English (machine translation)

Translation of Paithinasidharmasutra (Paiṭhīnasidharmasūtra)

Language: English
Extent: 65 passages, 1,908 words
Text: complete digital text
Source: pramana-mt · Machine translation by Gemini 3.8 Flash (2026-10-21) of in.vedanga.kalpa.dharma.paithinasi*fragments · Machine output without human authorship: no copyright is claimed (CC0 1.0). The original text keeps its own…

1 — 10 parts
2 — 9 parts
3 — 7 parts
4 — 4 parts
5 — 16 parts
6 — 19 parts

Text

1.1

One who sips water [for purification] with both feet in the water becomes pure only in the water; one who sips outside the water becomes pure only outside. Therefore, placing one foot outside and one foot inside when sipping water, he becomes pure everywhere.

1.2

Having touched leftovers of food, semen, or urine, he becomes pure after wiping off, sipping water, and washing that spot three times.

1.3

Drops that have fallen to the ground and are wiped off are purified; splatters are clean. He should sip water when wet down to the two hairs.

1.4

With palms turned upward, he should pay homage to the feet: with the right [hand] to the right [foot], and with the left to the left.

1.5

He should not stand while eating. He should not chatter while laughing. He should not step across fire. He should not touch a blazing fire with both hands. He should not bathe for a long time in water.

1.6

He should not sit on a broken bedstead. He should not enter by an improper entrance. Likewise, one who is not consecrated should not lie on a black antelope skin.

1.7

He should clean his teeth with grass, a leaf, water, or a finger, except for the forefinger.

1.8

On festival days he should not resort to oil, a razor, sexual intercourse, or meat. On the new moon day he should not cut green plants.

1.9

When urination has occurred, purification should not take place inside a reservoir of water.

1.10

One should make a substitute on the basis of similarity of stalk, root, leaf, flower, fruit, sprout, sap, smell, and so forth. If nothing at all is available, barley serves as the substitute.

2.1

He should initiate a Brahmin in the fifth year from conception, or in the eighth from conception, or in the eighth [from birth]; a Rājanya in the eighth from conception, or in the twelfth from conception; a Vaiśya in the twelfth from conception, or in the sixteenth from conception.

2.2

He should choose a maiden who does not share the same ancestral sage. He should avoid five [degrees of kinship] on the mother's side and seven on the father's, or three on the mother's side and five on the father's.

2.3

She should be given away only as long as her breasts do not develop. But if she reaches puberty, the giver and the receiver both go to hell. The father and grandfather are reborn as worms in excrement. Therefore, she should be given away before puberty.

2.4

If a maiden is not obtained, he should observe the vow of a snātaka. Or else he may beget a son on a Kṣatriya woman; on a Vaiśya woman or on a Śūdra woman, say others.

2.5

He should grasp the hand of a Brahmin woman together with the thumb; of a Kṣatriya woman, along with an arrow; of a Vaiśya woman, along with a goad; of a Śūdra woman, the hem of her garment.

2.6

The Brāhma, Prājāpatya, Ārṣa, and Daiva [marriages] are for a Brahmin; the Gāndharva and Āsura for a Rājanya; the Rākṣasa for a Vaiśya; the Paiśāca for a Śūdra. The Ārṣa is authoritative for all.

2.7

He should emit on an uneven [night]; a female is born. On an even [night], it becomes a male. He should summon her for intercourse in a secluded place. He should not summon her on the first, nor on the second, nor on the third, nor on the fourth [night].

2.8

He should avoid a menstruating woman. Indra killed Viśvarūpa, son of Tvaṣṭṛ, with the thunderbolt. The gods said to him: 'O fetus-slayer!' He ran to the women: 'Take a third share of this fetus-murder of mine; I will grant you a boon.' Thereupon women take on a third share of that slaying of a Brahmin.

2.9

Adopted, bought, artificial, and appointed daughter's sons born under another's lineage through marriage, who do not belong to a consolidated family, belong to two fathers.

3.1

There are indeed four stages of life: the student, the householder, the forest-dweller, and the mendicant. All of them are rooted in the householder and subsist on him.

3.2

Now, intending to practice the duties of a householder, he should establish a livelihood without diminishing his religious duty.

3.3

Agni is indeed the deity of human beings; therefore, he should set up the fire. For the gods have Agni as their mouth. He carries the oblation to the gods, and the ancestral offering to the ancestors.

3.4

He should worship Agni alone, and no other deity. 'Agni is on earth,' it is understood. He should not go on a journey. If he should go on a journey, the worship has been stated.

3.5

On the day of preparation, food fit for sacrificial offering is prescribed. He should not speak falsely while angry. He should not converse idly with people. Pure, self-controlled, vigilant, adept, and having conquered his senses, he should sacrifice.

3.6

He should avoid usury. Moreover, they cite: / The usurer and the slayer of a fetus were placed on the balance; / the slayer of a fetus stayed at the top, the usurer sank down.

3.7

If he so wishes, he may give to a worse man ten [percent], say some. He should not take higher interest, nor indeed a lesser one.

4.1

Domestic and wild [animals] are fourteen. The cow, the sheep, the goat, the horse, the mule, the donkey, and man are the seven domestic animals. Birds, monkeys, buffalo, reptiles, ruru deer, spotted deer, and wild beasts are the seven wild animals.

4.2

Eggplant, nālikā, pota, safflower, and aśmantaka among vegetables and fruits are inedible.

4.3

Salt and cooked dishes, ghee, and likewise oil, / foods to be licked and various drinks—he should not eat what is given directly with the hand.

4.4

He should eat meat at an ancestral rite and similarly on the occasion of a guest. / As many hairs as the animal has, so many [years] does he go to hell.

5.1

In both fortnights, the lunar days pierce the previous and subsequent lunar day / by three muhūrtas; this is recorded as a general rule.

5.2

The fifth, seventh, tenth, and thirteenth, / the first and ninth lunar days should be observed when facing [the next].

5.3

In a month devoid of a solar transit, he may or may not perform the first-fruits offering.

5.4

A wife may perform a vow for her husband, and a husband a vow for his wife; / when they are incapable, no breach of vow occurs on account of the other.

5.5

In chewing betel, sexual intercourse with a woman, and the consumption of meat, / no lapse of a vow occurs, provided he avoids the black pepper and ginger.

5.6

For those who died in an intercalary month, the annual ancestral rite / should be performed only in the intercalary month, but under no circumstances for others.

5.7

All Vedic and customary rites are declared to be in the twelfth month; / but in the thirteenth, they are all fruitless.

5.8

He who, having taken [food] from the cooking meant for the ancestors, performs the offering to all the gods, / that ancestral rite becomes demonic; it does not reach the ancestors.

5.9

The fathers are the Vasus, the grandfathers are the Rudras, the great-grandfathers are the Ādityas. The knowing one who thus sacrifices to the ancestors—the Vasus, the Rudras, and the Ādityas become pleased with him.

5.10

When a woman has died sonless, the husband should perform the sapiṇḍa rite; / her sapiṇḍīkaraṇa should be performed together with the mother-in-law and the rest.

5.11

Those sixteen ancestral rites that precede the sapiṇḍīkaraṇa, / he should indeed perform those ancestral rites according to the rule for a single deceased.

5.12

Without having offered the sixteen ancestral rites, he should not perform the sapiṇḍana.

5.13

The six-monthly and annual ancestral rites should be on the preceding day; / the monthly ones, however, on their own day or on the twelfth.

5.14

The rites of the ball of rice and water for the ghost must be performed only in the first [intercalary/lunar] month; / but one who performs them in an intercalary month incurs corpse-impurity once again.

5.15

The dismissal is at the end of the year; according to some, in the ninth month.

5.16

During birth-impurity, having poured out a handful of water with the Sāvitrī [verse] and walked around sunwise, one should bow to the Sun. That much is to be done.

6.1

A woman who has given birth to a son, having bathed after twenty nights, may be made to perform all rituals; one who has given birth to a daughter, after a month.

6.2

Regarding giving and receiving gifts, there is an option: either gold or cows; thus there is no fault.

6.3

Meditating mentally on the deceased, one should pour out three handfuls of water. One should desist on the eleventh day, beginning from the corpse-rite.

6.4

For twice-born men who do not maintain a sacred fire, impurity begins from death; / for one who maintains a sacred fire, one should know it begins from cremation, when death occurs abroad.

6.5

For one who died in a foreign country, purification is immediate.

6.6

For those whose tonsure has not been performed, [impurity lasts] three nights.

6.7

A maiden given [in marriage] belongs entirely to another [family].

6.8

If both parents should die, the son, even if staying far away, / becomes impure for ten days, beginning from the day he hears of it.

6.9

The funeral rite performed on the eleventh day is declared common [to all]; / birth-impurity, however, is distinct for each of the four classes.

6.10

Upon involuntary ejaculation or vomiting, there is bathing with one's clothes on and sipping clarified butter. Upon pollution by a crow's hair [or crow and hair], bathing with one's clothes on. Upon urinating or defecating without water, bathing with one's clothes on and an offering with the Great Utterances. Upon touching a donkey, a camel, a dog, or a Caṇḍāla, bathing with one's clothes on.

6.11

The killer, the counselor, the instigator, / the promoter, the accomplice, and the guide who shows the path, // the harborer, the provider of weapons, and the provider of food to wrongdoers, / one who overlooks [the deed] though capable [of stopping it], one who points out fault, and the approver— // for these wrongdoers one should assign an expiation, / and one should also assign a punishment according to their capacity.

English (machine translation)

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