[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Auxiliary Sciences of the Veda](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga) › [Etymology and Vedic lexicon](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.nirukta) › [Nirukta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.nirukta.yaska) › [Rijvartha (Niruktavritti)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.nirukta.yaska!durga) › 9 # Yāska's Nirukta 9 Ṛjvarthā (Niruktavṛtti) 9 - **Language:** Sanskrit ### [9.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.nirukta.yaska!durga.9.1) "iti"--karaṇo'dhikāraparisamāptyarthaḥ | "imāni catvāri padajātānyanukrāntāni, nāmākhyāte copasarganipātāśca" iti pratijñābhyāso nigamanārthaḥ | itīmāni catvāri padajātānīti vyākhyāya anukrāntāni--anu pūrveṇa pūrvamākhyātam, tato nāmāni, tata upasargāḥ, tato nipātā ityevamānupūrvyeṇa krāntāni varṇitāni | vyākhyayeti vākyaśeṣaḥ || katamāni punastāni ? nāmākhyāte copasarganipātāśca-iti | tadapi vyākhyātameva | 12 | ### [9.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.nirukta.yaska!durga.9.2) yacca taduktaṃ--'nāmnaḥ kiñcidavaśiṣyate taccaturthena pādena varṇayiṣyāma' iti, tadidamevāvasaraprāptaṃ padacatuṣṭayalakṣaṇānantaramārabhyate,-- "tatra nāmānyākhyātajānīti śākaṭāyano nairuktasamayaśca" | tatra tasminneva padacatuṣṭaye yāni nāmāni tāni tāni sarvāṇyevāviśeṣeṇākhyātajānītyevaṃ śākaṭāyana ācāryo bravītīti vākyaśeṣaḥ | nairuktānāṃ caiṣa samayaḥ siddhāntaḥ sarveṣāmaviśeṣeṇa gārgyavarjyam | 12 | ### [9.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.nirukta.yaska!durga.9.3) āha kaḥ punaranyathā bravīti, yenaivamucyate--śākaṭāyano bravītīti?, ucyate--"na sarvāṇīti gārgyaḥ"bravīti | kiṃ gārgya eva bravīti?, netyucyate, "vaiyākaraṇānāṃ caike"vyākaraṇamadhīyate ye te vaiyākaraṇāḥ, teṣāṃ caike na sarvāṇyākhyātajāni nāmānītyevaṃ bruvam̐ta iti vākyaśeṣaḥ | 12 | ### [9.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.nirukta.yaska!durga.9.4) "tadyatra svarasaṃskārau samarthau prādeśikena guṇenānvitau syātāṃ saṃvijñātāni tāni || yathā gauraśvaḥ puruṣo hastīti || " iti tadetat prapañcyate gārgyapakṣeṇa | yānyākhyātajāni nāmāni, yāni vā neti evaṃ paryupayuktastacchabdaḥ | iha trividhā vyavasthā nāmnām | tadyathā-pratyakṣakriyāṇi, prakalpyakriyāṇi, avidyamānakriyāṇi iti | tatra pratyakṣakriyāṇi, tadyathā--kārako hāraka iti | prakalpyakriyāṇi, tadyathā-gauraśva iti | avidyamānakriyāṇi, tadyathā--ḍittho ḍavitthaḥ, aravindo rvārviṇḍa iti | tatraivaṃ sati yeṣvityarthaḥ | keṣu ?, nāmasu | svaraścodāttādiḥ, saṃskāraśca prakṛtipratyayādibhiḥ, etau svarasaṃskārau | samarthatā nāmopapattirucyate-saṅgatārthau, lakṣaṇāśāstravihitayopapattyā yuktāvityarthaḥ | yathaiva lakṣaṇāvipratipattyā mvare'vasthitaḥ, evaṃ saṃskāro'pi | yeṣvapi ca pradiśyate dravyamanayeti pradeśaḥ kriyā yā tasmin dravye avasthitā--yaddhetukastasya nāmadheyapratilambho'bhipretastasyāḥ pradeśākhyāyāḥ kriyāyā abhidhāyako yo dhātuḥ sa ityucyate | anyatra hi guṇaśabdo'pradhāne vartate | śeṣaḥ, aṅgaṃ, guṇaḥ iti samānārthāḥ | pradhānaṃ tu tatra kriyā pradeśākhyā, tadabhidhāyako guṇākhyaḥ, sa pradeśavācakatvāt prādeśiko guṇa ityucyate | tena dhāturūpeṇānvitāvanugatau svarasaṃskārau syātāṃ bhavetāṃ yeṣām•|| āha-kiṃ teṣāmiti?, ucyate-- mamaṃ vijñātāni aikamatyena vijñātānītyarthaḥ | teṣu tāvadavipratipattirevāsmākamākhyātajāni nāmānīti | tadyathā--karttā, kārakaḥ, paktā, pācaka iti | na punaryathā gauraśvaḥ puruṣo hastīti | kiṃ kāraṇam ?, eteṣu prakalpyante kriyāḥ, na sākṣādupalabhyante | api caiteṣu kalpayitumapi tāvacchakyante | na ḍitthādiṣu punaḥ kalpayitumapi śakyante | tasmānna sarvāṇyākhyātajāni nāmānīti | tad yadukaṃ 'sarvāṇyākhyātajāni nāmāni' iti, taidayuktam | rūḍhiśabdeṣu ca kriyāḥ kevalaṃ śabdavyutpattikarmaṇyupalakṣaṇabhūtā nimittabhāvenopādīyante, na vastuto'rthakriyāsvanusahāyībhāvaṃ prati | tatra śabdasyām̐pracyutā | upalakṣite'nupravṛtte'bhidhāne nivṛttāyāṃ kriyāyāmuparatasādhanavyāpāraṃ nirūpya kriyāyāmabhidhānaṃ vastumātrasya pratinirdeśakaṃ rūḍhirityabhidhīyate || aparo vyākhyāmārgaḥ yatra yasminnāmni samarthau aṣṭādhyāyīlakṣaṇopapattyā yuktau, pradeśābhidhāyinā ca dhātvākhyena anugatau, nyāyavatkarmanāmikasaṃyuktana saṃskāreṇa | tadyathā -karttā, kārakaḥ, paktā, pācaka ityevamādi | tadākhyātajaṃ guṇakṛtamiti pratīma iti vākyaśeṣaḥ | yeṣu punaraṣṭādhyāyīlakṣaṇaparāṅmukhau svarasaṃskārāvanugatau, na ca nyāyyakarmanāmikasaṃskārayuktena pradeśākhyena dhāturūpeṇa || kiṃ teṣāmiti?, ucyate-- saṃvijñānapadamitīha śāstre rūḍhiśabdasyeyaṃ sañjñā | vakṣyati hi, agnirindra ityevamādīnāṃ saṃvijñānapadatvam,- tathā vṛtrahā purandara ityevamādīnāṃ guṇapadatvam | sa evāyamihāpi vibhāgo draṣṭavyaḥ | tatra guṇapadāni,-kārakapācakādīni | saṃvijñānapadāni tāni “yathā-gauraśvaḥ puruṣo hastī” ityevamādīni | na hyeṣāṃ gavādīnām aṣṭādhyāyyāṃ vyutpattilakṣaṇamasti, tasmādrūḍhiśabdā evaita iti || anye tu pradeśo vyākaraṇamiti vyācakṣate | tatra hi śabdānāṃ lakṣaṇāni pradiśyante | tatkṛtaḥ kaścillakṣṇānugrahaḥ, lakṣaṇāvayavo vā guṇa ityucyate,-prasiddho hi guṇaśabdo'nugrahe'vayave ca | tadyathā-‘guṇe mamārthaṃ varttate’ ityukte'nugrahe varttate iti gamyate | avayave'pi-‘dviguṇā rajjuḥ’ ‘triguṇā’ iti cokte dvayavayavā tryavayaveti dā gamyate | śeṣaṃ samānameva pūrtvābhyāmarthābhyām || athavā ‘saṃvijñānāni tāni’ saṃvijñātāni tāni ca’ ityubhāvapyetau pāṭhau | tasmādubhayathā'pi vyākhyātavyam | sattvaṃ pradeśa iti kecidaṅgabhūtā kriyā guṇa iti vyācakṣate | 01 | 12 | ### [9.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.nirukta.yaska!durga.9.5) kiṃ cānyat ? “atha cetsarvāṇyākhyātajāni nāmāni syuḥ” | tathāpyayamaparo doṣaḥ prasajyeta | āha-katama iti ? | “yaḥ kaśca tat karma kuryyāt sarvaṃ tatsattvaṃ tathācakṣīran, yaḥ kaśvādhvānamaśnuvīta, aśvaḥ sa vacanīyaḥ syāt, yat kiñcit tṛndyāt tṛṇaṃ tat”-iti | yaḥ kaścāviśeṣeṇa prāṇī tat karma kuryyāt, yat kiñcidanekaprāṇyāśrayamekaikadabhipretyocyate—tatkarma kuryyāditi | sarvameva tatsattvaṃ tathā tenaivaikena nāmnā ācakṣīran tadyathā-yaḥ kaśvādhvānamaviśeṣeṇānaśvo'pyaśnuvīta, aśva ityevaṃ sa vacanīyaḥ syāt | ‘kasmādvāśvaḥ aśnuvannaśva ityucyate, anyo'śnuvannapi nocyate ?’ iti viśeṣaheturnāstīti | tasmādaśvo'pi naivāśanakriyāyogābhiprā yeṇāśva ityucyate, kiṃ tarhi ?, śabdavyavahāra evāyamarthapratyāyanārthaṃ īdṛśaḥ kriyānira- pekṣaḥ | evameva yat kiñcit tṛndyādaviśeṣeṇa tatsarvaṃ tardanakriyāyogāt tṛṇamityevamucyeta, na cocyate | tasmānna sarvāṇyākhyātajāni nāmānīti | 12 | ### [9.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.nirukta.yaska!durga.9.6) kiñcānyat ? "athāpi cet" athāpi yadi | "sarvāṇyākhyātajāni nāmāni syuḥ” | tathāpyayamaparo doṣaḥ syāt | āha--katama iti ?, ucyate--"yāvadbhirbhāvaiḥsamprayujyeta tāvadbhyo nāmadheyapratilambhaḥ syāt tatraivaṃ sthūṇā daraśayā vā sañjanī ca syāt" | kriyāhetuke hi nāmadheyapratilambhe sati yāvadbhirbhāvairyāvatībhiḥ kriyābhirekaṃ dravyaṃ saṃyujyeta, tāvadbhyo bhāvebhyastāvatībhyaḥ kriyābhyo nāmadheyapratilambhaḥ syāt | kiṃ kāraṇam ?, na hi tatra kāsāñciddrayāvarttako viśeṣaheturasti, anyāsāṃ vā niyāmakaḥ | tatraivaṃ sati sthūṇā ekaiva satī dare śete iti daraśayā ityucyeta, na cocyate | tathā ca sajyate'syāṃ vaṃśa iti sañjanītyucyeta, na cocyate || evamanekāni sattvāni ekakriyāyogādekanāmāni syuḥ, ekaṃ vānekakriyāyogādanekanāma, ubhayathāpi \[ ca \] vyavahārāprasiddhiḥ | tasmānna sarvāṇyākhyātajāni nāmānīti | 12 | ## Linked texts (1) - [Nirukta](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.nirukta.yaska.1.12) — Yāska, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.nirukta.yaska!durga.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vedanga.nirukta.yaska!durga.9) · Pramāṇa