[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Vernacular Literatures](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular) › [Kannada literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada) › [Grammar, poetics and lexicography](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra) › [Karṇāṭakabhāṣābhūṣaṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana) › [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt) › 3.36 # Karnatakabhashabhushana 3.36 English (machine translation) 3.36 - **Language:** English ### [3.36.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.36.1) There is the conjunction of -ira with gaḷ- in the domain of address. ### [3.36.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.36.2) There is the conjunction of -ira with the suffix gaḷ- when expressing duality or plurality, in the domain of address. ### [3.36.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.36.3) \[As in:\] daivaṅgaḷira \["O deities!"\], ### [3.36.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.36.4) dēvategaḷira \["O goddesses!"\], ### [3.36.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.36.5) māmaraṅgaḷira \["O mango trees!"\], ### [3.36.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.36.6) nandanaṅgaḷira \["O celestial groves!"\]. ### [3.36.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.36.7) Although this could be established by an ablative phrasing such as "-ir after gaḷ-", the mention of "conjunction" \[āślēṣa\] is intended to express duality and plurality \[directly\]. Therefore, in some instances, -ir occurs \[independently of gaḷ-\]: \[as in\] ### [3.36.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.36.8) naṇṭira \["O relatives!"\], ### [3.36.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.36.9) nallira \["O beloved ones!"\], ### [3.36.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.36.10) paṇḍitarkaḷira \["O scholars!"\], ### [3.36.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.36.11) tāyyirkaḷira \["O mothers!"\]. ## Linked texts (1) - [Karṇāṭakabhāṣābhūṣaṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana.3.36.1) — Nāgavarma II, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.36](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.36) · Pramāṇa