Kautilya's Arthashastra 9.5: Chapter 5 (Section 143): Dangers from Officers

9.5.1

saṃdhyādīnām ayathoddeśāvasthāpanam apanayaḥ //

THE formation of a treaty and other settlements otherwise than they ought to have been made is impolicy. From it arise dangers.

9.5.2

tasmād āpadaḥ sambhavanti //

9.5.3

bāhyotpattir abhyantarapratijāpā, abhyantarotpattir bāhyapratijāpā, bāhyotpattir bāhyapratijāpā, abhyantarotpattir abhyantarapratijāpā - ity āpadaḥ //

The various kinds of dangers are: that which is of external origin and of internal abetment; that which is of internal origin and of external abetment; that which is of external origin and of external abetment; and that which is of internal origin and of internal abetment.

9.5.4

yatra bāhyā abhyantarānupajapanti, abhyantarā vā bāhyān, tatrobhayayoge pratijapataḥ siddhir viśeṣavatī //

Where foreigners carry on an intrigue with local men or local men with foreigners, there the consequence of the intrigue carried on by the combination of local and foreign persons will be very serious. Abettors of an intrigue have a better chance of success than its originators; for when the originators of an intrigue are put down, others will hardly succeed in undertaking any other intrigue. Foreigners can hardly win over local persons by intrigue; nor can local men seduce foreigners. Foreigners will find their vast efforts after all unavailing, and only conducive, to the prosperity of the king (against whom they want to conspire).

9.5.5

suvyājā hi pratijapitāro bhavanti, nopajapitāraḥ //

9.5.6

teṣu praśānteṣu nānyān śaknuyur upajapitum upajapitāraḥ //

9.5.7

kṛcchropajāpā hi bāhyānām abhyantarās teṣām itare vā //

9.5.8

mahataś ca prayatnasya vadhaḥ pareṣām, arthānubandhaś cātmana iti //

9.5.9

abhyantareṣu pratijapatsu sāmadāne prayuñjīta //

When local persons are abetting (with foreigners), the means to be employed to suppress them are conciliation (sáma) and gifts (dána).

9.5.10

sthānamānakarma sāntvam //

The act of pleasing a man with a high rank and honour is conciliation; favour and remission of taxes or employment to conduct state-works is what is termed gifts.

9.5.11

anugrahaparihārau karmasv āyogo vā dānam //

9.5.12

bāhyeṣu pratijapatsu bhedadaṇḍau prayuñjīta //

When foreigners are abetting, the king should employ the policy of dissension and coercion. Spies under the guise of friends may inform foreigners: "Mind, this man is desirous of deceiving you with the help of his own spies who are disguised as traitors." Spies under the garb of traitors may mix with traitors and separate them from foreigners, or foreigners from local traitors. Fiery spies may make friendship with traitors and kill them with weapons or poison; or having invited the plotting foreigners, they may murder the latter.

9.5.13

sattriṇo mitravyañjanā vā bāhyānāṃ cāram eṣāṃ brūyuḥ "ayaṃ vo rājā dūṣyavyañjanair atisaṃdhātukāmaḥ, budhyadhvam" iti //

9.5.14

dūṣyeṣu vā dūṣyavyañjanāḥ praṇihitā dūṣyān bāhyair bhedayeyuḥ, bāhyān vā dūṣyaiḥ //

9.5.15

dūṣyān anupraviṣṭā vā tīkṣṇāḥ śastrarasābhyāṃ hanyuḥ //

9.5.16

āhūya vā bāhyān ghātayeyuḥ //

9.5.17

yatra bāhyā bāhyān upajapanti, abhyantarān abhyantarā vā, tatraikāntayoga upajapituḥ siddhir viśeṣavatī //

Where foreigners carry on an intrigue with foreigners, or local men with local men, there the consequences of the intrigue, unanimously carried on with a set purpose, will be very serious. When guilt is got rid of, there will be no guilty persons; but when a guilty person is got rid of, the guilt will contaminate others. Hence, when foreigners carry on an intrigue, the king should employ the policy of dissension and coercion. Spies under the guise of friends may inform foreign conspirators: "Mind, this your king, with the desire of enriching himself, is naturally provoked against you all." Then fiery spies may mix with the servants and soldiers of the abettor (of foreign conspirators) and kill them with weapons, poison, and other means. Other spies may then expose or betray the abettor.

9.5.18

doṣaśuddhau hi dūṣyā na vidyante //

9.5.19

dūṣyaśuddhau hi doṣaḥ punar anyān dūṣayati //

9.5.20

tasmād bāhyeṣūpajapatsu bhedadaṇḍau prayuñjīta //

9.5.21

sattriṇo mitravyañjanā vā brūyuḥ "ayaṃ vo rājā svayam ādātukāmaḥ, vigṛhītāḥ sthānena rājñā, budhyadhvam" iti //

9.5.22

pratijapitur vā dūtadaṇḍān anupraviṣṭās tīkṣṇāḥ śastrarasādibhir eṣāṃ chidreṣu prahareyuḥ //

9.5.23

tataḥ sattriṇaḥ pratijapitāram abhiśaṃseyuḥ //

9.5.24

abhyantarān abhyantareṣūpajapatsu yathārham upāyaṃ prayuñjīta //

When local men carry on an intrigue with local men, the king should employ necessary strategic means to put it down. He may employ the policy of conciliation with regard to those who keep the appearance of contentment, or who are naturally discontented or otherwise. Gifts may be given under the pretext of having been satisfied with a favoured man's steadfastness in maintaining the purity of his character, or under the plea of anxious care about his weal or woe. A spy under the garb of a friend may tell the local persons: ‘Your king is attempting to find your heart; you should tell him the truth." Or local men may be separated from each other, by telling them: "This man carries such a tale to the king against you." And coercive measures may be employed as described in the Chapter on "Awards of Punishments."

9.5.25

tuṣṭaliṅgam atuṣṭaṃ viparītaṃ vā sāma prayuñjīta //

9.5.26

śaucasāmarthyāpadeśena vyasanābhyudayāvekṣaṇena vā pratipūjanam iti dānam //

9.5.27

mitravyañjano vā brūyād etān "cittajñānārtham upadhāsyati vo rājā, tad asyākhyātavyam iti //

9.5.28

parasparād vā bhedayed enān "asau cāsau ca vo rājany evam upajapati" - iti bhedaḥ //

9.5.29

dāṇḍakarmikavac ca daṇḍaḥ //

9.5.30

etāsāṃ catasṛṇām āpadām abhyantarām eva pūrvaṃ sādhayet //

Of these four kinds of danger, internal danger should first be got rid of; for it has been already stated that internal troubles like the fear from a lurking snake are more serious than external troubles.

9.5.31

ahibhayād abhyantarakopo bāhyakopāt pāpīyān ity uktaṃ purastād //

9.5.32

pūrvāṃ pūrvāṃ vijānīyāl laghvīm āpadam āpadām /
utthitāṃ balavadbhyo vā gurvīṃ laghvīṃ viparyaye //E

One must consider that of these four kinds of danger, that which is mentioned first is less grave than the one subsequently mentioned, whether or not it is caused by powerful persons; otherwise (i.e., when the danger is caused by insignificant persons), simple means may be used to get rid of it.