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Skandapurana 3.2.39

English (machine translation) 3.2.39

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3.2.39.87.1

Brahmā said: / Listen, O son, I shall declare the supreme secret doctrine. / These great twice-born ones, knowers of the Veda, are said to know the four Vedas. / They constantly perform recitation of scripture, the vaṣaṭ utterance, and the svadhā utterance; / they obey Rama's command and are devoted to devotion to Hanumat. / Then once the gods, led by Brahmā and Viṣṇu, came to Brahmā, / wishing to see the brahmins. / Seeing those gods arrived, they moved from their place; / having offered them respectful water and water for the feet, and likewise the honey mixture, / and then worshipped the gods headed by Brahmā, the brahmins / sat here beside Brahmā and recited the Vedas indeed: / the Saṃhitā text, the Pada text, the Krama text, and likewise the Ghana text; / one should recite aloud the Ṛgveda-saṃhitā of verses. / And the singers of Sāmans perform various hymns of praise, / and the ritual instructions, as well as the yājyā and puronuvākyā verses. / The supreme four-syllabled [utterance], and the four-syllabled, / the two-syllabled, and the five-syllabled, and the two-syllabled: / whoever recites this nature of the sacrifice with knowledge / attains the state of Brahman at the end; I tell the absolute truth. / All the twice-born, with one-pointed minds, were devoted to Vedic recitation. / In their courtyards, deer scratch their hair; / the brahmins recite the mother of the Vedas according to rule, / and young fawns eat the darbha grass held in their hands. / Seeing then that hermitage of the householders devoid of hostility, / the gods were exceedingly delighted, and they said to one another: / 'It is the Tretāyuga now; all are devoted to righteousness. / Kali is said to be wicked, but what will that sinful one do?' / Having summoned the knowers of the four Vedas, the three [gods] said: / 'For your livelihood and for that of the knowers of the three Vedas, / we shall grant you a division; let it be observed properly.

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The merchants previously declared are thirty-six thousand; / the knowers of the three Vedas are three thousand; fifteen thousand / are declared to be the knowers of the four Vedas, mutually relying on the livelihood. / The knowers of the three Vedas have three shares, and the knowers of the four have four shares. / Having come to the merchants' house daily for the office of family priest, / having divided the share, they received it, arranged by the Lord of deeds. / There is no mutual marriage between the knower of four Vedas and the knower of three Vedas; / the knowers of four Vedas have been declared by me, and likewise the knowers of three Vedas. / The knowers of three Vedas [take] by a three-part share, and the knowers of four by a four-part share; / thus the caste division was arranged by the Lord of deeds. / Those brahmins, having accomplished their purpose, bowed to those best of gods; / having granted the livelihood, the gods then departed to their own abode. / Those twice-born were inhabitants of fifty-five villages; / they are declared as the knowers of the four Vedas, and from then on, the knowers of the three Vedas. / And fifteen are the lineages of the knower of the four Vedas: / Bhāradvāja, and Vatsa, Kauśika, and Kuśa; / Śāṇḍilya, Kaśyapa, Gautama, and Chādana; / Jātūkarṇya, Kuṃta, Vasiṣṭha, and Dhāraṇa; / Ātreya, Māṇḍila, and Laugākṣa after that. / And I will declare the names of their places in due order: / Sītāpūra, the sacred field, and Magoḍī is remembered thus; / Jyeṭhaloja, and after that Śerathā; / Chedetālī, Vanoḍī, and Govyandalī; / Kaṇṭācoṣalī, Koheca, and Candana; / Thalagrāma, Sohaṃ, Hāthañja, Kapaḍavāṇaka; / Vrajanhorī, Vanoḍī, Phīṇā, Vagola, and Dṛṇa; / Thalajā, Cāraṇa, Siddhā, and Bhālajā after that; / Mahovī, Āīyā, Malīā, Godharī, and Āma after that.

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And likewise Vāṭhasuhālī, Māṇajā, and Sānadīyā; / Ānandīyā, Pāṭaḍīa, and after that Ṭīkolīyā; / Gaṃbhī, Dhaṇīā, Mātrā, and Nātamorā as well; / Valolā, Rāṃtyajā, Rūpolā, and Bodhaṇī; / Chatroṭā, Alu, and after this Vāsataḍīā; / Jāṣāsaṇā, Gotīyā, Caraṇīyā, and Dudhīyā; / Hālolā, Vaiholā, Asālā, and Nālāḍā; / Deholo, Sauhāsīyā, and Saṃhālīyā as well: / these fifty villages in proper order were duly granted / to the brahmins by Rāma according to the rules, as their home. / Beyond this I will describe the lineages of each home, / and the ancestral sages according to the rules. / Knowing the tutelary goddess and the ancestral sages, / the home is known, and the twice-born dwelling in that home.

Nārada said:
How does the gotra arise, and how is the family known? / Or how is the goddess known? Tell me that truly.

Brahmā said:
Sītāpura is the first, having two ancestral sages; / Kuśa and Vatsa have been proclaimed to you here. / In Śrīkṣetra, the second, there are three gotras: / Chāndānasa, Vatsa, and Kuśa as the third. / In the third, Mudgala, Kuśa, and Bhāradvāja; / and Śoholī is the fourth, having the ancestral sage Kuśa; / Jyeṣṭhalā is the fifth, proclaimed as Vatsa and Kuśa; / Śreyasthāna is the sixth, Bhāradvāja and Kuśa; / Daṃtālī is the seventh, Bhāradvāja and Kuśa; / know Vaṭasthāna as the eighth, O best of sons; / the gotras there are Kuśa, Kutsa, and Bhāradvāja; / Rājñīpura is the ninth, having the ancestral sage Bhāradvāja;

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Kṛṣṇavāṭa is the tenth, having the ancestral sage Kuśa; / Dahaloḍa is the eleventh, having the ancestral sage Vatsa; / Cekhalī is the twelfth, having Pauka and Kuśa as ancestral sages; / in Cāṃcodakha […] Deholoḍī, Ātreya, Vatsa, and Kutsaka; / Bhāradvājīkoṇāyā, and Bhāradvāja, Golaṃdṛṇā, and Śaku; / in the two Thalatyajas, Kuśa and Dhāraṇa; / Nāraṇasiddhā is the home where the Kutsa gotra is proclaimed; / in Bhālajā, Kutsa and Vatsa; in Mohovī, Kuśa; / Īyāślīā has Śāṇḍilya; Godharī has Ātreya; / the two Ānaṃdīyās have Bhāradvāja and Śāṇḍilya; Pāṭaḍīā has Kuśa; / Vāṃsaḍīā and Jāsvā have Kautsamaṇā, Vatsa, Ātreya, Gītā, Kuśa, and Gautama; / Caraṇīā has Bhāradvāja; Dudhīā has Dhāraṇasa and Sonnāmāṇḍilya; / Velolā has Hurā; Asālā has Kuśa, and Dhāraṇā is the second; / Nālolā has Vatsa and Dhāraṇīyā; Delolā has Kutsa; / Sohāsīyā has Bhāradvāja, Kuśa, and Vatsa; / Suhālīā is declared as Vatsa. The gotras in proper order / and the homes have thus been proclaimed by me here in order. / Those called Śītavāḍiyā are Kuśa and Vatsa, / Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and Dala as the third; / Bhārgava, Cyāvana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Jāmadagnya. / Vacārddā, Śeṣā, and Buṭalā are proclaimed as the lineage goddesses. / This is the first gotra. (1) / Śrīkṣetra is declared the second, having two gotras: / Chāndānasa and Vatsa, and two goddesses; / Āṅgirasa, Aṃbarīṣa, and Yauvanāśva; / Bhṛgu, Cyavana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Jāmadagnya; / the goddess is declared to be Bhaṭṭārikā, and the second is Śepalā. / Hear about those born in this family, O best of sages:

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irascible, well-behaved, devoted to Vedic and traditional rites, / constantly engaged in the five sacrifices, taking refuge in related clans, / familiar with wounds and born of sacrificial rites, all of them best of men. / This is the second gotra. (2) / The third is Magoḍoā, having two gotras: / Bhāradvāja and Kutsa, and two goddesses; / Āṅgirasa, Bārhaspatya, and Bhāradvāja, / Viśvāmitra and Devarāta are the three ancestral sages; / Śeṣalā and Budhalā are proclaimed, and likewise Dhāraśānti. / The brahmins born in this village are speakers of truth, / engaged in rites of honoring twice-born men, devoted to various sacrificial rites; / all the twice-born born in this gotra are lords among sages. / This is the third gotra. (3) / The fourth village is Śīholiyā, having two gotras: / Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and Udala as the third; / the goddess Cacāī is proclaimed as their lineage goddess. / Those born in this gotra are weak and miserable in mind, / brahmins who speak untruth, greedy, O best of men; / yet these brahmins are skilled in all branches of learning, O best of sages. / This is the fourth home. (4) / Jyeṣṭhalojā is proclaimed as the fifth home; / Vatsaśīyā and Kutsaśīyā are remembered as the two ancestral lines; / […], Yauvanāśva, Bhṛgu, Cyavana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Jāmadagnya; / Cacāī belongs to the Vatsa gotra, and Śāntā was born in the Kutsa gotra. / Through these three and five [ancestors], the twice-born are embodiments of Brahman: / peaceful, self-controlled, virtuous, endowed with wealth and sons, / devoid of Vedic study, yet skilled in all rituals, / handsome, well-behaved, steadfast in all duties, / all devoted to the duty of giving, these twice-born born here give water. / This is the fifth home. (5) / Those born in the villages of Śerathā are endowed with two ancestral sages: / Kuśa and Bhāradvāja, and likewise two goddesses.

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Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and Udala as the third; / Āṅgirasa, Bārhaspatya, and Bhāradvāja likewise.
Kamalā and Mahālakṣmī, and the Yakṣiṇī as the second. / Those born in this gotra are wise men devoted to Vedic and Smārta rites,
accustomed to Vedic study, practitioners of austerity, destroyers of foes, / wrathful, greedy, wicked, engaged in sacrificing for themselves and sacrificing for others; / all are devoted to the rites of the Absolute—these brahmins have been described by me.
Thus is the sixth location. (6)
[The brahmins] of Daṃtālīya belong to Bhāradvāja, Kutsa, and Śāyā [gotras] likewise; / Āṅgirasa, Bārhaspatya, and Bhāradvāja as well.
The goddess is stated to be Yakṣiṇī, and Karmalā as the second. / The brahmins born in this gotra are wealthy and auspicious,
endowed with fine clothes and ornaments, devoted to the worship of twice-born [brahmins], / all fond of feeding brahmins, and all devoted to righteousness.
Thus is the seventh location. (7)
Four pravaras are handed down as born in the lineage of Vaḍodrīya: / Kuśa, Kutsa, Vatsa, and Bhāradvāja likewise.
I shall proclaim their pravaras and their gotras in due order: / Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and Udala as the third;
Āṅgirasa, Ambarīṣa, and Yauvanāśva as the third; / Bhārgava, Cyavana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Jāmadagni likewise;
Āṅgirasa, Bārhaspatya, and Bhāradvāja as well. / Karmalā, Kṣemalā, and Dhārabhaṭṭārikā;
Kṣemalā is stated as the fourth gotra-mother in succession. / Those born in this gotra are ever devoted to the five sacrifices,
greedy and wrathful, and they produce numerous offspring; / intent on ritual baths, gifting, and the like, always possessing conquered senses,
makers of thousands of stepwells, wells, and ponds; / observant of vows, knowledgeable in virtues, yet foolish and devoid of the Veda.
Thus is the eighth location. (8)
In the village named Godaṇīya, two gotras are situated there: / the Vatsa gotra is the first, and the Bhāradvāja is the second.

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Bhṛgu, Cyavana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Purodhasa; / Śīharī is to be known as the first, and Yakṣiṇī as the second.
The brahmins born in this gotra are endowed with wealth and grain, / indignant, devoid of greed, yet full of malice and deceitful,
harmful and lusting for wealth—so they are described by me, O king.
Thus is the ninth location. (9)
In Kaṇṭavāḍīā village are brahmins born of the Kuśa gotra and the Śukla lineage; / I shall declare its pravara; listen, O best of kings:
Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and Udala are remembered as the three; / Cacāī is declared as their goddess; listen, O best of kings!
There they sacrifice with rituals, their minds rejoiced and focused; / brahmins skilled in all sciences and speakers of truth.
Thus is the tenth location. (10)
Those born in the Kutsa lineage have been declared by me as Vekhaloyā; / they are endowed with three pravaras; listen, O best of kings:
Viśvāmitra, Devarāja, and Udala are remembered as the three. / Cacāī is remembered as their goddess, the protectress of the family.
Brahmins of great soul, full of purity and endowed with virtue, / ascetics and yogins, mastering the Vedas and Vedāṅgas,
virtuous, of good conduct, devoted to devotion to Viṣṇu, / ever intent on ritual bath and twilight worship, devoted to feeding brahmins,
are proclaimed by me in this lineage; listen further beyond this.
Thus is the eleventh location. (11)
Those declared as Dehaloḍīā are endowed with the Kutsa pravaras: / Āṅgirasa, Ambarīṣa, and Yuvanāśva as the third.
The gotra goddess has been proclaimed by me as Śrī-Śeṣadurbalā. / Those born in the Kutsa lineage are of good conduct, speaking the truth,
accustomed to Vedic study, yet looking only for faults in others, / indignant, free from fickleness, yet malicious and deceitful,
harmful, and lusting for wealth—those born of Kutsa.
Thus is the twelfth location. (12)

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In Kohe the brahmins are declared as endowed with three gotras: / Bhāradvāja, Vatsa, and Kuśa as the third.
I shall declare their pravaras in the order of the gotras: / Bhārgava, Cyavana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Jāmadagni likewise.
The third is the Kuśa pravara consisting of three pravara-seers: / Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and Udala as the third.
Yakṣiṇī is declared as the first, and Śīhurī as the second; / Cacāī is declared as the third, in order of gotra origins.
The wise brahmins born in this gotra are devoted to Vedic and Smārta rites, / accustomed to Vedic study, practitioners of austerity, destroyers of foes,
wrathful, greedy, wicked, engaged in sacrificing for themselves and sacrificing for others; / all devoted to brahmanic rites—these best of twice-born have been described by me.
Thus is the thirteenth location. (13)
Those born in Cāṃdaṇakheḍa originate from the Bhāradvāja [gotra]: / Āṅgirasa, Bārhaspatya, and Bhāradvāja as the third;
and Yakṣiṇī was declared as his goddess by the wise Vyāsa. / Those born as Bhāradvājas are twice-born embodying the Absolute,
tranquil, self-restrained, well-behaved, endowed with wealth and sons; / the best of twice-born in Dharmāraṇya, skilled in ritual sacrifices,
all devoted to devotion to their gurus, they illuminate their own family.
Thus is the fourteenth location. (14)
Those born in Thala village originate from the Bhāradvāja [gotra]: / Āṅgirasa, Bārhaspatya, and Bhāradvāja as the third.
The brahmins born in this gotra are wealthy and auspicious, / endowed with fine clothes and ornaments, devoted to the worship of twice-born [brahmins],
all fond of feeding brahmins, all devoted to righteousness. / The gotra goddess was declared by me, Yakṣiṇī named the Protectress.
Thus is the fifteenth location. (15)
Those born as Moūtrīyā—two gotras are declared there: / Bhāradvāja and Kaśyapa, and two goddesses as well;
Cāmuṇḍā and Yakṣiṇī are declared as the goddesses here.

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Kaśyapa, Avatsāra, and Naidhruva as the third; / Āṅgirasa, Bārhaspatya, and Bhāradvāja as the third. / Speaking pleasantly, very capable, ever devoted to service of the guru, / always endowed with prestige, devoted to the welfare of all beings, / those twice-born belonging to Kaśyapa perform great sacrifices. / Conducting sacrifices for all, they are considered supreme sacrificers.
Thus ends the sixteenth settlement. 16.

And those born in Hāthījaṇa are Vatsas and Bhāradvājas. / Jñānajā and Yakṣiṇī are proclaimed as the two lineage deities.
And those born in this lineage are ever engaged in the five daily sacrifices, / greedy, wrathful, possessing offspring, and very learned; / devoted to bathing, charity, and the like, intent on devotion to Viṣṇu, / observant of vows, knowledgeable in virtues, ignorant, devoid of the Veda.
Thus ends the seventeenth settlement. 17.

Now, the brahmins originating from Kapaḍvaṇaja are Bhāradvājas and Kuśas. / Yakṣiṇī is declared as the goddess, and Cacāī as the second.
Āṅgirasa and Bārhaspatya, with Bhāradvāja as the third; / Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and Udala as the third.
And those born in this lineage speak the truth, keep strict vows, / control their senses, are handsome, eat little, and have pleasant faces; / ever energetic, knowing the Purāṇas, devoted to making great gifts, / free of malice, accompanied by greed, devoted to Vedic study, / far-sighted, possessing great brilliance, and deluded by the Great Illusion.
Thus ends the eighteenth settlement. 18.

Janhorī brahmins are proclaimed as endowed with the Kuśa pravara: / Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and Udala as the third; / and Tāraṇī Mahāmāyā is renowned as the lineage goddess. / The brahmins born in this family, O king, are unbearable: / very fierce, large-bodied, tall, very arrogant, / embodied afflictions, dark-complexioned, skilled in all sacred treatises, / eating much, wealthy, capable, free of malice and sin,

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wearing fine clothes and ornaments, misshapen, brahmins expounding the absolute.
Thus ends the nineteenth settlement. 19.

And those born in Vanoḍīya have a group of three lineages: / the two pravaras are Kuśa and Kutsa, and Bhāradvāja as the third; / Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and Udala as the third; / Āṅgirasa, Āmbarīṣa, and Yauvanāśva as the third; / and likewise Āṅgirasa, Bārhaspatya, and Bhāradvāja. / Śeṣalā is declared the first, and Śāntā the second; / and the third is Dhāraśānti: these are the lineage deities in order. / Now, those born in this lineage are weak, feeble-minded, / untruthful brahmins, and greedy, O best of kings, / [yet] skilled in all sciences, brahmins most knowledgeable in the absolute.
Thus ends the twentieth settlement. 20.

Kīṇāvācana is the settlement which is the twenty-first. / The eminent brahmins are declared to be Bhāradvājas, auspicious brahmins: / Āṅgirasa, Bārhaspatya, and Bhāradvāja likewise. / And the goddess Yakṣiṇī is proclaimed as the lineage deity. / And the brahmins born in this lineage are wealthy and auspicious, / endowed with fine garments and ornaments, devoted to serving twice-borns, / all dedicated to feeding brahmins, all intent on righteousness.
Thus ends the twenty-first settlement. 21.

And those supreme brahmins born in their own settlement of Goviṃdaṇā: / the Kuśa lineage is declared, with a triplet of pravaras: / Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and the Udala pravara. / And Cacāī, the great goddess, is proclaimed as the lineage deity. / And the brahmins born in this lineage know the absolute; / they sacrifice with offerings there, with delighted minds and single-pointed focus, / skilled in all sciences, friendly to brahmins, best knowers of the absolute.
Thus ends the twenty-second settlement. 22.

The foremost brahmins originating from Thalatya reside in two lineages:

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Dhāraṇa and Saṅkuśa: this pair of lineages. / Agastya, Dārḍhyacyuta, and Rathyavāhana; / Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and Udala as the third. / And Chatrajā is declared the goddess, and Thalatā as the second. / Those born in the Dhāraṇa lineage are friendly to brahmins, best knowers of the absolute, / renowned as having three pravaras, full of goodness, endowed with virtues; / and those born in that lineage adhere to righteous deeds, / wealthy, established in knowledge, in austerity, sacrifices, rites, and the like. / This twenty-third settlement is proclaimed for the Moḍhaka community.
Thus ends the twenty-third settlement. 23.

And those brahmins declared from Vāraṇasiddhi, best knowers of knowledge: / the brahmins in this lineage speak the truth, keep strict vows, / control their senses, are handsome, eat little, and have pleasant faces, / ever energetic, knowing the Purāṇas, devoted to making great gifts, / free from malice, free of greed, devoted to Vedic study, / far-sighted, possessing great brilliance, deluded by the Great Illusion. / This is declared the twenty-fourth settlement, regarded as supreme.
Thus ends the twenty-fourth settlement. 24.

And the truthful brahmins originating from Bhāla are proclaimed here: / the Vatsa lineage and Kuśa, a pair of lineages. / I shall declare their pravaras, sets of five and three: / Bhṛgu, Cyavana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Jamadagni likewise; / Āṅgirasa, Āmbarīṣa, and Yauvanāśva as the third. / And Śāntā and Śeṣalā are the pair of goddesses here. / Those born in this family have good conduct and speak truth, / are calm, of varied complexion, destitute, wearing dirty clothes, / proud, prone to greed, and steadfast in the Vedas and treatises. / This is declared the twenty-fifth settlement of the Moḍha community.
Thus ends the twenty-fifth settlement. 25.

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And the Mahovīya brahmins, who know Brahman best: / they have indeed only one holy gotra, named Kuśa. // 59 // / [Its pravaras are] Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and Audala as the third. / And the goddess Cavāī resides here in the form of a protector. // 3.2.39.160 // / Those born in this gotra speak truth, master their senses, / keep truthful vows, are handsome, eat sparingly, and have auspicious faces; // 61 // / they are compassionate, merciful, and devoted to the welfare of all beings. / The twenty-sixth abode of those who discuss Brahman has thus been declared. // 62 // / They were praised by Rāma and also by his younger brother. // 63 // / Thus ends the twenty-sixth abode. // 26 // / Now I will declare the Tiyāśrīya [place], their own twenty-seventh abode. / The brahmins born in this place have crossed to the farther shore of the Vedas. // 64 // / The Śāṇḍilya gotra here is proclaimed by the best of Vedic scholars. / It is declared to have five pravaras, and Jñānajā is the deity here: // 65 // / Kāśyapa, Avatsāra, Śāṇḍilya, Asita, / and Devala as the fifth are the pravaras in order; / and the goddess Jñānajā is declared to be the deity of the place. // 66 // / The twice-born born in this lineage possess the splendor of the sun; / all of them are cool like the moon, residing in Dharmāraṇya. // 67 // / They observe good conduct, O great king, devoted to the Vedas and scriptures; / they perform sacrifices, have auspicious conduct, and are dedicated to truth and purity. // 68 // / Knowing righteousness, prone to generosity, pure, and eager for joy, / devoted to austerity and study of the Vedas, dedicated to justice and righteousness— / the twenty-seventh abode has been declared by the knowers of Brahman. // 69 // / Thus ends the twenty-seventh abode. // 27 // / And the Godharīya brahmins, who are the best in knowledge: / I shall now declare their three gotras in order: // 3.2.39.170 // / the first is Dhāraṇasa, and Jātūkarṇa is the second; / the third is Kauśika, in regular succession. // 71 // / Those born in the Dhāraṇasa gotra are endowed with three pravaras:

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Agasti, Dārḍhacyuta, and the one named Idhmavāhana. // 72 // / And [for the second]: Vasiṣṭha, Ātreya, and Jātūkarṇa as the third. / [For the third]: Viśvāmitra, Mādhucchandasa, and Aghamarṣaṇa as the third. // 73 // / Mahābalā, and Māleyā the second Yakṣiṇī, / and Mahāyogī the third are declared as the gotra goddesses. // 74 // / The brahmins born in this lineage are speakers of truth, / free from greed, performers of great sacrifices, and observers of the commands of the Vedas. // 75 // / Thus ends the twenty-eighth abode. // 28 // / For those born in Vāṭastrahāla, there are three gotras: / the first should be known as Dhāraṇa, the second named Vatsa, // 76 // / and the third named Kutsa; and likewise the gotra goddesses. / The first is the Dhāraṇasa gotra, having three pravaras: // 77 // / Agasti, Dārḍhacyuta, and Idhmavāhana. / The second is named Vatsa, having five pravaras: // 78 // / Bhṛgu, Cyavana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Jamadagni. / The third is named Kutsa, having three pravaras: // 79 // / Āṅgirasa, Āmbarīṣa, and Yauvanāśva as the third. / The goddess Chatrajā, and Śeṣalā the second, // 3.2.39.180 // / and the goddess Jñānajā are the gotra goddesses in order. / And the brahmins in this gotra speak truth and master their senses; // 81 // / handsome, eating sparingly, devoted to great gifts, / free from malice, full of desire [for virtue], intent on studying the Vedas, // 82 // / far-sighted, of great splendor, very zealous, speakers of truth. // 83 // / Thus ends the twenty-ninth abode. // 29 // / Māṇajā is a great abode, having two gotras: / Śāṇḍilya and Kuśa are declared to be the two gotras. // 84 // / Kāśyapa, Avatsāra, Śāṇḍilya, Asita, / and Devala as the fifth are proclaimed for the one gotra; // 85 // / and the goddess Jñānajā is declared to be that very one here. / The second is the Kuśa gotra, having three pravaras: // 86

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Viśvāmitra, Devarāja, and Audala as the third; / and the goddess Jñānadā is proclaimed as the second here. // 87

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Those born in this gotra, however, are weak and feeble-minded, / untruthful brahmins, and covetous, O best of kings; // 88

3.2.39.89

yet they are brahmins skilled in all sciences, the best of knowers of Brahman. // 89

3.2.39.89_1

Thus ends the thirtieth abode. // 30

3.2.39.190

And Sāṇadā is another abode, considered supremely holy; / the brahmins born of the Kuśa pravara residing there are remembered as purifying. // 3.2.39.190

3.2.39.190_2

Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and Audala as the third; / and the great goddess Jñānadā is proclaimed as the gotra goddess. // 91

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Those born in this gotra, however, are weak and feeble-minded, / untruthful brahmins, and covetous, O best of kings; // 92

3.2.39.190_4

yet they are brahmins skilled in all sciences, knowing Brahman best. // 93

3.2.39.190_5

Thus ends the thirty-first abode. // 31

3.2.39.190_6.1

And Ānandīyā is the settlement, with two gotras: / one named Bhāradvāja, and the second Śāṇḍilya. // 94
Āṅgirasa, Bārhaspatya, and Bhāradvāja is the third; / and the goddess here is Cacāī, proclaimed as the gotra-deity. // 95
Kāśyapa, Avatsāra, Śāṇḍilya, and Asita, / and Devala is the fifth—these are the pravaras in order. // 96
And the goddess Jñānajā is declared to be the gotra-deity. / Those born in this gotra are free from greed, pure in mind, // 97
content with whatever comes by chance, brahmins who are the best knowers of Brahman. // 98
Thus ends the thirty-second settlement. // 32
Pāṭaḍīyā is proclaimed as an exalted, sacred settlement; / here is the Kuśa gotra, endowed with three pravaras: // 99
Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and Udala is the third. / Those born in this gotra are devoted to the Vedas and Śāstras; // 100
those brahmins are proud and haughty, promoters of the path of justice. // 1
Thus ends the thirty-third settlement. // 33
Ṭīkoliyā is an exalted settlement, and likewise has the Kuśa gotra: / Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and Udala is the third. // 2
And here the goddess Cacāī is proclaimed as the gotra-deity; / the brahmins born in this gotra are devoted to Śruti and Smṛti, // 3
sickly, greedy, wicked, engaged in sacrificing and conducting sacrifices; / all are intent on rites of Brahman—these are described by me here as Moḍhas. // 4
Thus ends the thirty-fourth settlement. // 34
Gamīdhāṇīya is declared as the supreme thirty-fifth settlement, / where the gotra is Dhāraṇasa, and the goddess here is Mahābalā. // 5
[The pravaras are] Agasti, Dāḍhacyuta, and Idhmavāhana. / The brahmins born in this lineage are devoted to Brahman, // 6
free from greed, very wise, and observers of the commands of the Vedas. // 7
Thus ends the thirty-fifth settlement. // 35
And Mātrā is a supreme settlement, sacred to all embodied beings; / the sacred, supreme Kuśa gotra resides here. // 8

3.2.39.190_6.2

Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and Dala is the third; / and the Great Goddess is Jñānadā, the sole protector of all the worlds. // 9
The brahmins born in this lineage are devoted to the gods, / reciting the Svādhyāya and the Vaṣaṭ-call, promoters of the Vedas and Śāstras. // 10
Thus ends the thirty-sixth settlement. // 36
Nātamorā is an exalted settlement, pure, supreme, and auspicious; / and there is the Kuśa gotra, endowed with three pravaras: // 11
Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and Udala is the third; / and here the goddess Jñānajā is proclaimed as the gotra-deity. // 12
Those born in this lineage are brahmins, the best knowers of Brahman, / knowers of dharma, speakers of truth, devoted to vows and gifts. // 13
Thus ends the thirty-seventh settlement. // 37
And Balolā is a great settlement, sacred and exceedingly wonderful; / the Kuśa gotra is declared, with three pravaras. // 14
The pravaras are as stated before, and the goddess here is Mānadā; / in this lineage, those created by Kājeśa are declared to be excellent. // 15
O best of kings, the brahmins are speakers of untruth and greedy, / [yet] skilled in all sciences, brahmins who are the best among the knowers of Brahman. // 16
Thus ends the thirty-eighth settlement. // 38
And Rājyajā is a great settlement, having the Laugākṣa pravara, / and the three pravaras are Kāśyapa, Avatsāra, and Vāsiṣṭha. // 17
Bhadrā and Yoginī are proclaimed as the gotra-deities; / the brahmins born in this lineage are devoted to the Vedas, // 18
devoted to daily ritual ablution, daily fire-offerings, and daily gift-giving, / engaged in eternal dharma, and intent on daily and occasional duties. // 19
Thus ends the thirty-ninth settlement. // 39
Rūpolā is a supreme settlement, pure and granting great merit; / in it are three gotras and three goddesses. // 20
The first are named Kutsa and Vatsa, and Bhāradvāja is the third; / [the pravaras are] Āṅgirasa, Ambarīṣa, and Yauvanāśva is the third; // 21
[and] Bhṛgu, Cyavana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Jāmadagnya;

3.2.39.190_6.3

and likewise Āṅgirasa, Bārhaspatya, and Bhāradvāja. // 22
The goddess is Kṣemalā, and also Dhārabhaṭṭārikā; / the third gotra mother is declared to be Kṣemalā in order. // 23
Those born in this gotra are always devoted to the five sacrifices; / they are greedy, wrathful, and produce many offspring; // 24
devoted to ritual ablution, gift-giving, and the like, with senses always subdued, / builders of stepwells, wells, and tanks by the thousands. // 25
Thus ends the fortieth settlement. // 40
Bodhaṇī is a supreme settlement, holy and destroying sin; / the two gotras are Kuśa and Kauśika. // 26
Viśvāmitra is the first, Devarāta, and Dala; / and likewise Viśvāmitra, Aghamarṣaṇa, and Kauśika. // 27
Yakṣiṇī is the first [goddess], and Tāraṇī is the second; / those born in this gotra are weak and faint-hearted, // 28
brahmins who speak untruth, greedy, O best of kings, / [yet] skilled in all sciences, brahmins who are the best among the knowers of Brahman. // 29
Thus ends the forty-first settlement. // 41
And Chatroṭā is an exalted settlement, worshipped by all the world; / the Kuśa gotra is declared, with three pravaras: // 30
Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and the third is Dala; / and the goddess here is Cacāī, proclaimed as the gotra-deity. // 31
Those born in this lineage are devoted to the Vedas and Śāstras; / those brahmins are very prosperous, promoters of the path of justice. // 32
Thus ends the forty-second settlement. // 42
Khala is the settlement here, the forty-third; / the brahmins born of the Vatsa gotra are promoters of agriculture. // 33
The gotra goddess is Jñānajā, and the pravaras are five: / Bhārgava, Cyavana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Jāmadagnya. // 34
The brahmins born in this gotra faithfully attend to the Śrauta fires, / are accustomed to Vedic study, ascetics, destroyers of foes, // 35
irritable, greedy, cheerful, engaged in sacrificing and conducting sacrifices.

3.2.39.190_6.4

Filled with compassion for all beings, and benefactors of others.
Thus ends the forty-third locality. (43)
In Vāsaṃtaḍī, the Kuśa gotra of the vipras is proclaimed.
Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and Audala indeed is the third.
And Cacāī here is proclaimed as the goddess of the gotra.
And those born in this lineage, as previously stated, are devoted to Brahman,
Benefactors of others, conforming to the minds of others,
Averse to the property of others, and promoters of the supreme path.
Thus ends the forty-fourth locality. (44)
Beyond this, the locality Jākhāsaṇa is proclaimed.
The gotra is named Vātsya, and the goddess born in the gotra is Śīhurī;
And five pravaras have been revealed to you by me:
Bhārgava, Cyāvana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Purodhas are recalled.
And those born in this lineage are brahmins living happily,
Stout vipras, wise, and devoted to all rituals;
All with singular faith in dharma, venerated alone by all the world,
Skilled in the meaning of the Vedas and treatises, devoted to sacrificing and officiating at sacrifices,
Of good conduct, handsome, corpulent, and far-sighted.
And Śīhurī here is proclaimed as the family goddess.
Thus ends the forty-fifth locality. (45)
The forty-sixth locality is revealed as that of the Moṭās;
It is known by the name of Gotī, and here lies the Kuśa gotra.
Viśvāmitra is the first, Devarāta is the second,
And Audala is the third: these are the three pravaras.
And the goddess here is Yakṣiṇī, the destroyer of rākṣasas.
Those brahmins born in this lineage are devoted to Brahman,
With their minds turned toward dharma, and steadfast in the dharmaśāstras.
Thus ends the forty-sixth locality. (46)
And the forty-seventh locality is proclaimed,
The locality named Varalīya, considered supremely sacred.
Likewise is the Bhāradvāja gotra, and likewise the pravaras:

3.2.39.190_6.5

And Yakṣiṇī here is proclaimed as the family goddess.
Āṅgirasa, Bārhaspatya, and Bhāradvāja the third.
And the brahmins born in this lineage are of purified forms,
By the mere water of whose words sinful men are purified.
Thus ends the forty-seventh locality. (47)
The supreme locality named Dudhī has two gotras:
The Dhāraṇa gotra and the Āṅgirasa gotra.
Named Agasti, Dāḍhacyuta, and Idhmavāhana;
And the great goddess Chatrāī; hear the second pravara:
Āṅgirasa, Aṃbarīṣa, and Yauvanāśva the third.
Jñānadā and Śeṣalā—the giver of knowledge to all embodied beings.
O king, the brahmins born in this lineage are irresistible,
Fierce with pride, large-bodied, tall, and arrogant with power,
Arousing distress, dark-complexioned, skilled in all weapons,
Great eaters, wealthy, capable, and free from malice and sin.
Thus ends the forty-eighth locality. (48)
I shall proclaim Hāsolāsa, celebrated as a proper locality here.
Here is the Śāṇḍilya gotra, endowed with five pravaras:
Bhārgava, Cyāvana, Āpnavāna, Aurva, and Jāmadagnya.
And the goddess here is Yakṣiṇī, pure and destroying sin.
And the brahmins born in this lineage are stout-bodied,
Pot-bellied, long-eared, long-armed, great twice-borns,
Free from disease, ever godlike, and devoted to vows of truth.
Thus ends the forty-ninth locality. (49)
And the locality named Vaihāla is indeed the fiftieth.
Likewise is the Kuśa gotra, and the goddess here is Mahābalā.
The vipras born in this gotra are wicked, crooked in their ways,
Wealthy, steadfast in dharma, having mastered the Vedas and Vedāṅgas,
All devoted to gifts and enjoyment, and with their minds set on Vedic rites.
Thus ends the fiftieth locality. (50)

3.2.39.190_6.6

Asālā is a supreme locality with two pravaras:
Kuśa and Dhāraṇa, and the pravaras in order:
Viśvāmitra, Devarāta, and Devala the third.
And the goddess Jñānajā is proclaimed as the gotra goddess.
Thus ends the fifty-first locality. (51)
Nālolā is the supreme locality, indeed the fifty-second.
Vatsagotra is thus renowned, and the second is Dhāraṇa.
The pravaras are as previously spoken, and the goddess was spoken of previously indeed.
And those born in this lineage are regarded as supreme and pure.

3.2.39.190_7

What is the use of speaking much, O vipras? All here are truly the best;

3.2.39.190_8

All are pure, great-souled, and all possess an unbroken lineage.

3.2.39.190_9

Thus ends the fifty-second locality. (52)

3.2.39.190_10

Dehola is the supreme locality of brahmins, O scorcher of foes;

3.2.39.190_11

Born there are the vipras sprung from the Kuśa lineage, O best of men.

3.2.39.190_12

The pravaras are indeed those previously spoken, and the goddess was mentioned by me previously.

3.2.39.190_13

The twice-born born in that gotra are endowed with the qualities previously stated.

3.2.39.190_14

Thus ends the fifty-third locality. (53)

3.2.39.190_15

The locality Sohāsīyāpura has three gotras:

3.2.39.190_16

It is celebrated as Bhāradvāja, and likewise the gotra Vatsa.

3.2.39.190_17

Yakṣiṇī, Jñānajā, and Siholī in order;

3.2.39.190_18

And the assessment of these lineages has been spoken previously, O best of kings.

3.2.39.190_19

Thus ends the fifty-fourth locality. (54)

3.2.39.190_20

Now I will proclaim to you the fifty-fifth locality:

3.2.39.190_21

The locality named Saṃhāliyā, given formerly by Rāma.

3.2.39.190_22

There indeed dwell brahmins of the Kutsa gotra, endowed with Vedic splendor,

3.2.39.190_23

Ever devoted to their own duty and devoted to their own work.

3.2.39.190_24

Āṅgirasa, Aṃbarīṣa, and Yauvanāśva next;

3.2.39.190_25

And Śāntā here is the goddess, the bestower of peace in pacification rites.

3.2.39.190_26

Thus ends the fifty-fifth locality. (55)

3.2.39.190_27

Thus to you have been told the gotras, and likewise the localities,

3.2.39.190_28

And likewise the pravaras of the brahmins here, O scorcher of foes.

3.2.39.190_29

Beyond this, I shall speak of the knowers of the three Vedas, O scorcher of foes.

3.2.39.190_30

And their own places have been declared by me in due order.

3.2.39.190_31

The first place is Śīlā, and Maṇḍorā is the second;

3.2.39.190_32

Evaḍī is the third, and Gundarāṇā the fourth;

3.2.39.190_33

Kalyāṇīyā is the fifth, and likewise Degāmā the sixth;

3.2.39.190_34

Nāyakapurā the seventh, and likewise Ḍalīā the eighth;

3.2.39.190_35

Kaḍovyā the ninth, and likewise Kohāṭoyā the tenth;

3.2.39.190_36

Haraḍīyā the eleventh, and likewise Bhadukīyā the twelfth;

3.2.39.190_37

And here Samprāṇāvā and Kandarāvā are proclaimed;

3.2.39.190_38

Vāsarovā is the thirteenth, and Śaraṇḍāvā the fourteenth;

3.2.39.190_39

Lolāsaṇā the fifteenth, and likewise Vārolā the sixteenth;

3.2.39.190_40

And Nāgalapurā is stated by me here as the seventeenth.

3.2.39.190_41

Brahmā said:

3.2.39.190_42

As for those Cāturvidya brahmins who, having not arrived [at first], came later,

3.2.39.190_43

those best of the twice-born made their dwelling in that delightful place.

3.2.39.190_44

Twenty-four in number, desiring the grant issued by Rāma,

3.2.39.190_45

they went to Hanumat and, turning back, came again.

3.2.39.190_46

Through their fault, all of them incurred displacement from their abodes.

3.2.39.190_47

When some time had elapsed, conflict arose among them.

3.2.39.190_48

They had divergent customs, divergent speech, and became questionable in their attire.

3.2.39.190_49

Whatever brahmins were among those fifteen thousand,

3.2.39.190_50

some became devoted to the work of farming, while some were intent on Vedic sacrifice;

3.2.39.190_51

some became wrestlers, and some were reciters of the Veda;

3.2.39.190_52

some were devoted to Āyurveda, and some were priests to washermen;

3.2.39.190_53

some were devoted to the twilight ritual ablutions, while some were priests to indigo-dyers;

3.2.39.190_54

some were intent on begging from weavers, seeking alms from cloth-makers and the like.

3.2.39.190_55

When the Kali age arrives, the twice-born will become fallen; of this there is no doubt.

3.2.39.190_56

Division of castes will occur among the śūdras when the Kali age arrives, O ruler of men.

3.2.39.190_57

Knowing them to be fallen in conduct, afflicted by the bonds of their kin,

3.2.39.190_58

they were abandoned in food and clothing, O king, by their own people.

3.2.39.190_59

No one would ever marry a maiden to them due to contact [with them].

3.2.39.190_60

Then they became merchants, O king, and oil-pressers indeed in the Kali age;

3.2.39.190_61

some were distillers, and some prepared husked grain;

3.2.39.190_62

some took refuge with princes, and some took refuge with various castes.

3.2.39.190_63

When the Kali age arrived, some merchants on the surface of the earth fell indeed.

3.2.39.190_64

Their customs became separate, and their connections were severed.

3.2.39.190_65

And the dwelling of some came to be in Sītāpura.

3.2.39.190_66

Some settled here and there on the bank of the Sābharmatī.

3.2.39.190_67

Those who previously came terrified from Sītāpura,

3.2.39.190_68

who had settled in the sacred field on the northern bank of the Sābharmatī—

3.2.39.190_69

when their place and abode of pleasant habitation was granted,

3.2.39.190_70

they themselves immediately went again to that Sītāpura.

3.2.39.190_71

And fifty-five villages were given upon their return

3.2.39.190_72

by Rāma for the Moḍha brahmins, and they made their dwellings in them.

3.2.39.190_73

Those brahmins who were excluded from livelihood, staying within Dharmāraṇya, [said:]

3.2.39.190_74

‘We have no interest in the livelihood of merchants, nor any in a village livelihood;

3.2.39.190_75

we have no need of that, O best of brahmins, but dwelling here pleases us.’

3.2.39.190_76

When this was said, permitted by those Traividya best of the twice-born,

3.2.39.190_77

those brahmins, Cāturvidya best of the twice-born, [settled] in those villages.

3.2.39.190_78

Devoted to their own duties, peaceful, and intent on the work of farming,

3.2.39.190_79

they pastured cattle not far from Dharmāraṇya.

3.2.39.190_80

Many boys of the twice-born became cowherds there;

3.2.39.190_81

the Cāturvidya youths pastured their cows.

3.2.39.190_82

To provide meals for them, young women, widows,

3.2.39.190_83

and children brought hospitable food, drink, and the like.

3.2.39.190_84

In some course of time, O king, mutual affection arose among them;

3.2.39.190_85

the cowherds passionately enjoyed the maidens, daughters of the twice-born.

3.2.39.190_86

They all became pregnant; seen by those best of the twice-born,

3.2.39.190_87

they were driven from their homes and scorned because of the sinful act.

3.2.39.190_88

The boys born from them—the Kātībhas and the Golakas—

3.2.39.190_89

became known in the mortal world as Dhenujas, O best of the twice-born.

3.2.39.190_90

Excluded from their livelihood, those brahmins beg continually.

3.2.39.190_91

Hear another matter, O king, concerning the twice-born conversant with the three Vedas:

3.2.39.190_92

a certain leper, or a lame man, or an ignorant man, or a deaf man,

3.2.39.190_93

or a one-eyed man, or a hunchback, or one of impaired speech—

3.2.39.190_94

these, having obtained no brides, took refuge with those conversant with the four Vedas.

3.2.39.190_95

With great wealth, O king, their virgin daughters

3.2.39.190_96

were then married, O king; and the children born from them

3.2.39.190_97

were thenceforth known in the world as Tridalajas.

3.2.39.190_98

Those brahmins born of mutual mixture established their livelihood.

3.2.39.190_99

Hear another matter, O king, concerning the twice-born conversant with the three Vedas.

3.2.39.190_100

For the sake of collecting taxes from the village granted by Rāma,

3.2.39.190_101

all the twice-born united and, having collected that tribute from the village,

3.2.39.190_102

reported half [of it] and kept back half.

3.2.39.190_103

Considering that this had been obtained, those twice-born, filled with greed,

3.2.39.190_104

and those who had gone to the great seat were filled with astonishment.

3.2.39.190_105

In their midst, a certain brahmin spoke to them in anger:

3.2.39.190_106

The brahmin said:

3.2.39.190_107

Indeed they speak untruth, overcome by great greed,

3.2.39.190_108

exceedingly greedy for a brahmin's property, leading to the destruction of their sons and grandsons!

3.2.39.190_109

They say poison is not real poison; a brahmin's property is called poison.

3.2.39.190_110

Poison kills a single person, but a brahmin's property kills sons and grandsons.

3.2.39.190_111

When sons, wives, houses, and the rest are consumed by a brahmin's property,

3.2.39.190_112

even those who are destroyed by a brahmin's property do not endure.

3.2.39.190_113

One who constantly steals a brahmin's property never attains heaven.

3.2.39.190_114

Whenever people steal even a cowrie belonging to a brahmin,

3.2.39.190_115

the thief must go to hell for three lifetimes.

3.2.39.190_116

The ancestors never enjoy the water offered by him;

3.2.39.190_117

on the day of their death-rite they do not enjoy his rites of rice-balls and water.

3.2.39.190_118

He never obtains offspring; even if obtained, it does not live.

3.2.39.190_119

If by chance it lives, it becomes fallen from righteous conduct.

3.2.39.190_120

The eleven brahmins said:

3.2.39.190_121

O brahmins, an untruth has not been spoken; why do you blame us?

3.2.39.190_122

Without a fault, whose harsh speech is ever warranted?

3.2.39.190_123

Hearing that, O Pārtha, the merchant who collected from the village

3.2.39.190_124

was questioned by those twice-born, and he related the whole reason:

3.2.39.190_125

“Tribute was indeed given to me by the merchants, O best of the twice-born.”

3.2.39.190_126

Everything was told with an honest heart to the twice-born.

3.2.39.190_127

Then, knowing the faction of half [the share], those sons of brahmins grew enraged.

3.2.39.190_128

Those eleven twice-born were thereupon cast out from their livelihood.

3.2.39.190_129

A caste known as the Ekādaśasama became famous in the three worlds.

3.2.39.190_130

No social relation with them occurs, nor does any marriage.

3.2.39.190_131

Those who belong to the Ekādaśasama dwell outside the village.

3.2.39.190_132

In this way divisions arose among the various Moḍha twice-born,

3.2.39.190_133

in the course of time according to the yuga, in respect of castes or righteousness.

3.2.39.190_134

Thus ends the thirty-ninth chapter, entitled "Description of the Divisions of Castes", in the Dharmāraṇyamāhātmya in the first part of the third Brahmakhaṇḍa in the glorious Skandapurāṇa containing eighty-one thousand verses.

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