

2.11.28

maṇiḥ kauṭomāleyakaḥ pārasamudrakaś ca //

Kauta, that which is obtained in the Kúta; Mauleyaka, that which is found in the Múleya; and Párasamudraka, that which is found beyond the ocean are several varieties of gems.

2.11.29

saugandhikaḥ padmarāgo 'navadyarāgaḥ pārijātapuṣpako bālasūryakaḥ //

That which possesses such pleasant colour as that of the red lotus flower, or that of the flower of Párijáta (Erithrina Indica), or that of the rising sun is the Saugandhika gem.

2.11.30

vaiḍūryam utpalavarṇaḥ śirīṣapuṣpaka udakavarṇo vaṃśarāgaḥ śukapattravarṇaḥ puṣyarāgo gomūtrako gomedakaḥ //

That which is of the colour of blue lotus flower, or of sirísha (Acacia Sirisa), or of water, or of fresh bamboo, or of the colour of the feathers of a parrot is the Vaidúrya gem Pushyarága, Gómútraka, and Gómédika are other varieties of the same.

2.11.31

indranīlo nīlāvalīyaḥ kalāyapuṣpako mahānīlo jambvābho jīmūtaprabho nandakaḥ sravanmadhyaḥ //

That which is characterised with blue lines, that which is of the colour of the flower of Kaláya (a kind of phraseolus), or which is intensely blue, which possesses the colour of Jambu fruit (rose apple), or which is as blue as the clouds is the Indraníla gem; Nandaka (pleasing gem), Sravanmadhya (that which appears to pour water from its centre), Sítavrishti (that which appears to pour cold shower), and Súryakánta (sunstone) are other forms of gems.

2.11.32

śuddhasphaṭiko mūlāṭavarṇaḥ śītavṛṣṭiḥ sūryakāntaś ca / iti maṇayaḥ //

2.11.33

ṣaḍaśraś caturaśro vṛtto vā tīvrarāgaḥ saṃsthānavān achaḥ snigdho gurur arciṣmān antargataprabhaḥ prabhānulepī ceti maṇiguṇāḥ //

Gems are hexagonal, quadrangular, or circular possessed of dazzling glow, pure, smooth, heavy, brilliant, transparent (antargataprabha) and illuminating; such are the qualities of gems.

2.11.34

mandarāgaprabhaḥ sa-śarkaraḥ puṣpacchidraḥ khaṇḍo durviddho lekhākīrṇa iti doṣāḥ //

Faint colour, sandy layer, spots, holes, bad perforation, and scratches are the defects of gems.

2.11.35

vimalakaḥ sasyako 'ñjanamūlakaḥ pittakaḥ sulabhako lohitākṣo mṛgāśmako jyotīrasako māleyako 'hicchatrakaḥ kūrpaḥ pratikūrpaḥ sugandhikūrpaḥ kṣīravakaḥ śśukticūrṇakaḥ śilāpravālakaḥ pulakaḥ śuklapulaka ity antarajātayaḥ //

Vimalaka (pure), sasyaka (plant-like), Anjanamúlaka (deep-dark), Pittaka (like the bile of a cow) Sulabhaka (easily procurable), Lohitaka (red), Amritámsuka (of white rays), Jyótírasaka (glowing), Maileyaka, Ahichchhatraka, (procured in the country of Ahichchhatra), Kúrpa, Pútikúrpa, and Sugandhikúrpa, Kshírapaka, Suktichúrnaka (like the powder of an oystershell), Silápraválaka (like coral), Pulaka, Súkrapulaka are varieties of inferior gems.

2.11.36

śeṣāḥ kācamaṇayaḥ //

The rest are metalic beads (káchamani).

2.11.37

sabhārāṣṭrakaṃ tajjamārāṣṭrakaṃ kāstīrarāṣṭrakaṃ śrīkaṭanakaṃ maṇimantakam indravānakaṃ ca vajram //

Sabháráshtraka, that which is found in the country of Sabháráshtra; Madhyamaráshtraka, that which is found in the Central Province; Kásmaka, that which is found in the country of Kásmaka; Sríkatanaka, that which is found in the vicinity of the mountain, Vedótkata; Manimantaka, that which is found near the mountain Maniman or Manimanta; and Indravánaká are diamonds.

2.11.38

khaniḥ srotaḥ prakīrṇakaṃ ca yonayaḥ //

Mines, streams, and other miscellaneous places are their sources.

2.11.39

mārjārākṣakaṃ śirīṣapuṣpakaṃ gomūtrakaṃ gomedakaṃ śuddhasphaṭikaṃ mūlāṭīvarṇaṃ maṇivarṇānām anyatamavarṇam iti vajravarṇāḥ //

The colour of a diamond may be like that of a cat's eye, that of the flower of Sirísha (Acacia Sirísa), the urine of a cow, the bile of a cow, like alum (sphatika), the flower of Málati, or like that of any of the gems (described above).

2.11.40

sthūlaṃ guru prahārasahaṃ samakoṭikaṃ bhājanalekhi tarkubhrāmi bhrājiṣṇu ca praśastam //

That which is big, heavy, hard (prahárasaham, tolerant of hitting), regular (samakóna), capable of scratching on the surface of vessels (bhájanalékhi), refractive of light (kubrámi), and brilliant is the best.

2.11.41

naṣṭakoṇaṃ nirāśri pārśvāpavṛttaṃ cāpraśastam //

That which is devoid of angles, uneven (nirasríkam), and bent on one side (pársvápavrittam) is inauspicious.

2.11.42

pravālakam ālakandakaṃ vaivarṇikaṃ ca, raktaṃ padmarāgaṃ ca karaṭagarbhiṇikāvarjam iti //

Alakandaka, and Vaivarnaka are the two varieties of coral which is possessed of ruby-like colour, which is very hard, and which is free from the contamination of other substances inside.

2.11.43

candanaṃ sātanaṃ raktaṃ bhūmigandhi //

Sátana is red and smells like the earth; Gósirshaka is dark red and smells like fish; Harichandana is of the colour of the feathers of a parrot and smells like tamarind or mango fruit; likewise Tárnasa; Grámeruka is red or dark red and smells like the urine of a goat; Daivasabheya is red and smells like a lotus flower; likewise Aupaka (Jápaka); Jongaka and Taurupa are red or dark red and soft; Maleyaka is reddish white; Kuchandana is as black as Agaru (resin of the aloe) or red or dark red and very rough; Kála-parvataka is of pleasant appearance; Kosákaraparvataka (that which is the product of that mountain which is of the shape of a bud) is black or variegated black; Sítódakíya is black and soft, and smells like a lotus-flower; Nágaparvataka (that which is the product of Naga mountain) is rough and is possessed of the colour of Saivala (Vallisneria); and Sákala is brown.

2.11.44

gośīrṣakaṃ kālatāmraṃ matsyagandhi //

2.11.45

haricandanaṃ śukapattravarṇam āmragandhi, tārṇasaṃ ca //

2.11.46

grāmerukaṃ raktaṃ raktakālaṃ vā bastamūtragandhi //

2.11.47

daivasabheyaṃ raktaṃ padmagandhi, jāpakaṃ ca //

2.11.48

joṅgakaṃ raktaṃ raktakālaṃ vā snigdham, taurūpaṃ ca //

2.11.49

māleyakaṃ pāṇḍuraktam //

2.11.50

kucandanaṃ rūkṣam agurukālaṃ raktaṃ raktakālaṃ vā //

2.11.51

kālaparvatakaṃ raktakālam anavadyavarṇaṃ vā //

2.11.52

kośāgāraparvatakaṃ kālaṃ kālacitraṃ vā //

2.11.53

śītodakīyaṃ padmābhaṃ kālasnigdhaṃ vā //

2.11.54

nāgaparvatakaṃ rūkṣaṃ śaivalavarṇaṃ vā //

2.11.55

śākalaṃ kapilam / iti //

2.11.56

laghu snigdham aśyānaṃ sarpiḥsnehalepi gandhasukhaṃ tvaganusāry anulbaṇam avirāgy uṣṇasahaṃ dāhagrāhi sukhasparśanam iti candanaguṇāḥ //

Light, soft, moist (asyána, not dry), as greasy as ghee, of pleasant smell, adhesive to the skin, of mild smell, retentive of colour and smell, tolerant of heat, absorptive of heat, and comfortable to the skin--these are the characteristics of sandal (chandana).

2.11.57

aguru joṅgakaṃ kālaṃ kālacitraṃ maṇḍalacitraṃ vā //

Jongaka is black or variegated black and is possessed of variegated spots; Dongaka is black; and Párasamudraka is of variegated colour and smells like cascus or like Navamálika (jasminum).

2.11.58

śyāmaṃ doṅgakam //

2.11.59

pārasamudrakaṃ citrarūpam uśīragandhi navamālikāgandhi vā / iti //

2.11.60

guru snigdhaṃ peśalagandhi nirhāry agnisaham asamplutadhūmaṃ vimardasaham ity aguruguṇāḥ //

(Agaru is) heavy, soft, greasy, smells far and long, burns slowly, gives out continuous smoke while burning, is of uniform smell, absorbs heat, and is so adhesive to the skin as not to be removable by rubbing;—these are the characteristics of Agaru.

2.11.61

tailaparṇikam aśokagrāmikaṃ māṃsavarṇaṃ padmagandhi //

Asókagrámika, the product of Asókagráma, is of the colour of meat and smells like a lotus flower; Jongaka is reddish yellow and smells like a blue lotus flower or like the urine of a cow; Grameruka is greasy and smells like a cow's urine; Sauvarnakudyaka, product of the country of Suvarnakudya, is reddish yellow and smells like Mátulunga (the fruit of citron tree or sweet lime); Púrnadvipaka, the product of the island, Púrnadviipa, smells like a lotus flower or like butter; Bhadrasríya and Páralauhityaka are of the colour of nutmeg; Antarvatya is of the colour of cascus,---the last two smell like Kushtha (Costus Speciosus); Kaleyaka which is a product of Svarna-bhúmi, gold-producing land, is yellow and greasy; and Auttaraparvataka (a product of, the north mountain) is reddish yellow.

2.11.62

joṅgakaṃ raktapītakam utpalagandhi gomūtragandhi vā //

2.11.63

grāmerukaṃ snigdhaṃ gomūtragandhi //

2.11.64

sauvarṇakuḍyakaṃ raktapītaṃ mātuluṅgagandhi //

2.11.65

pūrṇakadvīpakaṃ padmagandhi navanītagandhi vā //

2.11.66

bhadraśriyaṃ pāralauhityakaṃ jātīvarṇam //

2.11.67

āntaravatyam uśīravarṇam //

2.11.68

ubhayaṃ kuṣṭhagandhi ca / iti //

2.11.69

kāleyakaḥ svarṇabhūmijaḥ snigdhapītakaḥ //

2.11.70

auttaraparvatako raktapītakaḥ // iti sārāḥ /

The above (fragrant substances) are commodities of superior value (Sára).

2.11.71

piṇḍakvāthadhūmasaham avirāgi yogānuvidhāyi ca //

The smell of the Tailaparnika substances is lasting, no matter whether they are made into a paste or boiled or burnt; also it is neither changed nor affected even when mixed with other substances; and these substances resemble sandal and Agallochum in their qualities.

2.11.72

candanāguruvac ca teṣāṃ guṇāḥ //

2.11.73

kāntanāvakaṃ praiyakaṃ cottaraparvatakaṃ carma //

Kántanávaka, Praiyaka, and Auttara-parvataka are the varieties of skins.

2.11.74

kāntanāvakaṃ mayūragrīvābham //

Kántanávaka is of the colour of the neck of the peacock; Praiyaka is variegated with blue, yellow, and white spots; these two are eight angulas (inches) long.

2.11.75

praiyakaṃ nīlapītaśvetalekhābinducitram //

2.11.76

tadubhayam aṣṭāṅgulāyāmam //

2.11.77

bisī mahābisī ca dvādaśagrāmīye //

Also Bisí and Mahábisí are the products of Dvádasagráma, twelve villages.

2.11.78

avyaktarūpā duhilitikā citrā vā bisī //

That which is of indistinct colour, hairy, and variegated (with spots) is (called) Bisí.

2.11.79

paruṣā śvetaprāyā mahābisī //

That which is rough and almost white is Mahábisí (great Bisí); These two are twelve angulas long.

2.11.80

dvādaśāṅgulāyāmam ubhayam //

2.11.81

śyāmikā kālikā kadalī candrottarā śākulā cārohajāḥ //

Syámika, Kálika, Kadali, Chandrottara, and Sákulá are (other kinds of skins) procured from Aroha (Arohaja).

2.11.82

kapilā binducitrā vā śyāmikā //

Syámika is brown and contains variegated spots; Kálika is brown or of the colour of a pigeon; these two are eight angulas long. Kadali is rough and two feet long; when Kadali bears variegated moonlike spots, it is called Chandrottarakadali and is one-third of its length; Sákulá is variegated with large round spots similar to those that manifest themselves in a kind of leprosy (kushtha), or is furnished with tendrils and spotted like a deer's skin.

2.11.83

kālikā kapilā kapotavarṇā vā //

2.11.84

tad ubhayam aṣṭāṅgulāyāmam //

2.11.85

paruṣā kadalī hastāyatā //

2.11.86

saiva candracitrā candrottarā //

2.11.87

kadalītribhāgā śākulā koṭhamaṇḍalacitrā kṛtakarṇikājinacitrā vā / iti //

2.11.88

sāmūraṃ cīnasī sāmūlī ca bāhlaveyāḥ //

Sámúra, Chínasi, and Sámúli are (skins procured from Báhlava, (Bahlaveya).

2.11.89

ṣaṭtriṃśadaṅgulam añjanavarṇaṃ sāmūram //

Sámúra is thirty-six angulas long and black; Chínasi is reddish black or blackish white; Sámúli is of the colour of wheat.

2.11.90

cīnasī raktakālī pāṇḍukālī vā //

2.11.91

sāmūlī godhūmavarṇā / iti //

2.11.92

sāṃtinā nalatūlā vṛttapṛcchā caudrāḥ //

Sátina, Nalatúla, and Vrittapuchchha are the skins of aquatic animals (Audra).

2.11.93

sātinā kṛṣṇā //

Sátina is black; Nalatúla is of the colour of the fibre of Nala, a kind of grass; and Vrittapuchchha (that which possesses a round tail) is brown.

2.11.94

nalatūlā nalatūlavarṇā //

2.11.95

kapilā vṛttapucchā ca // iti carmajātayaḥ /

The above are the varieties of skins.

2.11.96

carmaṇāṃ mṛdu snigdhaṃ bahularoma ca śreṣṭham //

Of skins, that which is soft, smooth and hairy is the best.

2.11.97

śuddhaṃ śuddharaktaṃ pakṣaraktaṃ cāvikam, khacitaṃ vānacitraṃ khaṇḍasaṃghātyaṃ tantuvicchinnaṃ ca //

Blankets made of sheep's wool may be white, purely red, or as red as a lotus flower. They may be made of worsted threads by sewing (khachita); or may be woven of woollen threads of various colour (vánachitra); or may be made of different pieces (khandasanghátya); or may be woven of uniform woollen threads (tantuvichchhinna).

2.11.98

kambalaḥ kaucapakaḥ kulamitikā saumitikā turagāstaraṇaṃ varṇakaṃ talicchakaṃ vāravāṇaḥ paristomaḥ samantabhadrakaṃ cāvikam //

Woollen blankets are (of ten kinds):—Kambala, Kauchapaka, Kulamitika, Saumitika, Turagastarana, Varnaka, Talichchhaka, Váravána, Paristoma, and Samantabhadraka.

2.11.99

picchilam ārdram iva ca sūkṣmaṃ mṛdu ca śreṣṭham //

Of these, that which is slippery (pichchhila) as a wet surface, possessed of fine hair, and soft, is the best.

2.11.100

aṣṭaprotisaṃghātyā kṛṣṇā bhiṅgisī varṣavāraṇam apasāraka iti naipālakam //

That (blanket) which is made up of eight pieces and black in colour is called Bhingisi used as rain-proof; likewise is Apasáraka; both are the products of Nepal.

2.11.101

sampuṭikā caturaśrikā lambarā kaṭavānakaṃ prāvarakaḥ sattaliketi mṛgaroma //

Samputika, Chaturasrika, Lambara, Katavánaka, Praváraka, and Sattalika are (blankets made of) the wool of wild animals.

2.11.102

vāṅgakaṃ śvetaṃ snigdhaṃ dukūlam //

That which is manufactured in the country, Vanga (vangaka) is a white and soft fabric (dukúla); that of Pándya manufacture (Paundraka) is black and as soft as the surface of a gem; and that which is the product of the country, Suvarnakudya, is as red as the sun, as soft as the surface of the gem, woven while the threads are very wet, and of uniform (chaturasra) or mixed texture (vyámisravána).

2.11.103

pauṇḍrakaṃ śyāmaṃ maṇisnigdham //

2.11.104

sauvarṇakuḍyakaṃ sūryavarṇaṃ maṇisnigdhodakavānaṃ caturaśravānaṃ vyāmiśravānaṃ ca //

2.11.105

eteṣām ekāṃśukam adhyardhadvitricaturaṃśukam iti //

Single, half, double, treble and quadruple garments are varieties of the same.

2.11.106

tena kāśikaṃ pauṇḍrakaṃ ca kṣaumaṃ vyākhyātam //

The above will explain other kinds of fabrics such as Kásika, Benarese products, and Kshauma which is manufactured in Pándya (Paundraka).

2.11.107

māgadhikā pauṇḍrikā sauvarṇakuḍyakā ca pattrorṇā //

Mágadhika (product of the Magadha country), Paundraka, and Sauvarnakudyaka are fibrous garments.

2.11.108

nāgavṛkṣo likuco bakulo vaṭaś ca yonayaḥ //

Nágavriksha (a species of a tree), Likucha (Artocarpus Lakucha), and Vakula (Mimusops Elengi), and Vata (Ficus Indica) are the sources (of their fibres).

2.11.109

pītikā nāgavṛkṣikā //

That of Nágavriksha is yellow (pita); that of Likucha is of the colour of wheat; that of Vakula is white; and the rest is of the colour of butter.

2.11.110

godhūmavarṇā laikucī //

2.11.111

śvetā bākulī //

2.11.112

śeṣā navanītavarṇā //

2.11.113

tāsāṃ sauvarṇakuḍyakā śreṣṭhā //

Of these, that which is produced in the country of Suvarnakudya is the best.

2.11.114

tayā kauśeyaṃ cīnapaṭṭāś ca cīnabhūmijā vyākhyātāḥ //

The above will explain the fabrics known as kauseya, silk-cloth, and chinapatta, fabrics of China manufacture.

2.11.115

mādhuram āparāntakaṃ kāliṅgaṃ kāśikaṃ vāṅgakaṃ vātsakaṃ māhiṣakaṃ ca kārpāsikaṃ śreṣṭham / iti //

Of cotton fabrics, those of Madhura, of Aparánta, western parts, of Kálinga, of Kási, of Vanga, of Vatsa, and of Mahisha are the best.

2.11.116

ataḥ pareṣāṃ ratnānāṃ pramāṇaṃ mūlyalakṣaṇam /

As to other kinds of gems (which are not treated of here), the superintendent shall ascertain their size, their value, species, form, utility, their treatment, the repair of old ones, any adulteration that is not easily detected, their wear and tear due to lapse of time and place, as well as remedies against those which are inauspicious (himsra).

2.11.117

jātiṃ rūpaṃ ca jānīyān nidhānaṃ navakarma ca //

2.11.118

purāṇapratisaṃskāraṃ karma guhyam upaskarān /

2.11.119

deśakālaparībhogaṃ hiṃsrāṇāṃ ca pratikriyām //E