[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Polity, Pleasure & Law](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti) › [Erotics and the Art of Love](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama) › [Kamasutra](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana) › 2.1 # Kamasutra 2.1 Kāmasūtra 2.1 - **Language:** Sanskrit ### [2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1) pramāṇakālabhāvebhyo ratāvasthāpanam ### [2.1.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.1) śaśo vṛṣo 'śva iti liṅgato nāyakaviśeṣāḥ/ nāyikā punarmṛgī vaḍavā hastinī ceti// > Man is divided into three classes, viz., the hare-man, the bull-man, and the horse-man, according to the size of his lingam. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana > Woman also, according to the depth of her yoni, is either a female-deer, a mare, or a female-elephant. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.2) tatra sadṛśasaṃprayoge samaratāni trīṇi// > There are thus three unions between persons of corresponding dimensions, and there are six unequal unions, when the dimensions do not correspond, or nine in all, as the following table shows: > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana > EQUAL. · UNEQUAL. > Men. · Women. · Men. · Women. > Hare. · Deer. · Hare. · Mare. > Bull. · Mare. · Hare. · Elephant. > Horse. · Elephant. · Bull. · Deer. > Bull. · Elephant. > Horse. · Deer. > Horse. · Mare. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.3) viparyayeṇa viṣamāṇi ṣaṭ/ viṣameṣv api puruṣādhikyaṃ ced anantarasaṃprayoge dve uccarate/ vyavahitam ekam uccatararatam/ viparyaye punar dve nīcarate/ vyavahitam ekaṃ nīcatararataṃ ca/ teṣu samāni śreṣṭhāni/ taraśabdāṅkite dve kaniṣṭhe/ śeṣāṇi madhyamāni// > In these unequal unions, when the male exceeds the female in point of size, his union with a woman who is immediately next to him in size is called high-union, and is of two kinds; while his union with the woman most remote from him in size is called the highest-union, and is of one kind only. On the other hand, when the female exceeds the male in point of size, her union with a man immediately next to her in size is called low-union, and is of two kinds; while her union with a man most remote from her in size is called the lowest-union, and is of one kind only. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana > In other words, the horse and mare, the bull and deer, form the high-union, while the horse and deer form the highest-union. On the female side, the elephant and bull, the mare and hare, form low-unions, while the elephant and the hare make the lowest-unions. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana > There are then, nine kinds of union according to dimensions. Amongest all these, equal-unions are the best, those of a superlative degree, i.e., the highest and lowest, are the worst, and the rest are middling, and with them the high are better than the low. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.4) sāmye 'py uccāṅkaṃ nīcāṅkāj jyāyaḥ/ iti pramāṇato navaratāni// ### [2.1.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.5) yasya saṃprayogakāle prītir udāsīnā vīryam alpaṃ kṣatāni ca na sahate sa mandavegaḥ// > A man is called a man of small passion whose desire at the time of sexual union is not great, whose semen is scanty, and who cannot bear the warm embraces of the female. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.6) tad viparyayau madhyamacaṇḍavegau bhavatas tathā nāyikāpi// > Those who differ from this temperament are called men of middling passion, while those of intense passion are full of desire. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana > In the same way, women are supposed to have the three degrees of feeling as specified above. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.7) tatrāpi pramāṇavad eva navaratāni// ### [2.1.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.8) tadvat kālato 'pi śīghramadhyacirakālā nāyakāḥ// > Lastly, according to time there are three kinds of men and women, viz., the short-timed, the moderate-timed, and the long-timed, and of these as in the previous statements, there are nine kinds of union. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.9) tatra striyāṃ vivādaḥ// > But on this last head there is a difference of opinion about the female, which should be stated. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.10) na strī puruṣavad eva bhāvam adhigacchati// > Auddalika says, “Females do not emit as males do. The males simply remove their desire, while the females, from their consciousness of desire, feel a certain kind of pleasure, which gives them satisfaction, but it is impossible for them to tell you what kind of pleasure they feel. The fact from which this becomes evident is, that males, when engaged in coition, cease of themselves after emission, and are satisfied, but it is not so with females.” > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.11) sātatyāt tv asyāḥ puruṣeṇa kaṇḍūtir apanudyate// ### [2.1.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.12) sā punar ābhimānikena sukhena saṃsṛṣṭā rasāntaraṃ janayati/ tasmin sukhabuddhir asyāḥ/ ### [2.1.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.13) puruṣa^\*pratīteś cānabhijñatvāt kathaṃ te sukham iti praṣṭum aśakyatvāt/ ### [2.1.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.14) katham etad upalabhyata iti cet puruṣo hi ratim adhigamya svecchayā viramati, na striyam apekṣate, na tv evaṃ strīty auddālakiḥ// ### [2.1.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.15) tatraitat syāt/ ciravege nāyake striyo 'nurajyante śīghravegasya bhāvam anāsādyāvasāne 'bhyasūyinyo \*bhavati/ tat sarvaṃ bhāvaprāpter aprāpteś ca lakṣaṇam// > This opinion is however objected to on the grounds, that if a male be long-timed, the female loves him the more, but if he be short-timed, she is dissatisfied with him. And this circumstance, some say, would prove that the female emits also. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.16) tac ca na/ kaṇḍūtipratīkāro 'pi hi dīrghakālaṃ priya iti/ etad upapadyata eva/ tasmāt saṃdigdhatvād alakṣaṇam iti// > But this opinion does not hold good, for if it takes a long time to allay a woman's desire, and during this time she is enjoying great pleasure, it is quite natural then that she should wish for its continuation. And on this subject there is a verse as follows:— > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.17](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.17) saṃyoge yoṣitaḥ puṃsā kaṇḍūtir apanudyate/ tac ca abhimānasaṃsṛṣṭaṃ sukham ity abhidhīyate// > “By union with men the lust, desire, or passion of women is satisfied, and the pleasure derived from the consciousness of it is called their satisfaction.” > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.18](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.18) sātatyād yuvatir ārambhāt prabhṛti bhāvam adhigacchati/ puruṣaḥ punar anta eva/ etad upapannataram/ na hy asatyāṃ bhāvaprāptau garbhasaṃbhava iti bābhravīyāḥ// > The followers of Babhravya, however, say that the semen of women continues to fall from the beginning of the sexual union to its end, and it is right that it should be so, for if they had no semen there would be no embryo. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.19](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.19) atrāpi tāv evāśaṅkāparihārau bhūyaḥ// ### [2.1.20](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.20) tatraitat syāt --- sātatyena rasaprāptāv ārambhakāle madhyasthacittatā nātisahiṣṇutā ca/ tataḥ krameṇādhiko rāgayogaḥ śarīre nirapekṣatvam/ ante ca virāmābhīpsety etad upapannam iti// > To this there is an objection. In the beginning of coition the passion of the woman is middling, and she cannot bear the vigorous thrusts of her lover, but by degrees her passion increases until she ceases to think about her body, and then finally she wishes to stop from further coition. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.21](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.21) tac ca na/ sāmānye 'pi bhrāntisaṃskāre kulālacakrasya bhramarakasya vā bhrāntāv eva vartamānasya prārambhe mandavegatā tataś ca krameṇa pūraṇam vegasyety upapadyate/ dhātukṣayāc ca virāmābhīpseti/ tasmād anākṣepaḥ// > This objection, however, does not hold good, for even in ordinary things that revolve with great force, such as a potter's wheel, or a top, we find that the motion at first is slow, but by degrees it becomes very rapid. In the same way the passion of the woman having gradually increased, she has a desire to discontinue coition, when all the semen has fallen away. And there is a verse with regard to this as follows:— > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.22](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.22) suratānte sukhaṃ puṃsāṃ strīṇāṃ tu satataṃ sukham/ dhātukṣayanimittā ca virāmecchopajāyate// > “The fall of the semen of the man takes place only at the end of coition, while the semen of the woman falls continually, and after the semen of both has all fallen away they wish for the discontinuance of coition.” > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.23](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.23) tasmāt puruṣavad eva yoṣito 'pi rasavyaktir draṣṭavyā// > Lastly, Vatsyayana is of opinion that the semen of the female, falls in the same way as that of the male. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.24](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.24) kathaṃ hi samānāyām evākṛtāv ekārtham abhiprapannayoḥ kāryavailakṣaṇyaṃ syād > Now some one may ask here: If men and women are beings of the same kind, and are engaged in bringing about the same result, why should they have different works to do. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.25](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.25) upāyavailakṣaṇyād abhimānavailakṣaṇyāc ca// > Vatsya says that this is so, because the ways of working as well as the consciousness of pleasure in men and women are different. The difference in the ways of working, by which men are the actors, and women are the persons acted upon, is owing to the nature of the male and the female, otherwise the actor would be sometimes the person acted upon, and vice versa. And from this difference in the ways of working follows the difference in the consciousness of pleasure, for a man thinks, “this woman is united with me,” and a woman thinks, “I am united with this man.” > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.26](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.26) katham upāyavailakṣaṇyaṃ tu sargāt/ kartā hi puruṣo 'dhikaraṇaṃ yuvatiḥ/ anyathā hi kartā kriyāṃ pratipadyate 'nyathā cādhāraḥ/ tasmāc copāyavailakṣaṇyāt sargād abhimānavailakṣaṇyam api bhavati/ abhiyoktāham iti puruṣo 'nurajyate/ abhiyuktāham aneneti yuvatir iti vātsyāyanaḥ// ### [2.1.27](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.27) tatraitat syād upāyavailakṣaṇyavad eva hi kāryavailakṣaṇyam api kasmān na syād iti/ tac ca na/ hetumad upāyavailakṣaṇyam/ tatra kartrādhārayor bhinnalakṣaṇatvād ahetumat kāryavailakṣaṇyam anyāyyaṃ syāt/ ākṛter abhedād iti/ > It may be said that if the ways of working in men and women are different, why should not there be a difference, even in the pleasure they feel, and which is the result of those ways. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana > But this objection is groundless, for the person acting and the person acted upon being of different kinds, there is a reason for the difference in their ways of working; but there is no reason for any difference in the pleasure they feel, because they both naturally derive pleasure from the act they perform. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.28](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.28) tatraitat syāt/ saṃhatya kārakair eko 'rtho 'bhinirvartyate/ pṛthak pṛthak svārthasādhakau punar imau tad ayuktam iti// > On this again some may say that when different persons are engaged in doing the same work, we find that they accomplish the same end or purpose; while, on the contrary, in the case of men and women we find that each of them accomplishes his or her own end separately, and this is inconsistent. But this is a mistake, for we find that sometimes two things are done at the same time, as for instance in the fighting of rams, both the rams receive the shock at the same time on their heads. Again, in throwing one wood apple against another, and also in a fight or struggle of wrestlers. If it be said that in these cases the things employed are of the same kind, it is answered that even in the case of men and women, the nature of the two persons is the same. And as the difference in their ways of working arises from the difference of their conformation only, it follows that men experience the same kind of pleasure as women do. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.29](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.29) tac ca na/ yugapad anekārthasiddhir api dṛśyate/ yathā meṣayor abhighāte kapitthayor bhede mallayor yuddha iti/ na tatra kārakabheda iti ced ihāpi na vastubheda iti/ upāyavailakṣaṇyaṃ tu sargād iti tad abhihitaṃ purastāt/ tenobhayor api sadṛśī sukhapratipattir iti// ### [2.1.30](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.30) jāter abhedād daṃpatyoḥ sadṛśaṃ sukham iṣyate/ tasmāt tathopacaryā strī yathāgre prāpnuyād ratim// > "Men and women being of the same nature, feel the same kind of pleasure, and therefore a man should marry such a woman as will love him ever afterwards." > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.31](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.31) sadṛśatvasya siddhatvāt, kālayoginy api bhāvato 'pi kālataḥ pramāṇavad eva nava ratāni// > The pleasure of men and women being thus proved to be of the same kind, it follows that in regard to time, there are nine kinds of sexual intercourse, in the same way as there are nine kinds according to the force of passion. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.32](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.32) raso ratiḥ prītir bhāvo rāgo vegaḥ samāptir iti ratiparyāyāḥ/ saṃprayogo rataṃ rahaḥ śayanaṃ mohanaṃ surataparyāyāḥ// > There being thus nine kinds of union with regard to dimensions, force of passion, and time, respectively, by making combinations of them, innumerable kinds of union would be produced. Therefore in each particular kind of sexual union, men should use such means as they may think suitable for the occasion. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.33](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.33) pramāṇakālabhāvajānāṃ saṃprayogāṇām ekaikasya navavidhatvāt teṣāṃ vyatikare suratasaṃkhyā na śakyate kartum/ atibahutvāt// ### [2.1.34](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.34) teṣu tarkād upacārān prayojayed iti vātsyāyanaḥ// ### [2.1.35](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.35) prathamarate caṇḍavegatā śīghrakālatā ca puruṣasya, tad viparītam uttareṣu/ yoṣitaḥ punar etad eva viparītam/ ā dhātukṣayāt/ > At the first time of sexual union the passion of the male is intense, and his time is short, but in subsequent unions on the same day the reverse of this is the case. With the female however it is the contrary, for at the first time her passion is weak, and then her time long, but on subsequent occassions on the same day, her passion is intense and her time short, until her passion is satisfied. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.36](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.36) prāk ca strīdhātukṣayāt puruṣadhātukṣaya iti prāyovādaḥ// ### [2.1.37](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.37) mṛdutvād upamṛdyatvān nisargāc caiva yoṣitaḥ/ prāpnuvanty āśu tāḥ prītim ity ācāryā vyavasthitāḥ// ### [2.1.38](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.38) etāvad eva yuktānāṃ vyākhyātaṃ sāṃprayogikam/ mandānām avabodhārthaṃ vistaro 'taḥ pravakṣyate// ### [2.1.39](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.39) abhyāsād abhimānāc ca tathā saṃpratyayād api viṣayebhyaś ca tantrajñāḥ prītim āhuś caturvidhām// > Men learned in the humanities are of opinion that love is of four kinds, viz.: > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana > Love acquired by continual habit. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana > Love resulting from the imagination. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana > Love resulting from belief. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana > Love resulting from the perception of external objects. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.40](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.40) śabdādibhyo bahirbhūtā yā karmābhyāsalakṣaṇā/ prītiḥ sābhyāsikī jñeyā mṛgayādiṣu karmasu// > (1) Love resulting from the constant and continual performance of some act, is called love acquired by constant practice and habit, as for instance the love of sexual intercourse, the love of hunting, the love of drinking, the love of gambling, etc., etc. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.41](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.41) anabhyasteṣv api purā karmasv aviṣayātmikā/ saṃkalpāj jāyate prītir yā sā syād ābhimānikī// > (2) Love which is felt for things to which we are not habituated, and which proceeds entirely from ideas, is called love resulting from imagination, as for instance, that love which some men and women and eunuchs feel for the Auparishtaka or mouth congress, and that which is felt by all for such things as embracing, kissing, etc., etc. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.42](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.42) prakṛter yā tṛtīyasyāḥ striyāś caivopariṣṭake/ teṣu teṣu ca vijñeyā cumbanādiṣu karmasu// ### [2.1.43](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.43) nānyo 'yam iti yatra syād anyasmin prītikāraṇe/ tantrajñaiḥ kathyate sāpi prītiḥ saṃpratyayātmikā// > (3) The love which is mutual on both sides, and proved to be true, when each looks upon the other as his or her very own, such is called love resulting from belief by the learned. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.44](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.44) pratyakṣā lokataḥ siddhā yā prītir viṣayātmikā/ pradhānaphalavattvāt sā tad arthāś cetarā api// > (4) The love resulting from the perception of external objects is quite evident and well known to the world, because the pleasure which it affords is superior to the pleasure of the other kinds of love, which exist only for its sake. > — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana ### [2.1.45](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1.45) prītīr etāḥ parāmṛśya śāstrataḥ śāstralakṣaṇāḥ/ yo yathā vartate bhāvas taṃ tathaiva prayojayet// ## Translations (1) - [The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana~en-burton.2.1.p2) — Richard Francis Burton & Foster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot 1883, English ## Commentaries (1) - [Jayamaṅgalā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana!jayamangala.9.p1) — Yaśodhara Indrapada, Sanskrit ## Other recensions (1) - [Text edited by Jean Fezas (with notes)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana*fezas.2.1) — Sanskrit ## Linked texts (2) - [Kāmakuñjalatā](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.kamakunjalata.22.2) — Sanskrit - [Age of the Nandas and Mauryas](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.general.sastri-1952.c12.s13.t7.1) — K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, English --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.niti.kama.vatsyayana.2.1) · Pramāṇa