[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Vedic Literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda) › [Upaniṣads](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad) › [Principal (early) Upaniṣads](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya) › [Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mundaka) › 1.1 # Muṇḍaka Upaniṣad 1.1 Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.1 - **Language:** Sanskrit ### [1.1.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mundaka.1.1.1) brahmā devānāṃ prathamaḥ sambabhūva viśvasya kartā bhuvanasya goptā. sa brahmavidyāṃ sarvavidyāpratiṣṭhām atharvāya jyeṣṭhaputrāya prāha. > 1. Brahmā arose as the first of the gods— > The maker of all, the protector of the world. > He told the knowledge of Brahma (brahma-vidyā), the foundation of all knowledge, > To Atharva\[n\], his eldest son. > — Robert Ernest Hume 1921, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads ### [1.1.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mundaka.1.1.2) atharvaṇe yāṃ pravadeta brahmā atharvā tāṃ purovācāṅgire brahmavidyām. sa bhāradvājāya satyavahāya prāha bhāradvājo 'ṅgirase parāvarām. > 2. What Brahmā taught to Atharvan, > Even that knowledge of Brahma, Atharvan told in ancient time to Aṅgir. > He told it to Bhāradvāja Satyavāha; > Bhāradvāja, to Aṅgiras—both the higher and the lower \[knowledge\]. > — Robert Ernest Hume 1921, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads ### [1.1.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mundaka.1.1.3) śaunako ha vai mahāśālo 'ṅgirasaṃ vidhivad upasannaḥ papraccha. kasmin nu bhagavo vijñāte sarvam idaṃ vijñātaṃ bhavatīti. > 3. Śaunaka, verily, indeed, a great householder, approached Aṅgiras according to rule, and asked: ‘Through understanding of what, pray, does all this world become understood, Sir?’ > — Robert Ernest Hume 1921, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads ### [1.1.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mundaka.1.1.4) tasmai sa hovāca. dve vidye veditavya iti ha sma yad brahmavido vadanti parā caivāparā ca. > 4. To him then he said: ‘There are two knowledges to be known—as indeed the knowers of Brahma are wont to say: a higher (para) and also a lower (apara). > — Robert Ernest Hume 1921, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads ### [1.1.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mundaka.1.1.5) tatrāparā ṛgvedo yajurvedaḥ sāmavedo 'tharvavedaḥ śikṣā kalpo vyākaraṇaṃ niruktaṃ chando jyotiṣam iti. atha parā yayā tad akṣaram adhigamyate. > 5. Of these, the lower is the Rig-Veda, the Yajur-Veda, the Sāma-Veda, the Atharva-Veda, Pronunciation (śikṣā), Ritual (kalpa), Grammar (vyākaraṇa), Definition (nirukta), Metrics (chandas), and Astrology (jyotiṣa). > — Robert Ernest Hume 1921, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads > Now, the higher is that whereby that Imperishable (akṣara) is apprehended. > — Robert Ernest Hume 1921, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads ### [1.1.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mundaka.1.1.6) yat tad adreśyam agrāhyam agotram avarṇam acakṣuḥśrotraṃ tad apāṇipādam. nityaṃ vibhuṃ sarvagataṃ susūkṣmaṃ tad avyayaṃ yad bhūtayoniṃ paripaśyanti dhīrāḥ. > 6. That which is invisible, ungraspable, without family, without caste (a-varṇa)— Without sight or hearing is It, without hand or foot, Eternal, all-pervading, omnipresent, exceedingly subtile; That is the Imperishable, which the wise perceive as the source of beings. 7. As a spider emits and draws in \[its thread\], As herbs arise on the earth, As the hairs of the head and body from a living person, So from the Imperishable arises everything here. 8. By austerity (tapas) Brahma becomes built up. From that, food is produced; From food—life-breath, mind, truth, The worlds, immortality too in works. 9. He who is all-knowing, all-wise, Whose austerity consists of knowledge— From Him are produced the Brahma here, \[Namely\] name and form, and food. > — Robert Ernest Hume 1921, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads ### [1.1.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mundaka.1.1.7) yathorṇanābhiḥ sṛjate gṛhṇate ca yathā pṛthivyām oṣadhayaḥ sambhavanti. yathā sataḥ puruṣāt keśalomāni tathākṣarāt sambhavatīha viśvam. ### [1.1.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mundaka.1.1.8) tapasā cīyate brahma tato 'nnam abhijāyate. annāt prāṇo manaḥ satyaṃ lokāḥ karmasu cāmṛtam. ### [1.1.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mundaka.1.1.9) yaḥ sarvajñaḥ sarvavid yasya jñānamayaṃ tapaḥ. tasmād etad brahma nāma rūpam annaṃ ca jāyate. ## Translations (2) - [The Thirteen Principal Upanishads](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mundaka~en-hume.1.1.p2) — Robert Ernest Hume 1921, English - [The Upanishads, Part II (SBE 15)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mundaka~en-muller.1.1.1) — Friedrich Max Müller 1884, English ## Commentaries (5) - [Muṇḍakopaniṣadbhāṣya](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mundaka!sankara.1.1) — Śaṅkara, Sanskrit - [Padapāṭha (sandhi-resolved text, TITUS)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mundaka!padapatha.1.1.1) — Sanskrit - [Muṇḍakaprakāśikā (Raṅgarāmānuja)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mundaka!rangaramanuja.1.3.2.p1) — Raṅgarāmānuja Muni 1500, Sanskrit - [Commentary of Śaṅkarācārya of Śaṅkarācārya](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mundaka!sankaracarya.1.1) — Śaṅkarācārya, Sanskrit - [Commentary of Upaniṣadbrahmayogin](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mundaka!upanisadbrahmayogin.1.p1) — Upaniṣadbrahmayogin 1700, Sanskrit ## Linked texts (22) - [The Philosophy of the Upanishads](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.deussen-1906.c10.s4.t2.32) — Paul Deussen & A. S. Geden, English - [Indian Philosophy](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.radhakrishnan-1923.v1.c9.s2.5) — S. Radhakrishnan, English - [The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.keith-1925.v2.c40.s2.58) — Arthur Berriedale Keith, English - [Outlines of Indian Philosophy](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.hiriyanna-1932.c8.s1.52) — M. Hiriyanna, English - [Ancient Indian Education (Brahmanical and Buddhist)](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.mookerji-1947.c11.s4.156) — Radhakumud Mookerji, English - [The Religions of India](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.hopkins-1895.c16.45) — Edward Washburn Hopkins, English - [The System of the Vedânta according to Bâdarâyana's Brahma-Sûtras and Çankara's Commentary](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.deussen-1912.c8.s2.t1.4) — Paul Deussen & Charles Johnston, English - [A History of Indian Philosophy](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.dasgupta-1922.v3.c29.s1.14) — Surendranath Dasgupta, English - [Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.jayatilleke-1963.c9.37) — K. N. Jayatilleke, English - [A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.ranade-1926.c12.122) — R. D. Ranade, English - [History of Dharmaśāstra (Ancient and Mediaeval Religious and Civil Law in India)](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.polity.kane-1930.v7.c91.31) — P. V. Kane, English - [Altindische Grammatik](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.literature.wackernagel-1896.v4.c15.s1.t13.9) — Jacob Wackernagel & Albert Debrunner, German - [Studies in the Origins of Buddhism](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.pande-1957.c13.s1.13) — Govind Chandra Pande, English - [Mānasāra Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra; III. Mānasāra on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Mānasāra: Translation; V. Architecture of Mānasāra: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture)](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v7.c47.6028) — Prasanna Kumar Acharya, English - [A History of Indian Medical Literature](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.meulenbeld-1999.v2.c30.566) — G. Jan Meulenbeld, English - [A Vedic Concordance](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.reference.bloomfield-1906.c6.535) — Maurice Bloomfield, English - [A History of Indian Literature](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.literature.winternitz-1927.v1.c8.s10.2) — M. Winternitz, English - [Geschichte der indischen Litteratur](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.literature.winternitz-1905.v1.c8.s10.2) — M. Winternitz, German - [A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Schools](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.vidyabhusana-1921.c10.s1.t4.35) — Satis Chandra Vidyabhusana, English - [A Concise History of Science in India](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.science.bose-sen-subbarayappa-1971.c5.s3.t1.8) — D. M. Bose & Surendra Nath Sen, English - [The Great Epic of India: Its Character and Origin](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.literature.hopkins-1901.c6.s23.43) — E. W. Hopkins, English - [Saṃnyāsa Upaniṣads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.religion.olivelle-1992.c6.s6.9) — Patrick Olivelle, English --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mundaka.1.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.veda.upanisad.mukhya.mundaka.1.1) · Pramāṇa