[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Purāṇas](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana) › [Skandapurana](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.skanda) › 7.16.24 # Skandapurana 7.16.24 Skandapurāṇa 7.16.24 - **Language:** Sanskrit ### [7.16.24.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.skanda.7.16.24.1) tāndṛṣṭvā vidrutān sarvān gaṇān saha sureśvaraiḥ . mahādevosṛjat - - - - - - - - - - ..1 2.. - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - 1 evāsma - ka gha. . 2 samupekṣitaḥ - kha . 3 tamabhdhakam (?) . 4 utthitāḥ (?) . - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - 801 - - - - - - - - - - - - karantadā . - vā vijñāpayāmāsu5rājñāṃ no dātumarhasi . . 13 . . devadevastadā prāha sarvāḥ praharaṇodyatāḥ . asṛgbindusamudbhūtān bhakṣayadhvaṃ mahāsurān . . 14.. evamuktāstu tāssarvā yogeśvaryo mahābalāḥ . hatvā hatvāsurān yuddhe cakhāduśca ma . 15. . devopi jvalitaṃ śūlamabravīdandhakāntakṛt . andhakaṃ paca6 sūryāgnau sahasra śaradāṃ7 śatam . .1 6. . andhakopi hi śūlāgre pacyamānorkatejasā . pūrṇe sahasre varṣāṇāṃ sātvikaṃ bhāvamabhyagāt . . 17. . sātvikaṃ bhāvamāpanno vinirdhūtarajastamaḥ . lokānāṃ kāraṇaṃ devaṃ bubudhe govṛṣadhvajam . . 18.. taṃ buddhvā ca tato bhaktyā nirmalenāntarātmanā . snāyvasthiśeṣastuṣṭāva devaṃ caṃdrārdhamaulinam . 1 9. . andhaka uvāca kṛtsnasya yosya jagataḥ sacarācarasya kartā kṛtasya ca tathā sukhaduḥkhadātā . saṃhāraheturapi yaḥ punarantakāle, taṃ śaṅkaraṃ śaraṇadaṃ śaraṇaṃ vrajāmi . .8.155.2 0 . . yaṃ yogino vigatamohatamorajaskā bhaktyaikatānamanaso8 vinivṛttakāmāḥ . dhyāyanti niścitadhiyāmitadivyabhāvaṃ, taṃ śaṅkaraṃ śaraṇadaṃ śaraṇaṃ vrajāmi ..21 .. yaścandrakhaṇḍamamalaṃ vikasanmayūkhaṃ badhvāsayaṃ (?) priyatayā śirasā bibharti . yaścārdhadehamadadād girirājaputryai, taṃ śaṅkaraṃ śaraṇadaṃ śaraṇaṃ vrajāmi ..2 2 .. > Seeing all the gaṇas, along with the lords of the gods, fleeing, / Mahādeva created \[…\] // 12 > \[…\] then \[…\], / \[…\] addressed \[him\]: ‘You ought to give us an order.’ // 13 > Then the God of gods said to all those \[goddesses\] ready with weapons: / ‘Consume the great asuras born from the drops of blood!’ // 14 > Thus addressed, all those Yogeśvarīs of mighty strength, / continually slaying the asuras in battle, ate \[them\] \[…\]. // 15 > The God also, the slayer of Andhaka, spoke to the blazing trident: / ‘Cook Andhaka in the fire of the sun for a hundred thousand autumns.’ // 16 > Indeed, as Andhaka was being cooked at the tip of the trident by the sun’s radiance, / when a thousand years were completed, he attained a sattvic state. // 17 > Having attained a sattvic state, with passion and darkness shaken off, / he understood the God, the cause of the worlds, whose banner bears the bull. // 18 > Having recognized him then with devotion, with a purified inner self, / reduced to mere sinews and bones, he praised the God whose crest is the crescent moon. // 19 > Andhaka said: / ‘He who is the creator of this entire universe, moving and unmoving, and likewise the dispenser of pleasure and pain for what has been done, / who is also the cause of destruction at the time of the end—to that Śaṅkara, the granter of refuge, I go for refuge. // 20 > Whom yogins, free from delusion, darkness, and passion, their minds singularly intent through devotion, their desires vanished, / meditate upon with resolute intellect, whose divine nature is boundless—to that Śaṅkara, the granter of refuge, I go for refuge. // 21 > Who lovingly bears upon his head the spotless crescent moon with blossoming beams \[…\] / and who gave half his body to the daughter of the king of mountains—to that Śaṅkara, the granter of refuge, I go for refuge. // 22 //’ > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [7.16.24.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.skanda.7.16.24.2) yaḥ siddhacāraṇaniṣevitacārutoyāṃ gaṅgāṃ mahormirabhasāṃ gaganātpatantīm . mūrdhnā dadhe srajamivāpratilolapuṣyāṃ, taṃ śaṅkaraṃ śaraṇadaṃ śaraṇaṃ vrajāmi . .23 .. kailāsaśṛṅgaśikharaṃ pravikampyamānaṃ kailāśaśṛṅgasadṛśena daśānanena . yaḥ pādapadmaparipīḍanayā dadhāra, taṃ śaṅkaraṃ śaraṇadaṃ śaraṇaṃ vrajāmi .. 24. . - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - 5 vijñāpayāmāsa - kha . 6 pañca - kha. . 7 śaradaṃ - kha . 8 bhaktyekatānamanaso (?) . - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - 802 yenāsakṛdditisutāśca danoḥ sutāśca9 vidyādharoragagaṇāśca varaissamagrāḥ . saṃyojitā munivarāḥ phalamūlabhakṣā,staṃ śaṅkaraṃ śaraṇadaṃ10 śaraṇaṃ vrajāmi ..25.. dakṣādhvaraṃ ca nayanañca tathā bhagasya pūṣṇastadā daśanapaṃktimaśātayacca11 . vyaṣṭambhayat kuliśayuktamahendrabāhuṃ, taṃ śaṅkaraṃ śaraṇadaṃ śaraṇaṃ vrajāmi . .2 6.. - kṛ - - trividhabandhavimokṣabhāvā jñānānvayaśrutaguṇairapi naiva yuktāḥ . yaṃ saṃśritāḥ sukhabhujaḥ puruṣā bhavanti, taṃ śaṅkaraṃ śaraṇadaṃ śaraṇaṃ vrajāmi . .27.. agre mṛtasya ravikoṭisamānatejaḥ12 santrāsanaṃ vibudhasattamadānavānām13 . yaḥ kālakūṭamapibat samudīrṇavegaṃ, taṃ śaṅkaraṃ śaraṇadaṃ śaraṇaṃ vrajāmi ..28 .. brahmendraviṣṇumarutāṃ ca saṣaṇmukhānāṃ yodād varān subahuśo bhagavānmaheśaḥ . nandiñca mṛtyuvadanātprabhurujjahāra,14 taṃ śaṅkaraṃ śaraṇadaṃ śaraṇaṃ vrajāmi ..29.. kāmaśca kārmukadharo bhuvi pañcabāṇo hāsyātkṛto bhagavatā sa tadā videhaḥ . ekeṣuṇā tripurameva purā jaghāna, taṃ śaṅkaraṃ śaraṇadaṃ śaraṇaṃ vrajāmi . .8.155.3 0 .. > ‘Who bore upon his head, like a garland of motionless flowers, the Gaṅgā, whose lovely waters are visited by Siddhas and Cāraṇas, / rushing down from the sky with the violent speed of huge waves—to that Śaṅkara, the granter of refuge, I go for refuge. // 23 > Who, by pressing down with his lotus-foot, steadied the summit of Kailāsa’s peak / as it was violently shaken by the Ten-faced one, who resembled a peak of Kailāsa—to that Śaṅkara, the granter of refuge, I go for refuge. // 24 > By whom the sons of Diti, the sons of Danu, the hosts of Vidyādharas and Uragas, / and the best of munis subsisting on fruits and roots, were repeatedly joined with complete boons—to that Śaṅkara, the granter of refuge, I go for refuge. // 25 > Who destroyed the sacrifice of Dakṣa, and likewise the eye of Bhaga, and the row of teeth of Pūṣan, / and paralyzed the thunderbolt-wielding arm of mighty Indra—to that Śaṅkara, the granter of refuge, I go for refuge. // 26 > \[…\] having the state of release from the threefold bondage, though not endowed with the qualities of knowledge, lineage, and sacred learning, / people who resort to whom become enjoyers of happiness—to that Śaṅkara, the granter of refuge, I go for refuge. // 27 > Who drank the Kālakūṭa poison of surging fury, which had the radiance equal to ten million suns \[…\], / the terror of the best of gods and Dānavas—to that Śaṅkara, the granter of refuge, I go for refuge. // 28 > Who, the divine Maheśa, bestowed boons abundantly upon Brahmā, Indra, Viṣṇu, the Maruts, and him with six faces, / and, the Lord, snatched Nandin from the jaws of death—to that Śaṅkara, the granter of refuge, I go for refuge. // 29 > And by whom, the Lord, Kāma, holding a bow with five arrows on earth, was then made bodiless through laughter, / who in ancient times destroyed Tripura with a single arrow—to that Śaṅkara, the granter of refuge, I go for refuge. // 30 //’ > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [7.16.24.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.skanda.7.16.24.3) ārādhitaḥ sutapasā himavannikuñje dhūmavratena manasāpi parairagamye . sañjīvanīmadita yaḥ paramārthagamya15 stasmai namaḥ śivakarāya śivāya nityam ..3 1 . . nānāvidhairgajaviḍālasamānavaktrairdakṣādhvarapramathanairvalibhirgaṇaindraiḥ16 . yobhyarcyatemaragaṇaḥ sahalokapālai,staṃ śaṅkaraṃ śaraṇadaṃ śaraṇaṃ vrajāmi . .32.. krīḍārthameva bhagavān bhuvanāni sapta nānānadīvihagapādapamaṇḍitāni . sabrahmakāni sasṛje sukṛtehitāni, taṃ śaṅkaraṃ śaraṇadaṃ śaraṇaṃ vrajāmi . .3 3 . . yasyākhilaṃ jagadidaṃ vaśavarti nityaṃ yoṣṭābhireva tanubhirbhuvanāni bhuṃkte . yaḥ kāraṇaṃ sumahatāmapi kāraṇānāṃ, taṃ śaṅkaraṃ śaraṇadaṃ śaraṇaṃ vrajāmi ..34. . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - āsajya māṃ kṣitidharendrasutānuyāta . - - - - - - - ma vibhūṣaṇāṅgaṃ taṃ śaṅkaraṃ śaraṇadaṃ17 śaraṇaṃ vrajāmi . .3 5.. śvetaṃ muniṃ yamaniyogaparāyaṇaistairbhīmairmahograpuruṣaiḥ pratinīyamānam . baddhvā - - - - - - - - - - - - taṃ śaṅkaraṃ śaraṇadaṃ śaraṇaṃ vrajāmi .. 36 .. - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - 9 danośca putrā - kha . 10 śaraṇajaṃ - kha . 11 śca - kha., maśātayadya (?) . 12 samānatejaṃ - kha. . 13 vibudhadānavasattamānāṃ (?) . 14.. tpunarājahāra - kha. . 15 paramārthagabhyaṃ - kha. . 16.. rgajendraiḥ - kha. . 17 śaraṇajaṃ - kha. . - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - 803 ?? . - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . 3 7.. . - - - - - - - - paricintyamānaṃ taṃ śaṅkaraṃ śaraṇadaṃ śaraṇaṃ vrajāmi . . 38 . . - - - - - - - - - - - vimūḍhā, jānanti nāsya jagato bhavabandharūpāḥ . > Propitiated by great austerity in an icy mountain bower, through the vow of consuming smoke, by one unreachable even in mind by others, / he who granted the Sañjīvanī \[vidyā\], accessible only through supreme truth—to that benevolent Śiva homage ever be! // 31 > By diverse chiefs of gaṇas, having faces resembling elephants and cats, crushers of Dakṣa’s sacrifice, powerful, / and by the hosts of gods accompanied by the guardians of the world, he is worshiped; to that Śaṃkara, grantor of refuge, I go for refuge. // 32 > For mere sport the Lord created the seven worlds adorned with varied rivers, birds, and trees, / together with Brahmā, accompanied by auspicious endeavors; to that Śaṃkara, grantor of refuge, I go for refuge. // 33 > Under whose mastery this whole universe continually abides, who through his eight bodies alone enjoys the worlds, / who is the cause even of the greatest causes; to that Śaṃkara, grantor of refuge, I go for refuge. // 34 > \[…\] attaching me, followed by the daughter of the king of mountains, / \[…\] having ornaments on his limbs, to that Śaṃkara, grantor of refuge, I go for refuge. // 35 > When the sage Śveta was being carried away by those fierce, most terrifying attendants devoted to the command of Yama, / having bound \[…\] to that Śaṃkara, grantor of refuge, I go for refuge. // 36 > \[…\] // 37 > \[…\] being meditated upon, to that Śaṃkara, grantor of refuge, I go for refuge. // 38 > \[…\] deluded, they do not know \[him\] who forms the bondage of worldly existence for this world. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [7.16.24.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.skanda.7.16.24.4) aiśvaryadoṣaviṣaye - - - bhibaddhā, niryātamādyanubhavanti yathāhameva . .3 9.. . - - - - prasādāddhi - - - - - stadā . śubhakarmā - - - - śivalokamakalpayaḥ18 (?) ..8.155.40 . . sanatkumāra uvāca tasyaivaṃ stuvato devaḥ śūlapāṇirvṛṣadhvajaḥ . pūrṇe varṣasahasre tu prītaḥ provāca śaṅkaraḥ . .41 . . putra tuṣṭosmi bhadraṃ te jātastvaṃ nirmalodhunā . divyaṃ dadāmi te cakṣuḥ paśya māṃ dānaveśvara . .42 . . - - - - - yatkiñcit kāṃkṣitaṃ phalamuttamam . tatsarvameva dāsyāmi brūhi dānavasattama . .43 . . brāhmaṃ vaiṣṇavamaindraṃ vā padaṃ vibudhadurlabham . athavā sarvalokānāṃ bhava rājā yathā purā . .44. . andhaka uvāca brāhmaṃ vaiṣṇavamaindrañca padamāvṛttilakṣaṇam . viditaṃ mama tatsarvaṃ manasāpi - - . .45. . yadi tuṣṭosi deveśa gāṇapatyaṃ vidhatsva me . aviśeṣyaṃ viśuddhañca tadakṣayyaṃ ca sarvadā . .46 . . devadeva uvāca .. - - - - - - - - sarvalokanamaskṛtaḥ . .47. . - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - 18.. mayam - kha . - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - 804 kāmarūpī mahāyogī sahāsatvo mahābalaḥ . aṇimādiguṇairyuktaḥ priyaḥ puruṣasattamaḥ . .48 . . sanatkumāra uvāca tato - - - varaṃ dattvā sudurlabham . mahādevaḥ. bhūtvā tatraivāntaradhīyata . .49 . . . . . 8.155.50 . . vareṇyaṃ varadaṃ devaṃ brahmaṇyamamitaujasam . āgatya caiva - - - - - - - - - - - . . 51 . . .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . 52 .. - - śūlaṃ - - paramaṃ vikramaiḥ stambhayitvā . - - - - - ' - - - - - - - - - - . . 53 . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . > Bound \[…\] in the realm of the faults of sovereignty, they experience destruction and \[delusion\] just as I did. // 39 > \[…\] for by the grace \[…\] then. / Having performed auspicious deeds \[…\] you fashioned the realm of Śiva \[…\] // 8.155.40 > Sanatkumāra said: > While he was thus praising, the God holding the trident in his hand, whose banner is the bull, / Śaṃkara, pleased at the end of a thousand years, spoke: // 41 > “O son, I am pleased, welfare unto you; you have now become free of taint. / I bestow divine vision upon you; behold me, O lord of the Dānavas! // 42 > \[…\] whatever excellent fruit is desired, / I shall grant all of that; speak, O best of the Dānavas: // 43 > Whether the state of Brahmā, Viṣṇu, or Indra, difficult for gods to attain, / or else become the king of all the worlds as of old.” // 44 > Andhaka said: > “The states of Brahmā, Viṣṇu, and Indra are characterized by return \[to worldly rebirth\]; / all that is known to me, even in mind \[…\]. // 45 > If you are pleased, O Lord of the gods, bestow upon me leadership among the gaṇas, / which is beyond distinction, utterly pure, and forever imperishable.” // 46 > Devadeva said: > “\[…\] worshiped by all the worlds, // 47 > assuming forms at will, a great yogin, endowed with noble courage, possessed of great strength, / endowed with the qualities of lightness and the rest, beloved, the best of persons.” // 48 > Sanatkumāra said: > Then \[…\] having granted that very rare boon, / Mahādeva \[…\] having become \[…\], vanished right there. // 49 > \[…\] // 8.155.50 > Approaching the most desirable, boon-granting God, well-disposed to brahmins, of boundless splendor, / and having arrived \[…\] // 51 > \[…\] // 52 > \[…\] having paralyzed the supreme trident through heroic feats, / \[…\] // 53 > \[…\] > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [7.16.24.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.skanda.7.16.24.5) -.. ' ' ' ' ' - - - - - - - - . . 54. . . ' ' ' ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - vāṅmanobhiḥ . . 55. . yenye kuśāstramalapaṅkavimagnadehā mokṣepyatastava vibho caraṇā - - - . te vo - - - - .. - - - stuvanti mūḍhā mṛgā iva vane mṛgatṛṣṇikābhiḥ . .56. . - - ṅkuśaṅkitataṭe smṛti - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - pyaṭena pūṣā19 karoti vimalaṃ kiraṇaughajālaiḥ . . 57.. pakṣe tapaścarati yena kalāvaśeṣaścandropi te haratavottamapādamūle . naktaṃ tu śūlahasitai rajamīmukhāni sampūrṇamaṇḍalavapurdhavalīkaroti .. 58. . - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - 19 karokaro - kha. . - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - 805 - ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - vasavo marutośvinau ca . bhṛgvādayaśca ṛṣayastatra deva siddhāḥ20 siddhiṃ gatāścaraṇapadmavaraprasādāt . . 8.155.60 . . kailāsa - - - - - - - - rdravāya devāya - - layalāṅkitamekhalāya21 . badghvāsanaṃ paramamunnatacārumūrtiṃ yogeśvaraṃ dibhumahad bhuvanasya bhūtyai . .61 . . - - - - - sāsi pūrva22madṛṣṭapūrvā sā sā spṛhāṃ prakuraṣe mahatīṃ janasya . tasmājjaṭendurivajā(?) rdhaśarīrayogād gaṅgāṃ ca23 deva bhajase tvamapūrvavattām ..62.. - - - - - - - - śīrṇa - - - saṃsthaiḥ samyagvareśvararuṣā sadasograkaṇṭha (?) . te deva lokavijayaṃ tava deva yāvad duṣṭasya vaktrakamalāni niveditāni . .63 . . kailāsamerumalayodaramandareṣu vidyādharairmunimahoragakinnaraiśca . abhyarcyase kula - ṭāyana - - - - - - - - - - - - madhurairvacobhiḥ . . 64. . - - - - - - ye - bhaktyā sarva - - - - - - majaraṃ - - - mātmavedyam . > \[…\] // 54 > \[…\] with speech and mind. // 55 > Those who have their bodies immersed in the impure mud of the Kuśa weapons, even in \[their quest for\] liberation, O Lord, your feet \[…\] / they \[…\] deluded, praise \[…\], like deer in the forest led astray by mirages. // 56 > \[…\] on the bank marked with \[…\] memory \[…\] / \[…\] through his wandering the sun makes it spotless with streams of rays. // 57 > For a fortnight, through which the moon has only a single digit left, he performs austerity at the base of your excellent feet, O Hara; / at night, however, with the laughter of your trident, his body forming a full disc, he whitens the faces of the quarters. // 58 > \[…\] the Vasus, the Maruts, and the two Aśvins, / and the seers headed by Bhṛgu, O God, and the siddhas there attained perfection through the grace of the boon of your lotus feet. // 8.155.60 > To the God on Kailāsa \[…\] having a girdle marked with \[…\] / having assumed the supreme posture, possessing an exalted, beautiful form, the Lord of yoga \[…\] for the welfare of the world. // 61 > \[…\] you are unprecedented; being unseen before, she arouses great desire in people; / therefore, like the moon in the matted locks, from the union of half the body, you, O God, resort to the Gaṅgā possessing novelty. // 62 > \[…\] through the anger of the Lord of boons \[…\] fierce-throated, / so long as the lotus-like faces of the wicked one were offered for your conquest of the worlds, O God. // 63 > In Kailāsa, Meru, the interior of Malaya, and Mandara, by Vidyādharas, sages, great serpents, and Kinnaras, / you are worshiped \[…\] with sweet words. // 64 > \[…\] who with devotion \[…\] ageless \[…\] to be known by the self. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ### [7.16.24.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.skanda.7.16.24.6) paśyanti satvamacalāstava yogadṛṣṭyā tvāmeva te śiva viśantyanivartanāya ..65. . vidyāvayo - sya sametya śaktāstejaḥsṛjāśugamita - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -2 4 .. 66. . .. - - ---..1--...- - - - - - - - - - - - - . . 67. . - - -.2- -- - --- - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ra pā va - ya - ..68. . dakṣādhvarassuravaraiḥ kṛtasarvarakṣo bhṛgvādibhirmunivarairupagītavedaḥ . krodhodbhavena tava deva hatassalīlamekena śūlavaracakrabhṛtā gaṇena . . 69. . liṅgasya yo hara hariḥ pra - - hyadhastādūrdhvantvahaṃ - - - - - - - brubāṇaḥ . - - - - - ravandatavādimadhye konyaḥ pravīṇa iha vakṣyati25 telpabuddhiḥ . .8.155.70 . . śarvosi sarvagatasasarvaphalapradosi yogosi yogadhara yogavidāṃ varosi . mātāpitāsi jagataḥ prabhuravyayosi śāntaḥ śivosi paramosi śivaṅkarosi . .71 . . - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - 20 siddhiṃ - kha . 21 lāñchita (?) . : 22... ya - kha . 23 ya- kha. . 24 > The unswerving behold your true nature by the vision of yoga; / they enter into you alone, O Śiva, never to return. > Having gathered \[their powers\] … capable in knowledge and age, driven swiftly by the creator of splendor … > \[…\] > \[…\] > \[…\] > Dakṣa’s sacrifice, whose every defense was raised by the foremost of gods, whose Vedic songs were chanted by the chief sages led by Bhṛgu, / was playfully destroyed, O God, by a single attendant of yours born of your wrath, bearing a superb trident and a discus. > Of whose liṅga, O Hara, Hari \[descended\] below …, / while I, claiming \[to reach\] the top, … > \[…\] in the midst of disputants; who else here, being feeble-minded, can speak \[adequately\] of you? > You are Śarva; you are all-pervading; you bestow all fruits; / you are yoga; you sustain yoga; you are foremost among knowers of yoga; > you are mother and father of the world; you are the imperishable lord; / you are peaceful; you are Śiva; you are the supreme; you are the source of auspiciousness. > — English (machine translation) (machine translation) ## Translations (1) - [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.skanda~en-mt.7.16.24.1) — English, machine translation --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.skanda.7.16.24](https://indike.org/pramana/in.purana.skanda.7.16.24) · Pramāṇa