Skandapurana 3.2.21

English (machine translation) 3.2.21

Language: English

3.2.21.2

And by her, O king, were produced from her body the family deities:

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Bhaṭṭārikā (1), likewise Chatrā (2), Ovikā (3), and Jñānajā (4);

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Bhadrakālī (5), Māheśī (6), Siṃhorī (7), Dhanamardanī (8), / Gātrā (9), Śāntā (10), Śeṣadevī (11), Vārāhī (12), Bhadrayoginī (13);

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Yogeśvarī (14), Mohalajjā (15), Kuleśī (16), Śakulācitā (17), / Tāraṇī (18), Vanakānandā (19), Cāmuṇḍā (20), and Sureśvarī (21);

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Dārabhaṭṭārikā (22), and so on; each of them again a hundredfold.

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Auspicious śaktis endowed with various forms arose therein.

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Henceforth I shall describe the deities according to their pravaras:

Of the Aupamanyava gotra and pravara, the gotra-deity is Gātrā; [their pravaras are] Vasiṣṭha, Bharadvāja, and Indrapramada. Of the Vyāsa gotra, the gotra-deity is Jñānajā, with three pravaras: Kāśyapa, Avatsāra, and Raibhya. Of the Māṇḍavya sagotra, the gotrajā is Dārabhaṭṭārikā, with five pravaras: Bhārgava, Cyavana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Jamadagni. Of the Kuśika sagotra, the gotrajā is Tāraṇī of great strength, with three pravaras: Viśvāmitra, Devarāja, and Uddālaka. Of the Śaunaka sagotra, the gotra-deity is Śāntā, with three pravaras: Bhārgava, Vaitahavya, and Gārtsamada. Of the Kṛṣṇātreya sagotra, the gotra-deity is Bhadrayoginī, with three pravaras: Ātreya, Arcanānasa, and Śyāvāśva. Of the Gārgyāyaṇa sagotra, the gotrajā is Śāntā, with five pravaras: Bhārgava, Cyavana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Jamadagni. Of the Gārgāyaṇa gotra, the gotrajā is Jñānajā, with five pravaras: Kāśyapa, Avatsāra, Śāṇḍilya, Asita, and Devala. Of the Gāṅgeya sagotra, the deity is Śāntā Dvāravāsinī, with three pravaras: Gārgya, Gārgi, and Śaṅkhalikhita. Of the Paiṅgya sagotra, the gotrajā is Jñānajā Śeṣalaudhā, with the pravara: Āṅgirasa, Āmbarīṣa, and Yauvanāśva. Of the Vatsa sagotra, the gotrajā is Jñānajā, with five pravaras: Bhārgava, Cyavana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Jamadagni. Of the Vātsa sagotra, the gotrajā is Jñānajā, with five pravaras: Bhārgava, Cyavana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Jamadagni. Of the Vātsya sagotra, the gotrajā is Śīharī, with five pravaras: Bhārgava, Cyavana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Jamadagni. Of the Śyāmāyana sagotra, the gotrajā is Śīharī, with the pravara: Bhārgava, Cyavana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Jamadagni. Of the Dhāraṇa sagotra, the gotrajā is Chatrajā, with three pravaras: Agastya, Dārvacyuta, and Dadhyavāhana. Of the Kāśyapa gotra, the gotrajā is Cāmuṇḍā, with three pravaras: Kāśyapa, Avatsāra, and Naidhruva. Of the Bharadvāja gotra, the gotrajā is Pakṣiṇī, with three pravaras: Āṅgirasa, Bārhaspatya, and Bhāradvāja. Of the Māṇḍavya sagotra, Vatsa, Vātsya, and Vātsyāyana, the four share common [ancestry]. Of the Laugākṣa sagotra, the gotrajā is Bhadrayoginī, with three pravaras: Kāśyapa, Vasiṣṭha, and Avatsāra. Of the Kauśika sagotra, the gotrajā is Pakṣiṇī, with three pravaras: Viśvāmitra, Atharva, and Bhāradvāja. The common pravara is one: Paiṅgya and Bharadvāja share the same pravaras. Laugākṣa, Gārgyāyaṇa, and the Kāśyapas—these four share common pravaras. Kauśika and Kuśika—these two share a common pravara. Aupamanyava and Laugākṣa—these two share common pravaras.

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For as many as in whose pravaras Viśvāmitra alone recurs,

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Because of having the same gotra, marriage must not take place among so many with one another. (5)

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One should avoid [a woman] having the same pravara, one of the same gotra, a maternal sapiṇḍa, one with an incurable disease, (6ab)

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and likewise one without body hair, one previously betrothed to another, the daughter of a sonless man, and one who is extremely dark. (6cd)

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Where even a single ṛṣi recurs in the pravaras, (7ab)

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there is identity of gotra, except in the group of Bhṛgus and Aṅgirases. (7cd)

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Among five [ancestral seers], non-marriage applies when three are common; among three, when two are common. (8ab)

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This is so in the groups of the Bhṛgus and Aṅgirases; in the rest, even a single [common ancestor] prohibits [marriage]. (8cd)

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If one marries a maiden of the same gotra and pravara and approaches her, (9ab)

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and fathers a cāṇḍāla on her, he falls from his very status as a brahmin. (9cd)

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Kātyāyana says: (10a)

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Having married [a maiden] of the same gotra, and likewise of the same pravara, (11a)

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the twice-born man, after abandoning her, should perform the cāndrāyaṇa penance. (10b/12)

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Having forsaken that wife, he should thereafter protect her like a mother. (11cd)

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Yājñavalkya says: (14a)

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[One should marry a woman] free from disease, who has brothers, not born of the same ṛṣi or gotra, (15ab)

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beyond the fifth [degree] on the mother's side and the seventh on the father's side. (12/16)

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“Marriage is with those not having the same pravara,” so says Gautama. (17a)

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Even if one pravara is different for the groom [relative to] the mother's gotra, (18ab)

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marriage must not be performed there; that maiden is considered a sister. (13/19)

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He who takes a wife or establishes the agnihotra while his elder brother remains [unmarried or without fire], (20ab)

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he is to be known as a parivettā, and the elder brother as a parivitti. (14/21)

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A woman who is a punarbhū must always be avoided, being the degradation of a family: (22ab)

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one given by word, one given by mind, one for whom the auspicious marriage-thread ceremony was performed, (15/23)

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one who has been touched with water, one whose hand has been grasped [in marriage], (24ab)

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one who has circumambulated the fire, a remarried woman, and one who has given birth. (16/25)

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These, declared by Kāśyapa, burn the family like fire. (17/26)

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Now the family surnames are declared: Gotrapātra (1), Dātra (2), Trāśayatra (3), Laḍakātra (15), Maṇḍakīyātra (16), Viḍalātra (17), Rahilā (18), Bhādila (19), Vālūā (20), Pokīyā (21), Vākīyā (22), Makālyā (23), Lāḍaā (24), Māṇavedā (25), Kālīyā (26), Tālī (27), Velīyā (28), Pāṃvalaṇḍīyā (29), Mūḍā (30), Pītūlā (31), Dhigamagha (32), Bhūtapādavādī (34), Hophoyā (35), Śevārdata (36), Vapāra (37), Vathāra (38), Sādhakā (39), Bahudhiyā (40). (18/27)

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Having married the daughter of a maternal uncle, and likewise one of the mother's gotra, (28ab)

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or one of the same pravara, he should abandon her and perform the cāndrāyaṇa penance. (19/29)

3.2.21.40

Thus ends the twenty-first chapter, named “The Declaration of the Surnames of the Goddesses, Gotras, and Pravaras as Spoken by the Holy Mother,” in the Dharmāraṇyamāhātmya in the first part of the third Brahmakhaṇḍa of the glorious Skandapurāṇa, an extensive collection of eighty-one thousand verses.

Linked texts (1)

Skandapurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit