[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Vernacular Literatures](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular) › [Kannada literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada) › [Grammar, poetics and lexicography](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra) › [Karṇāṭakabhāṣābhūṣaṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana) › [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt) › 3 # Karnatakabhashabhushana 3 English (machine translation) 3 - **Language:** English ## Contents - [3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.1) — 2 parts - [3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.2) — 2 parts - [3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.3) — 11 parts - [3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.4) — 18 parts - [3.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5) — 21 parts - [3.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.6) — 18 parts - [3.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.7) — 10 parts - [3.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.8) — 5 parts - [3.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.9) — 6 parts - [3.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.10) — 16 parts - [3.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.11) — 5 parts - [3.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.12) — 6 parts - [3.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.13) — 15 parts - [3.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.14) — 10 parts - [3.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.15) — 5 parts - [3.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.16) — 8 parts - [3.17](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.17) — 4 parts - [3.18](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.18) — 14 parts - [3.19](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.19) — 16 parts - [3.20](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.20) — 12 parts - [3.21](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.21) — 10 parts - [3.22](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.22) — 9 parts - [3.23](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.23) — 9 parts - [3.24](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.24) — 6 parts - [3.25](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.25) — 10 parts - [3.26](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.26) — 9 parts - [3.27](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.27) — 14 parts - [3.28](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.28) — 14 parts - [3.29](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.29) — 6 parts - [3.30](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.30) — 5 parts - [3.31](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.31) — 7 parts - [3.32](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.32) — 9 parts - [3.33](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.33) — 6 parts - [3.34](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.34) — 6 parts - [3.35](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.35) — 11 parts - [3.36](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.36) — 11 parts - [3.37](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.37) — 12 parts ### [3.1.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.1.1) A meaningful form that does not express an action and ends in a primary suffix is a nominal base. ### [3.1.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.1.2) A meaningful linguistic form other than that which expresses an action, and that which ends in a primary suffix, receives the technical term nominal base. ### [3.2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.2.1) From that \[arise\] case inflections. ### [3.2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.2.2) Following after that which has the technical term nominal base, case inflections are derived. ### [3.3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.3.1) They are: m, am, im, ke, at, at, \[and\] oḷ. ### [3.3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.3.2) Those, moreover, are to be recognized as the seven case inflections: m, am, im, ke, at, at, \[and\] baḷ. ### [3.3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.3.3) As follows: ### [3.3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.3.4) nelaṁ; ### [3.3.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.3.5) nelanaṁ; ### [3.3.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.3.6) neladiṁ; ### [3.3.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.3.7) nelake; ### [3.3.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.3.8) neladattaṇiṁ; ### [3.3.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.3.9) nelada; ### [3.3.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.3.10) neladoḷ. ### [3.3.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.3.11) The tree stood; take the tree; / make the elephant from the tree; pour water for the tree; / I came from the tree; / that fruit belongs to the tree; stay in the tree, sprout, O tree! ### [3.4.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.4.1) In the dual and plural, gaḷ \[comes\] first. ### [3.4.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.4.2) At the beginning of those case inflections, when duality or plurality is intended to be expressed, there is the augment gaḷ. ### [3.4.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.4.3) In duality: ### [3.4.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.4.4) kaṇgaḷ; ### [3.4.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.4.5) kaṇgaḷaṁ; ### [3.4.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.4.6) kaṇgaḷiṁ; ### [3.4.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.4.7) kaṇgaḷge; ### [3.4.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.4.8) kaṇgaḷattaṇiṁ; ### [3.4.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.4.9) kaṇgaḷa; ### [3.4.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.4.10) kaṇgaḷoḷ. ### [3.4.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.4.11) In plurality: ### [3.4.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.4.12) kuruḷgaḷ, ### [3.4.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.4.13) kuruḷgaḷaṁ, ### [3.4.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.4.14) kuruḷgaḷiṁ, ### [3.4.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.4.15) kuruḷgaḷge, ### [3.4.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.4.16) kuruḷgaḷattaṇiṁ, ### [3.4.17](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.4.17) kuruḷgaḷa, ### [3.4.18](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.4.18) \[and\] kuruḷgaḷoḷ. ### [3.5.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.1) \[The augment\] avu \[is attached\] at the end of pronouns and words denoting quality. ### [3.5.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.2) When the domain of duality or plurality is intended, \[the augment\] avu occurs at the end of pronouns and of words denoting quality, when case inflections follow. ### [3.5.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.3) With a pronoun: ### [3.5.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.4) ellavu, ### [3.5.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.5) ellavaṁ, ### [3.5.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.6) ellavaṟiṁ, ### [3.5.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.7) ellavarkke, ### [3.5.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.8) ellavaṟattaṇiṁ, ### [3.5.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.9) ellavaṟa, ### [3.5.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.10) \[and\] ellavaṟoḷ. ### [3.5.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.11) With a word denoting quality: ### [3.5.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.12) iniyavu, ### [3.5.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.13) iniyavaṁ, ### [3.5.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.14) iniyavaṟiṁ, ### [3.5.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.15) iniyavarkke, ### [3.5.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.16) and so forth; piriyavu, ### [3.5.17](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.17) piriyavaṁ, ### [3.5.18](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.18) piriyavaṟiṁ, ### [3.5.19](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.19) and so forth. ### [3.5.20](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.20) Because it is under consideration, \[the plural marker\] gaḷ also occurs in some cases \[with a pronoun\]: ### [3.5.21](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.5.21) nīṅgaḷ. ### [3.6.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.6.1) After \[stems\] denoting female or male persons, ir, ar, dir, and vir \[occur\] in some cases. ### [3.6.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.6.2) At the beginning of case inflections following words denoting female and male persons, these \[elements\]—ir, ar, dir, vir—are prescribed in some cases as exceptions to gaḷ. ### [3.6.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.6.3) peṇḍir, ### [3.6.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.6.4) toḻtir, ### [3.6.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.6.5) naṇṭar, ### [3.6.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.6.6) nallar, ### [3.6.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.6.7) magaḷdir, ### [3.6.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.6.8) tammandir, ### [3.6.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.6.9) tāyvir, ### [3.6.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.6.10) \[and\] tandivir. ### [3.6.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.6.11) \[The marker\] gaḷ also occurs in some cases: ### [3.6.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.6.12) ayyaṅgaḷ, ### [3.6.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.6.13) abbegaḷ. ### [3.6.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.6.14) In some cases both \[occur\]: ### [3.6.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.6.15) māvandir, ### [3.6.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.6.16) māvaṅgaḷ; ### [3.6.17](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.6.17) attevir, ### [3.6.18](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.6.18) attegaḷ. ### [3.7.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.7.1) After these, kaḷ \[is added\] in the stem's own meaning. ### [3.7.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.7.2) After these, kaḷ occurs in the stem's own meaning \[pleonastically\]. ### [3.7.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.7.3) paṇḍitarkaḷ, ### [3.7.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.7.4) sutarkaḷ, ### [3.7.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.7.5) vicārapararkaḷ, ### [3.7.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.7.6) tāyvirkaḷ. ### [3.7.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.7.7) It also occurs in some cases after the bare \[stem\]: ### [3.7.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.7.8) makkaḷ, ### [3.7.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.7.9) tāḻkaḷ, ### [3.7.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.7.10) kōḻkaḷ. ### [3.8.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.8.1) After a numeral, \[the augment\] va \[occurs\]. ### [3.8.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.8.2) At the beginning of case inflections following a word denoting a numeral, the phoneme va occurs as an augment. ### [3.8.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.8.3) orvar, ### [3.8.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.8.4) irvar. ### [3.8.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.8.5) mūvar. ### [3.9.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.9.1) After an a-ending \[stem\], \[there is\] anusvāra in place of the nominative singular. ### [3.9.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.9.2) Following a nominal stem ending in short a, the substitute for the nominative singular case inflection is anusvāra. ### [3.9.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.9.3) maraṁ, ### [3.9.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.9.4) naraṁ, ### [3.9.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.9.5) dharmaṁ, ### [3.9.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.9.6) dānaṁ. ### [3.10.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.10.1) After any other, \[there is\] elision. ### [3.10.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.10.2) Following a nominal stem that does not end in short a, elision of the nominative singular case inflection takes place. ### [3.10.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.10.3) hari, ### [3.10.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.10.4) kari, ### [3.10.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.10.5) bidi, ### [3.10.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.10.6) nadi, ### [3.10.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.10.7) madhu, ### [3.10.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.10.8) vadhu, ### [3.10.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.10.9) vidhu, ### [3.10.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.10.10) sisu, ### [3.10.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.10.11) pitr̥, ### [3.10.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.10.12) savitr̥, ### [3.10.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.10.13) keṟe, ### [3.10.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.10.14) toṟe, ### [3.10.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.10.15) tōḷ, ### [3.10.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.10.16) bāḷ. ### [3.11.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.11.1) In the case of \[a word\] expressive of a quality, before \[the suffix\] -avu, \[there is elision of the portion\] extending up to the penultimate. ### [3.11.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.11.2) When -avu follows a word expressing a quality, elision of the portion extending up to the penultimate takes place. ### [3.11.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.11.3) kiṟiyavu, ### [3.11.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.11.4) piriyavu, ### [3.11.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.11.5) asiyavu. ### [3.12.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.12.1) Also in the case of a pronoun beginning with tad-. ### [3.12.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.12.2) When -avu follows \[items\] designated as pronouns, elision takes place of the portion extending up to the penultimate, and of the word avu, etc. ### [3.12.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.12.3) avu, ### [3.12.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.12.4) avaṁ, ### [3.12.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.12.5) avaṟiṁ, ### [3.12.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.12.6) and so forth; ivu and so forth; uvu and so forth. ### [3.13.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.13.1) After \[a stem\] ending in short a, the augment n- \[is inserted\] prior to gaḷ. ### [3.13.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.13.2) Prior to gaḷ, following a word-form ending in short a, the augment n- occurs. ### [3.13.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.13.3) gajaṅgaḷ, ### [3.13.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.13.4) hayaṅgaḷ. ### [3.13.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.13.5) Because of the governing rule of diversity (bahuḷa), \[it is\] optional in some cases: ### [3.13.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.13.6) maraṅgaḷ, ### [3.13.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.13.7) maragaḷ; ### [3.13.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.13.8) koḷaṅgaḷ, ### [3.13.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.13.9) koḷagaḷ. ### [3.13.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.13.10) Why \[is it said\] "after \[a stem\] ending in short a"? ### [3.13.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.13.11) maḍigaḷ, ### [3.13.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.13.12) maḍugaḷ, ### [3.13.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.13.13) manegaḷ, ### [3.13.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.13.14) ūrgaḷ, ### [3.13.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.13.15) sālgaḷ. ### [3.14.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.14.1) Before \[an ending\] beginning with a vowel, the augment n- \[occurs\] in the masculine. ### [3.14.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.14.2) When an inflection group beginning with a vowel follows a word ending in short a, the augment n- occurs when the masculine gender is intended to be expressed. ### [3.14.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.14.3) dēvanaṁ, ### [3.14.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.14.4) dēvaniṁ, ### [3.14.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.14.5) dēvanattaṇiṁ, ### [3.14.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.14.6) dēvana, ### [3.14.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.14.7) dēvanoḷ; ### [3.14.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.14.8) arasanaṁ kaṇḍar \[("they saw the king")\], ### [3.14.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.14.9) sacivaniṁ muñce \[("before the minister")\], ### [3.14.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.14.10) keḷeyana baladoḷ \[("beside the friend")\]. ### [3.15.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.15.1) In the neuter gender, d- \[occurs\]. ### [3.15.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.15.2) After a word ending in a, when the neuter gender is to be expressed and a case inflection group beginning with a vowel follows, the augment d occurs. ### [3.15.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.15.3) manadiṁ bēgaṁ ### [3.15.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.15.4) vanadattaṇiṁ bandaṁ ### [3.15.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.15.5) jagadoḷ sandaṁ ### [3.16.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.16.1) Before am, m and n optionally. ### [3.16.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.16.2) When am, the singular of the second case inflection, follows after a neuter word ending in a, m and n occur optionally. In Sanskrit loanwords identical in form, only m occurs. ### [3.16.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.16.3) polamaṁ ### [3.16.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.16.4) polanaṁ ### [3.16.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.16.5) nelamaṁ ### [3.16.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.16.6) nelanaṁ ### [3.16.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.16.7) kulamaṁ ### [3.16.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.16.8) balamaṁ ### [3.17.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.17.1) And in place of an anusvāra. ### [3.17.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.17.2) When a vowel follows, m and n occur in place of this anusvāra occurring at the end of a word. ### [3.17.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.17.3) ivanadhikabalaṁ ### [3.17.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.17.4) haranagamintidu ### [3.18.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.18.1) After a stem ending in u, the augment in occurs variously before the third and following case inflections. ### [3.18.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.18.2) After a nominal stem ending in u, when the case inflection group beginning with the third follows, the augment in occurs variously. ### [3.18.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.18.3) guruviniṁ nītijñaṁ ### [3.18.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.18.4) manaviniṁ migil ### [3.18.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.18.5) pempinoḷ suranagaṁ ### [3.18.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.18.6) guruvina mataṁ ### [3.18.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.18.7) manuvina kulaṁ ### [3.18.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.18.8) Because of the mention of 'variously', in some instances it does not occur: ### [3.18.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.18.9) guruva mataṁ ### [3.18.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.18.10) manuva kulaṁ ### [3.18.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.18.11) Because of the mention of 'variously', in some instances it is obligatory: ### [3.18.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.18.12) manuvinoḷ ### [3.18.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.18.13) guruvinoḷ ### [3.18.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.18.14) maḍuvinoḷ ### [3.19.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.19.1) In numerals, pronouns, and qualitative nouns, aṟ in place of u. ### [3.19.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.19.2) When a case inflection group beginning with the third follows, the substitute aṟ occurs in place of the final ending in u belonging to numerals, pronouns, and qualitative nouns. ### [3.19.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.19.3) ondaṟiṁ ### [3.19.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.19.4) eraḍaṟiṁ ### [3.19.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.19.5) mūraṟiṁ ### [3.19.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.19.6) mūṟarke ### [3.19.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.19.7) nālkarke ### [3.19.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.19.8) adaṟiṁ ### [3.19.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.19.9) avaṟiṁ ### [3.19.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.19.10) avarke ### [3.19.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.19.11) idaṟiṁ ### [3.19.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.19.12) ivaṟiṁ ### [3.19.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.19.13) ivarke ### [3.19.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.19.14) iniyavaṟiṁ ### [3.19.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.19.15) iniyavarke ### [3.19.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.19.16) iniyavaṟattaṇiṁ ### [3.20.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.20.1) After words expressing direction, aṇ. ### [3.20.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.20.2) After words expressing direction, when a case inflection group beginning with the third follows, aṇ occurs in place of the final. ### [3.20.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.20.3) mūḍaṇiṁ ### [3.20.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.20.4) mūḍaṇge ### [3.20.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.20.5) paḍuvaṇiṁ ### [3.20.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.20.6) paḍuvaṇge ### [3.20.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.20.7) baḍagaṇiṁ ### [3.20.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3.20.8) baḍagaṇge _First 200 of 397 passages. [Read on](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3)_ ## Linked texts (1) - [Karṇāṭakabhāṣābhūṣaṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana.3.1.1) — Nāgavarma II, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.3) · Pramāṇa