Apastambadharmasutra 1.3

1.3.9.1

śrāvaṇyāṃ paurṇamāsyām adhyāyam [upākṛtya[upā\kṛ] māsaṃ pradoṣe na-[adhīyīta[adhi\i] /

After having performed the Upâkarma for studying the Veda on the full moon of the month' Srâvana (July-August), he shall for one month not study in the evening.

1.3.9.2

taiṣyāṃ paurṇamāsyāṃ rohiṇyāṃ vā [viramet[vi\ram] /

On the full moon of the month of Pausha (December-January), or under the constellation Rohini, he shall leave off reading the Veda.

1.3.9.3

ardhapañcamāṃś caturo māsān ity eke /

Some declare, (that he shall study) for four months and a half.

1.3.9.4

nigameṣv adhyayanaṃ [varjayet[\vṛj] /

He shall avoid to Study the Veda on a high-road.

1.3.9.5

ānaḍuhena vā śakṛtpiṇḍena-[upalipte[upa\lip]- '[adhīyīta[adhi\i] /

Or he may study it (on a high-road), after having smeared (a space) with cowdung.

1.3.9.6

śmaśāne sarvataḥ śamyāprāsāt /

He shall never study in a burial-ground nor anywhere near it within the throw of a Samyâ.

1.3.9.7

grāmeṇa-[adhyavasite[adhyava\so] kṣetreṇa vā na-anadhyāyaḥ /

If a village has been built over (a burial ground) or its surface has been cultivated as a field, the recitation of the Veda (in such a place) is not prohibited.

1.3.9.8

[jñāyamāne[\jñā] tu tasminn eva deśe na-[adhīyīta[adhi\i] /

But if that place is known to have been a burial-ground he shall not study (there).

1.3.9.9

śmaśānavac-śūdrapatitau /

A Sûdra and an outcast are (included by the term) burial-ground, (and the rule given, Sûtra 6, applies to them).

1.3.9.10

samānāgāra ity eke /

Some declare, that (one ought to avoid only, to study) in the same house (where they dwell).

1.3.9.11

śūdrāyāṃ tu prekṣaṇapratiprekṣaṇayor eva-anadhyāyaḥ /

But if (a student and) a Sûdra woman merely look at each other, the recitation of the Veda must be interrupted,

1.3.9.12

tathā-anyasyāṃ striyāṃ [varṇavyatikrāntāyāṃ[vyati\kram] maithune /

Likewise, if (a student and) a woman, who has had connexion with a man of a lower caste, (look at each other).

1.3.9.13

brahma-[adhyeṣyamāṇo[adhi\i] malavadvāsasā-[icchan[\iṣ] [saṃbhāṣituṃ[sam\bhāṣ] brāhmaṇena saṃbhāṣya tayā saṃbhāṣeta / saṃbhāṣya tu brāhmaṇena-eva saṃbhāṣya-[adhīyīta[adhi\i] / evaṃ tasyāḥ prajāniḥśreyasam //

If he, who is about to study the Veda, wishes to talk to a woman during her courses, he shall first speak to a Brâhmana and then to her, then again speak to a Brâhmana, and afterwards study. Thereby the children (of that woman) will be blessed.

1.3.9.14

antaḥśavam /

(He shall not study in a village) in which a corpse lies;

1.3.9.15

antaścāṇḍālam /

Nor in such a one where Kândâlas live.

1.3.9.16

[abhinirhṛtānāṃ[abhinir\hṛ]# tu sīmny anadhyāyaḥ / ( K abhinissṛtānāṃ, in variant abhinirhṛtānāṃ )

He shall not study whilst corpses are being carried to the boundary of the village,

1.3.9.17

saṃdarśane ca-araṇye /

Nor in a forest, if (a corpse or Kândâla) is within sight.

1.3.9.18

tad ahar [āgateṣu[ā\gam] ca grāmaṃ bāhyeṣu /

And if outcasts have entered the village, he shall not study on that day,

1.3.9.19

api satsu /

Nor if good men (have come).

1.3.9.20

saṃdhāvanustanite rātrim /

If it thunders in the evening, (he shall not study) during the night.

1.3.9.21

svapnaparyāntaṃ vidyuti /

If lightning is seen (in the evening, he shall not study during that night), until he has slept.

1.3.9.22

upavyuṣaṃ yāvatā vā kṛṣṇāṃ rohiṇīm iti śamyāprāsād [vijānīyād[vi\jñā] etasmin kāle [vidyotamāne[vi\dyut] sapradoṣam ahar anadhyāyaḥ /

If lightning is seen about the break of dawn, or at the time when he may distinguish at the distance of a Samyâ-throw, whether (a cow) is black or red, be shall not study during that day, nor in the following evening.

1.3.9.23

dahre- 'apararātre stanayitnunā /

1.3.9.24

ūrdhvam ardharātrād ity eke /

If it thunders in the second part of the third watch of the night, (he shall not study during the following day or evening).

1.3.9.25

gavāṃ ca-avarodhe /

(Nor shall he study) whilst the cows are prevented from leaving (the village on account of thieves and the like),

1.3.9.26

[vadhyānāṃ[\vadh] ca yāvatā [hanyante[\han] /

Nor (on the imprisonment of criminals) whilst they are being executed.

1.3.9.27

[pṛṣṭhārūḍhaḥ[ā\ruh] paśūnāṃ na-[adhīyīta[adhi\i] /

He shall not study whilst he rides on beasts (of burden).

1.3.9.28

ahorātrāv amāvāsyāsu /

At the new moon, (he shall not study) for two days and two nights.

1.3.10.1

cāturmāsīṣu ca /

(Nor shall he study) on the days of the full moons of those months in which the Kâturmasya-sacrifice may be performed (nor on the days preceding them).

1.3.10.2

vairamaṇo guruṣv aṣṭākya aupākaraṇa iti tryahāḥ /

At the time of the Vedotsarga, on the death of Gurus, at the Ashlakâ-Srâddha, and at the time of the Upâkarma, (he shall not study) for three days;

1.3.10.3

tathā saṃbandheṣu jñātiṣu /

Likewise if near relations have died.

1.3.10.4

mātari pitary ācārya iti dvādaśāhāḥ /

(He shall not study) for twelve days, if his mother, father, or teacher have died.

1.3.10.5

teṣu ca-udakopasparśanaṃ tāvantaṃ kālam /

If these (have died), he must (also) bathe for the same number of days.

1.3.10.6

anubhāvināṃ ca parivāpanam /

Persons who are younger (than the relation deceased), must shave (their hair and beard),

1.3.10.7

na [samāvṛttā[samā\vṛt] [vaperann[\vap] anyatra vihārād ity eke /

Some declare, that students who have returned home on completion of their studentship, shall never shave, except if engaged in the initiation to a Srauta-sacrifice.

1.3.10.8

atha-api brāhmaṇam, rikto vā eṣo- '[anapihito[api\dhā] yan muṇḍas tasya-etad apidhānaṃ yac-śikhā-iti /

Now a Brâhmana also declares, 'Verily, an empty, uncovered (pot) is he, whose hair is shaved off entirely; the top-lock is his covering.'

1.3.10.9

satreṣu tu vacanād vapanaṃ śikhāyāḥ /

But at sacrificial sessions the top-lock must be shaved off, because it is so enjoined in the Veda.

1.3.10.10

ācārye trīn ahorātrān ity eke /

Some declare, that, upon the death of the teacher, (the reading should be interrupted) for three days and three nights.

1.3.10.11

śrotriyasaṃsthāyām aparisaṃvatsarāyām ekām /

If (he hears of) the death of a learned Brâhmana (Srotriya) before a full year (since the death) has elapsed, (he shall interrupt his reading) for one night (and day).

1.3.10.12

sabrahmacāriṇi-ity eke /

Some declare, (that the deceased Srotriya must have been) a fellow-student.

1.3.10.13

śrotriyābhyāgame- '[adhijigāṃsamāno[adhi\gam, des.]- '[adhīyāno[adhi\i] vā-/[anujñāpya[anu\jñā]-[adhīyīta /

If a learned Brâhmana (Srotriya) has arrived and he is desirous of studying or is actually studying, (or if he is desirous of teaching or is teaching,) he may study or teach after having received permission (to do so from the Srotriya).

1.3.10.14

[adhyāpayed[adhi\i] vā /

1.3.10.15

gurusaṃnidhau ca-[adhīhi[adhi\i] bho ity [uktvā[\vac]-[adhīyīta /

He may likewise study or teach in the presence of his teacher, if (the latter) has addressed him (saying), 'Ho, study! (or, Ho, teach!)'

1.3.10.16

[adhyāpayed[adhi\i] vā /

1.3.10.17

ubhayata upasaṃgrahaṇam [adhijigāṃsamānasya[adhi\gam, des.]-[adhītya[adhi\i] ca /

When a student desires to study or has finished his lesson, he shall at both occasions embrace the feet of his teacher.

1.3.10.18

[adhīyāneṣu[adhi\i] vā yatra-anyo [vyaveyād[vyava\i] etam eva śabdam utsṛjya-[adhīyīta[ut\sṛj] /

Or if, whilst they study, another person comes in, he shall continue his recitation, after those words, ('Ho, study!') have been pronounced (by the newcomer).

1.3.10.19

śvagardabhanādāḥ salāvṛkyekasṛkolūkaśabdāḥ sarve vāditraśabdā rodanagītasāmaśabdāś ca /

The barking of (many) dogs, the braying of (many) asses, the cry of a wolf or of a solitary jackal or of an owl, all sounds of musical instruments, of weeping, and of the Sâman melodies (are reasons for discontinuing the study of the Veda).

1.3.10.20

śākhāntare ca sāmnām anadhyāyaḥ /

If another branch of the Veda (is being recited in the neighbourhood), the Sâman melodies shall not be studied.

1.3.10.21

sarveṣu ca śabdakarmasu yatra [saṃsṛjyeran[sam\srj] /

And whilst other noises (are being heard, the recitation of the Veda shall be discontinued), if they mix (with the voice of the person studying).

1.3.10.22

[chardayitvā[\chard] svapnāntam /

After having vomited (he shall not study) until he has slept.

1.3.10.23

sarpir vā [prāśya[pra\aś] /

Or (he may study) having eaten clarified butter (after the attack of vomiting).

1.3.10.24

pūtīgandhaḥ# / ( K pūti.-- )

A foul smell (is a reason for the discontinuance of study).

1.3.10.25

śuktaṃ ca-[ātmasaṃyuktam[sam\yuj] /

Food turned sour (by fermentation), which he has in his stomach, (is a reason for the discontinuance of the recitation, until the sour rising ceases).

1.3.10.26

pradoṣe ca [bhuktvā[\bhuj]# / ( K adds na-adhīyīta )

(Nor shall he study) after having eaten in the evening,

1.3.10.27

prodakayoś ca pāṇyoḥ /

Nor as long as his hands are wet.

1.3.10.28

[pretasaṃkḷptaṃ[sam\kḷp] ca-annaṃ [bhuktvā[\bhuj] sapradoṣam ahar anadhyāyaḥ /

(And he shall discontinue studying) for, a day and an evening, after having eaten food prepared in honour of a dead person (for whom the Sapindî-karana has not yet been performed),

1.3.10.29

ā ca vipākāt /

Or until the food (eaten on that occasion) is digested.

1.3.10.30

aśrāddhena tu [paryavadadhyāt[paryava\dhā] /

But he shall (always) eat in addition (to the meal given in honour of a dead person), food which has not been given at a sacrifice to the Manes.

1.3.11.1

kāṇḍopākaraṇe ca-amātṛkasya /

(The recitation of the Veda shall be interrupted for a day and evening if he has eaten), on beginning a fresh Kânda (of his Veda), food given by a motherless person,

1.3.11.2

kāṇḍasamāpane ca-apitṛkasya /

And also if he has eaten, on the day of the completion of a Kânda, food given by a fatherless person.

1.3.11.3

manuṣyaprakṛtīnāṃ ca devānāṃ yajñe [bhuktvā[\bhuj]-ity eke //

Some declare, that (the recitation shall be interrupted for the same space of time), if he has eaten at a sacrifice offered in honour of gods who were formerly men.

1.3.11.4

[paryuṣitais[pari\vas] taṇḍulair āmamāṃsena ca na-anadhyāyāḥ# / ( K anadhyāyaḥ )

Nor is the recitation interrupted, if he has eaten rice received the day before, or raw meat (though these things may have been offered in honour of the dead),

1.3.11.5

tathā-oṣadhivanaspatimūlaphalaiḥ /

Nor (if he has eaten at a funeral dinner) roots or fruits of herbs and trees.

1.3.11.6

yat kāṇḍam [upākurvīta[upā\kṛ] yasya ca-anuvākyaṃ [kurvīta[\kṛ] na tat tad ahar [adhīyīta[adhi\i] /

When he performs the ceremony for beginning of a Kânda, or when he studies the index of the Anuvâkas of a (Kânda), he shall not study that (Kânda) on that day (nor in that night).

1.3.11.7

upākaraṇasamāpanayoś ca pārāyaṇasya tāṃ vidyām /

And if he performs the ceremonies prescribed on beginning or ending the recitation of one entire Veda, he shall not study that Veda (during that day).

1.3.11.8

vāyur ghoṣavān bhūmau vā tṛṇa saṃvāho [varṣati[\vṛṣ] vā yatra dhārāḥ [pravahet /

If the wind roars, or if it whirls up the grass on the ground, or if it drives the rain-drops forward during a rain-shower, (then the recitation shall be interrupted for so long a time as the storm lasts).

1.3.11.9

grāmāraṇyayoś ca sandhau /

(Nor shall he study) on the boundary between a village and forest,

1.3.11.10

mahāpathe ca /

Nor on a highway.

1.3.11.11

[viproṣya[vipra\uṣ] ca samadhyayanaṃ tad ahaḥ / ( 9+10+11 = K 9 )

If (some of his) fellow-students are on a journey, he shall not study during that day, (the passage) which they learn together.

1.3.11.12

svairikarmasu ca / ( = K 10 )

And whilst performing acts for his pleasure,

1.3.11.13

yathā pāda#1.prakṣālanotsādanānulepanāṇi#2-iti / ( = K 11, 1:hasta, 2:anulekhaṇāni )

Such as washing his feet, shampooing or anointing himself,

1.3.11.14

tāvantaṃ kālaṃ na-[adhīyīta[adhi\i]-[adhyāpayed[adhi\āp] vā / ( = K 12 )

He shall neither study nor teach, as long as he is thus occupied.

1.3.11.15

sandhyoḥ / ( = K 13 )

(He shall not study or teach) in the twilight,

1.3.11.16

tathā vṛkṣam [ārūḍhaḥ[ā\ruh] /

Nor whilst sitting on a tree,

1.3.11.17

apsu ca-[avagāḍhaḥ[ava\gāh] /

Nor whilst immersed in water,

1.3.11.18

naktaṃ ca-[apāvṛte[apā\vṛ] / ( 16+17+18 = K 14 tathā vṛkṣam ārūḍho- 'apsu ca-avagāḍho naktaṃ ca-apāvṛte )

Nor at night with open doors,

1.3.11.19

divā ca-[apihite / ( = K 15, pihite instead of apihite )

Nor in the day-time with shut doors.

1.3.11.20

[avihitam anuvākādhyayanam āṣāḍhavāsantikayoḥ / ( = K 16 )

During the spring festival and the festival (of Indra), in the month of Âshâdha (June-July), the study of an Anuvâka is forbidden.

1.3.11.21

nityapraśnasya ca-avidhinā / ( = K 17 )

(The recitation) of the daily portion of the Veda (at the Brahmayagña is likewise forbidden if done) in a manner differing from the rule (of the Veda).

1.3.11.22

tasya vidhiḥ / ( = K 18 )

(Now follows) the rule (for the daily recitation) of that (Brahmayagña).

1.3.11.23

[akṛtaprātarāśa udakāntaṃ [gatvā [prayataḥ śucau deśe- '[adhīyīta yathādhyāyam [utsṛjan vācā / ( = K 19 )

Before taking his morning-meal, he shall go to the water-side, and having purified himself, he shall recite aloud (a portion of the Veda) in a pure place, leaving out according to (the order of the) texts (what he has read the day before).

1.3.11.24

manasā ca-anadhyāye / ( K = 20 )

If a stoppage of study is enjoined (for the day, he shall recite the daily portion) mentally.

1.3.11.25

vidyuti ca-abhyagrāyāṃ stanayitnāv aprāyatye pretānne nīhāre ca mānasaṃ [paricakṣate / ( K = 21 )

If lightning flashes without interruption, or, thunder rolls continually, if a man has neglected to purify himself, if he has partaken of a meal in honour of a dead person, or if hoarfrost lies on the ground, (in these cases) they forbid the mental recitation (of the daily portion of the Veda).

1.3.11.26

śrāddhabhojana eva-eke / ( = K 22 )

Some forbid it only in case one has eaten a funeral dinner.

1.3.11.27

vidyutstanayitnur vṛṣṭiś ca-apartau yatra [saṃnipateyus tryaham anadhyāyaḥ / ( = K 23 )

Where lightning, thunder, and rain happen together out of season, the recitation shall be interrupted for three days.

1.3.11.28

yāvad bhūmir vyudakā-ity eke / ( = K 24 )

Some (declare, that the recitation shall stop) until the ground is dry.

1.3.11.29

ekena dvābhyāṃ vā-eteṣām ākālam / ( = K 25 )

If one or two (of the phenomena mentioned in Sûtra 27 appear, the recitation shall be interrupted) from that hour until the same hour next day.

1.3.11.30

sūryācandramasor grahaṇe bhūmicale- 'apasvāna ulkāyām agnyutpāte ca sarvāsāṃ vidyānāṃ sārvakālikam ākālam / ( = K 26 )

In the case of an eclipse of the sun or of the moon, of an earthquake, of a whirlwind, of the fall of a meteor, or of a fire (in the village), at whatever time these events happen, the recitation of all the sacred sciences (Vedas and Aṅgas) must be interrupted from that hour until the same hour next day.

1.3.11.31

abhraṃ ca-apartau sūryācandramasoḥ pariveṣa indradhanuḥ pratisūryamatsyaś ca vāte pūtīgandhe#1 nīhāre ca sarveṣv eteṣu tāvantaṃ#2 kālam / ( = K 27, 1:pūti.--, 2:tāvat )

If a cloud appears out of season, if the sun or the moon is surrounded by a halo, if a rainbow, a parhelion or a comet appears, if a (high) wind (blows), a foul smell (is observed), or hoarfrost (lies on the ground, at all these occasions (the recitation of all the sacred sciences must be interrupted) during the duration (of these phenomena).

1.3.11.32

muhūrtaṃ [virate vāte / ( = K 28 )

After the wind has ceased, (the interruption of the recitation continues) for one muhûrta.

1.3.11.33

salāvṛkyām ekasṛka iti svapnaparyāntam / ( = K 29, --.paryantam instead of --.paryāntam )

If (the howl of) a wolf or of a solitary jackal (has been heard, he shall stop the reading) until he has slept.

1.3.11.34

naktaṃ ca-araṇye- 'anagnāv ahiraṇye vā / ( = K 30 )

At night (he shall not study) in a wood, where there is no fire nor gold.

1.3.11.35

[ananūktaṃ ca-apartau chandaso na-[adhīyīta / ( = K 31 )

Out of term he shall not study any part of the Veda which he has not learnt before.

1.3.11.36

pradoṣe ca / ( = K 32 )

Nor (shall he study during term some new part of the Veda) in the evening.

1.3.11.37

sārvakālikam [āmnātam / ( = K 33 )

That which has been studied before, must never be studied (during the vacation or in the evening).

1.3.11.38

[yathoktam anyad ataḥ pariṣatsu / ( = K 34 )

Further particulars (regarding the interruption of the Veda-study may be learnt) from the (teaching and works of other) Vedic schools.