[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Polity, Pleasure & Law](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti) › [Law and Social-Religious Duty](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma) › [Minor extant smṛtis](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti) › [Devalasmṛti](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala) › English (machine translation) # English (machine translation) Translation of [The Law Code of Devala (Devalasmṛti)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala) - **Language:** English - **Extent:** 95 passages, 2,281 words - **Text:** complete digital text - **Source:** pramana-mt · Machine translation by Gemini 3.8 Flash (2026-10-21) of in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala\*alt · Machine output without human authorship: no copyright is claimed (CC0 1.0). The original text keeps its own… ## Contents - [p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.p1) - [p2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.p2) - [p3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.p3) - [p4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.p4) - [1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.1) - [2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.2) - [3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.3) - [4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.4) - [5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.5) - [6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.6) - [7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.7) - [8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.8) - [9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.9) - 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Salutation to Brahman. ### [p2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.p2) Now begins the Devalasmṛti. ### [p3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.p3) Salutation to glorious Gaṇeśa. ### [p4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.p4) Now the exposition of penance: ### [1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.1) Having approached Devala, best of sages, / who was seated comfortably on the bank of the Indus, all the sages spoke these words: ### [2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.2) “Revered sir, how indeed may Brahmins, Kṣatriyas, / Vaiśyas, and Śūdras in order attain purification when carried off by Mlecchas? ### [3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.3) How should their bathing, how their cleansing, how their penance be? / What conduct should they adopt? Tell us that in full detail.” ### [4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.4) Devala said: / “One should avoid the whole country of Triśaṅku for twelve yojanas, / to the north of the Mahānadī and to the south of Kīkaṭa. ### [5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.5) I shall explain the penance in detail, O great sages. ### [6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.6) At a death or a birth, for female slaves, / and for wives taken in natural order of castes, / purification is equal to that of the master; when the master dies, it is by uterine kinship. ### [7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.7) If what is undrinkable has been drunk, and what is inedible has been eaten, / and intercourse with an illicit woman has been performed by a Brahmin carried off by Mlecchas, ### [8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.8) I shall declare his purification up to a duration of one year: / a Cāndrāyaṇa combined with a Parāka is ordained for a Brahmin; ### [9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.9) one Parāka together with a Pādakṛcchra for a Kṣatriya; / half a Parāka for a Vaiśya; and five days for a Śūdra. ### [10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.10) He should have the penance performed \[by them\] after they have shed nails and hair; / for of all four castes there is otherwise impurity. ### [11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.11) When their body has been devoid of penance, / the rite of passage is to be performed there without the girdle and staff. ### [12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.12) If the staff and girdle were lost while carried off by Mlecchas or by Śūdras, / all his rites starting with the rite of passage should be performed according to rule. ### [13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.13) At the conclusion of the rite of passage, gifts to Brahmins and a milch cow as a fee / should be given by those desiring purification, \[along with\] a horse, cattle, land, and gold. ### [14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.14) Then indeed he enters into the row of his kin, not otherwise; / and approaching his own wife according to rule, he becomes pure. ### [15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.15) Now, when he has been carried off by Mlecchas for more than a year, / once the penance has been completed, he is purified by bathing in the Gaṅgā. ### [16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.16) Having gone to Sindhu, Sauvīra, Saurāṣṭra, or the inhabitants of the frontier, / or to Kaliṅga, Koṅkaṇa, and Vaṅga, he is worthy of the rite of passage. ### [17](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.17) Those who have been forcibly enslaved by Mlecchas, Cāṇḍālas, or Dasyus, / and made to perform impure acts such as killing cattle and other living creatures, ### [18](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.18) cleaning leftovers and eating the same, / and consuming the flesh of donkeys, camels, and village hogs, ### [19](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.19) as well as intercourse with their women and dining together with them, / if he has stayed for a month, a Prājāpatya penance purifies a twice-born person. ### [20](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.20) A Cāndrāyaṇa or a Parāka is \[prescribed\] for one who keeps the sacred fire; / one who has stayed for a year should perform both a Cāndrāyaṇa and a Parāka. ### [21](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.21) A Śūdra who has stayed for a year should drink barley gruel for half a month; / a Śūdra who has stayed for only a month is purified by a quarter-Kṛcchra. ### [22](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.22) Beyond a year, a penance is to be prescribed by the best of the twice-born; / and after four years he assumes that \[Mleccha\] nature. ### [23](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.23) For that wicked person whose penance admits of no diminution, / shaving of the hair on the private parts, armpits, head, and brows must be performed. ### [24](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.24) Having undertaken the penance, he should carry out the penance: / he should bathe at the three periods of the day, wearing washed garments, with his senses subdued, ### [25](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.25) with kuśa-grass in hand, speaking the truth—thus has it been declared by Devala— / for a year, or half a year, or a month, or half a month. ### [26](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.26) What is the purification of one who was forcibly carried off by Mlecchas? / If a Śūdra has stayed for a year, purification is by a Cāndrāyaṇa; ### [27](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.27) for half a year, a Parāka; for three months, half a Parāka; / for a month, a Pādakṛcchra, shorn of nails and hair. ### [28](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.28) Three-quarters \[of the twice-born penance\] is stated for a Kṣatriya; one should assign half for a Vaiśya; / the penance stated for a twice-born, one-quarter of it one should assign for a Śūdra. ### [29](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.29) At the conclusion of the penance, a milch cow is considered the fee; / thus, seated at the end of the family \[assembly\], he is not tainted. ### [30](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.30) One who is eighty years old, or a child under sixteen, / women, and the sick are worthy of half the penance. ### [31](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.31) For one under eleven years and older than five years, / a brother, a father, or another guardian should perform the penance. ### [32](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.32) He should perform the entire vow himself; otherwise he is not purified at all. / He should perform an oblation with sesame seeds, and perform recitation tirelessly. ### [33](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.33) Through conversation, touch, breath, traveling together, sitting together, and eating together, / through officiating at sacrifices, teaching, and marital alliance, sin is transferred among men. ### [34](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.34) By officiating at sacrifices, forming marital alliances, study \[together\], and dining together / with an outcaste, one falls instantly; of this there is no doubt. ### [35](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.35) One falls after a year by associating with an outcaste, / performing sacrifices for him, sitting together, rituals, and the like for all desirable objects. ### [36](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.36) Hereafter I shall declare this auspicious penance / for women carried off by Mlecchas in the event of forced cohabitation: ### [37](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.37) When a Brahmin, Kṣatriya, Vaiśya, or Śūdra woman has been carried off by outcasts, / what proper penance is prescribed for the Brahmin woman? ### [38](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.38) If a Brahmin woman serves food to a Mleccha or eats inedible food, / purification is then by a Parāka, and by a quarter less for each successive caste. ### [39](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.39) If sexual intercourse was not had by them, and inedible food was not eaten, / then purification is by three nights \[of fasting\] if only Mleccha food was eaten. ### [40](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.40) When a menstruating woman is touched by a Mleccha or another, / having fasted for three nights and bathed, she is purified by the five products of the cow. ### [41](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.41) When a Brahmin woman and a Kṣatriya woman touch each other while menstruating, / purification takes place after three nights, according to the word of Devala. ### [42](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.42) When a Brahmin woman and a Śūdra woman touch each other while menstruating, / she is purified after five nights without food, by the five products of the cow. ### [43](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.43) The Brahmin woman should fast, the Kṣatriya woman should bathe; / for women of the Vaiśya caste, \[a bath\] with clothes on; for a Śūdra woman, a nighttime meal should be prescribed. ### [44](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.44) Eating Mleccha food, touching a Mleccha, and dwelling together with a Mleccha / for a year or more than a year is purified by three nights \[of fasting\]. ### [45](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.45) For those dwelling in wildernesses, abducted by Mlecchas or thieves, / having eaten edible or inedible food out of hunger or fear, ### [46](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.46) the expiation of the four castes upon regaining their own country: / a Brahmin should perform one Kṛcchra, a Kṣatriya half of that, / a Vaiśya three-quarters, and a Śūdra is purified by a quarter. ### [47](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.47) If a woman taken forcibly by Mlecchas has been made pregnant, / the pregnant woman does not attain purification; the other is clean after three nights. ### [48](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.48) The woman who bears a child from a Mleccha, willingly or unwillingly, / whether a Brahmin, Kṣatriya, Vaiśya, Śūdra, or of other castes, ### [49](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.49) \[If\] she should consume forbidden food, how could her purification take place? / The Sāṃtapana penance is the purification, and cleansing the womb with clarified butter. ### [50](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.50) When a fetus is discharged into the womb of women by a man of a different caste, / that woman remains impure until she expels that dart \[of the womb\]. ### [51](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.51) Once that dart has come forth, or upon the appearance of menses, / then that woman becomes pure, like spotless gold. ### [52](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.52) That child is to be given away to another; it should never be taken as one's own. / For one should shun \[it\] in one's caste; otherwise, there would be intermixture. ### [53](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.53) For one who was seized by force by Mlecchas for five, six, or seven years, / up to ten or twenty \[years\], his purification is prescribed. ### [54](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.54) A pair of Prājāpatya penances is prescribed as his purification. / Beyond this there is no purification; a penance indeed is for one who has dwelt together \[with them\]. ### [55](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.55) He who has dwelt together with Mlecchas from five up to twenty / years—his purification is stated to be two Cāndrāyaṇas. ### [56](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.56) Having clipped the hair of the armpits, the privities, the head, the beard, and the eyebrows, / \[and\] then trimmed the nails and hair of hands and feet, he becomes pure. ### [57](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.57) The best of the twice-born who does not know how to grant penance / does not give purification to another; he becomes a partaker of that impurity. ### [58](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.58) And if one should sit down together with a Mleccha in an assembly or by touch, / one should bathe with one's clothes on and fast for one day. ### [59](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.59) If a mother or father should somehow become a Mleccha, / there is no death-impurity for one who is lost, according to the word of Devala. ### [60](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.60) The son, having discarded the mother and likewise the father, / should then offer the remaining funeral ball indeed to the grandfather. ### [61](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.61) To women, Śūdras, and likewise to outcasts, / the five products of the cow must not be given; it may be given without mantras. ### [62](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.62) Varuṇa is declared the deity in the cow's urine, Fire in the cow dung, / Soma in the milk, Wind in the curds, and the Sun in the clarified butter. ### [63](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.63) Cow urine is from a copper-colored \[cow\], and cow dung from a white one; / milk is from a gold-colored \[cow\], and curds from a dark-colored cow. ### [64](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.64) Clarified butter is from a black-colored one; the domains of colors are distinguished. / Water may be of any color; the color of which \[water\] is not grasped? ### [65](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.65) Six mātrās of cow urine and cow dung, and water with kuśa grass; / three mātrās of clarified butter and milk; curds should be ten mātrās. ### [66](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.66) In a rite, the five products of the cow by measure / must be given according to the stated penance by expounders of the Veda for all castes. ### [67](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.67) He who administers it otherwise, that twice-born person becomes liable to penance. ### [68](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.68) He who, having milked a tawny cow, drinks the milk warm from the stream, / this penance instituted by Vyāsa purifies even a dog-cooker. ### [69](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.69) One should offer a sesamum sacrifice and tirelessly murmur \[mantras\]; / with the 'Forehead of Viṣṇu' mantra, one performing penance becomes purified. ### [70](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.70) What is the use of saying much here? A sesamum sacrifice is prescribed. / Having given sesamum and eaten sesamum, one should effect the removal of sin. ### [71](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.71) When Brahmins perform bathing, the fruit of pilgrimage, and austerity, / sin departs from the performer, and its fruit is attained by him. ### [72](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.72) The penance has been expounded as stated by Devala / and by other sages; you should not consider it otherwise. ### [73](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.73) A gift of gold, a gift of a cow, a gift of land, and daily food for cows— / he should bestow \[these\] upon Brahmins; the penitent becomes pure. ### [74](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.74) By dwelling together for five days, conversing, and eating together, / one is purified by consuming the five products of the cow and giving a gift. ### [75](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.75) If the best of the twice-born should dwell in the habitation of Mlecchas / for one, two, three, or four years, \[purification is\] gradually by applying the substances: ### [76](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.76) On one day \[he drinks\] cow urine, on two days cow dung; / after three days mixed with milk; on the fourth combined with curds; ### [77](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.77) On the fifth filled with clarified butter: one should administer the five products of the cow. / For five, seven, ten, fifteen, and twenty days, ### [78](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.78) I shall proclaim \[the expiation for\] dwelling together and the bodily purification of the twice-born: / for five days it should be the five products of the cow; a Pādakṛcchra for ten days; ### [79](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.79) A Parāka for fifteen \[days\]; and an Atikṛcchra for twenty. / Into whose belly the five products of the cow enter according to the rule, ### [80](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.80) whatever misdeed belongs to that embodied being, all of it perishes. / For a Brahmin carried away by Mlecchas for five, seven, eight, ten, twelve days, or twenty, / the five products of the cow are the purification. ### [81](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.81) Having consumed the five products of the cow—cow's milk, curd, urine, clarified butter, \[and dung\]— / one should fast on the next day; one should observe the Sāṃtapana penance. ### [82](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.82) A separate Sāṃtapana with the substances for six days, accompanied by fasting \[on the seventh\]: / this seven-day penance is known as the Mahāsāṃtapana. ### [83](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.83) With the water of palāśa leaves, udumbara, lotus, bilva leaves, and kuśa grass, / drunk each day respectively, the Pūrṇakṛcchra is declared. ### [84](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.84) One should drink hot milk, hot clarified butter, and hot water, each one on successive days, / and fast for one night: the Taptakṛcchra is purifying. ### [85](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.85) With eating once \[by day\], eating at night, \[eating\] unasked-for food, / and with one fast, the Pādakṛcchra is declared. ### [86](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.86) The Kṛcchrātikṛcchra is \[subsisting\] on milk for twenty-one days; / the Parāka is proclaimed as fasting for twelve days. ### [87](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.87) Subsisting on oilcake, vegetables, buttermilk, water, and barley-meal on successive days / and fasting for one night is proclaimed as the mild penance (Saumyakṛcchra). ### [88](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.88) By repeating each of these for three nights in due order, / this fifteen-day \[penance\] is to be known as the Tulāpuruṣa. ### [89](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.89) According to the increase of the lunar day in the bright fortnight, one should eat balls \[of food\] the size of a peahen's egg; / one should decrease the balls one by one \[in the dark fortnight\]: one should perform the Kṛcchracāndrāyaṇa. ### [90](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.90) In whatever manner, \[the total\] of the balls is two hundred and forty. / Thus is proclaimed the Dharmaśāstra composed by Devala. ### [90.p1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt.90.p1) Here ends the Devalasmṛti. / \[Colophon text: \[…\]\]. --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.dharma.upasmrti.devala~en-mt) · Pramāṇa