[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Vernacular Literatures](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular) › [Kannada literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada) › [Grammar, poetics and lexicography](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra) › [Karṇāṭakabhāṣābhūṣaṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana) › [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt) › 5 # Karnatakabhashabhushana 5 English (machine translation) 5 - **Language:** English ## Contents - [5.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.1) — 5 parts - [5.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.2) — 5 parts - [5.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.3) — 14 parts - [5.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.4) — 16 parts - [5.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.5) — 14 parts - [5.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.6) — 3 parts - [5.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.7) — 5 parts - [5.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.8) — 5 parts - [5.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.9) — 11 parts - [5.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.10) — 10 parts - [5.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.11) — 6 parts - [5.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.12) — 12 parts - [5.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.13) — 4 parts - [5.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.14) — 7 parts - [5.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.15) — 5 parts - [5.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.16) — 3 parts - [5.17](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.17) — 3 parts - [5.18](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.18) — 9 parts - [5.19](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.19) — 5 parts - [5.20](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20) — 20 parts - [5.21](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.21) — 9 parts - [5.22](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.22) — 7 parts - [5.23](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.23) — 4 parts - [5.24](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.24) — 6 parts - [5.25](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.25) — 6 parts - [5.26](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.26) — 7 parts - [5.27](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.27) — 6 parts - [5.28](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.28) — 7 parts - [5.29](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.29) — 10 parts - [5.30](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.30) — 7 parts - [5.31](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.31) — 5 parts - [5.32](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.32) — 10 parts ### [5.1.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.1.1) nīn, ān, and tān \[replace\] nin, en, and tan before the nominative case inflection. ### [5.1.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.1.2) When the nominative case inflection follows, the forms nīn, ān, and tān replace nin, en, and tan, which convey the meanings of the second person, first person, and third person (reflexive), respectively. ### [5.1.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.1.3) nīn irday \[‘you were’\], ### [5.1.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.1.4) āṁ pōdeṁ \[‘I went’\], ### [5.1.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.1.5) tāṁ bandaṁ \[‘he came himself’\]. ### [5.2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.2.1) nina, ena, and tana \[substitute for them\] before the dative case inflection, and its \[suffix\] takes the form of the third \[case\]. ### [5.2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.2.2) Furthermore, when the dative case inflection follows, the substitutes nina, ena, and tana replace nin, en, and tan respectively; and this dative \[inflection\] also takes the third \[case vowel, -e\]. ### [5.2.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.2.3) ninage \[‘to you’\], ### [5.2.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.2.4) enage \[‘to me’\], ### [5.2.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.2.5) tanage \[‘to oneself’\]. ### [5.3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.3.1) In the dual and plural, m \[replaces\] n. ### [5.3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.3.2) When the sphere of duality or plurality is intended to be expressed, the phoneme m occurs in place of the phoneme n: ### [5.3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.3.3) nīmuṁ \[‘you (pl.)’\], ### [5.3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.3.4) āmuṁ \[‘we’\], ### [5.3.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.3.5) tāmuṁ \[‘themselves’\], ### [5.3.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.3.6) nimage \[‘to you (pl.)’\], ### [5.3.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.3.7) emage \[‘to us’\], ### [5.3.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.3.8) tamage \[‘to themselves’\], ### [5.3.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.3.9) nimma \[‘of you (pl.)’\], ### [5.3.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.3.10) emma \[‘of us’\], ### [5.3.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.3.11) tamma \[‘of themselves’\], ### [5.3.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.3.12) nimmoḷ \[‘in you (pl.)’\], ### [5.3.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.3.13) emmoḷ \[‘in us’\], ### [5.3.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.3.14) tammoḷ \[‘in themselves’\]. ### [5.4.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.4.1) At the end of adu, idu, and udu, \[there are\] v and t in the masculine. ### [5.4.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.4.2) When the masculine gender is intended to be expressed, the phonemes v and t occur at the end of these specific stems adu, idu, and udu when any case inflection follows: ### [5.4.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.4.3) avaṁ \[‘that man’\], ### [5.4.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.4.4) ivaṁ \[‘this man’\], ### [5.4.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.4.5) uvaṁ \[‘that intermediate man’\], ### [5.4.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.4.6) ātaṁ \[‘that man’\], ### [5.4.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.4.7) ītaṁ \[‘this man’\], ### [5.4.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.4.8) ūtaṁ \[‘that intermediate man’\]. ### [5.4.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.4.9) Before \[a case inflection\] beginning with a vowel, the augment n occurs in the masculine: ### [5.4.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.4.10) avanaṁ \[‘that man (acc.)’\], ### [5.4.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.4.11) ivanaṁ \[‘this man (acc.)’\], ### [5.4.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.4.12) uvanaṁ \[‘that intermediate man (acc.)’\], ### [5.4.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.4.13) atanaṁ \[‘that man (acc.)’\], ### [5.4.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.4.14) ītanaṁ \[‘this man (acc.)’\], ### [5.4.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.4.15) ūtanaṁ \[‘that intermediate man (acc.)’\]. ### [5.4.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.4.16) Thus in all cases. ### [5.5.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.5.1) And vaḷ and kē in the feminine. ### [5.5.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.5.2) When the feminine gender is intended to be expressed for those stems adu, idu, and udu, the endings vaḷ and kē occur at the end when any case inflection follows: ### [5.5.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.5.3) avaḷ \[‘that woman’\], ### [5.5.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.5.4) ivaḷ \[‘this woman’\], ### [5.5.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.5.5) uvaḷ \[‘that intermediate woman’\], ### [5.5.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.5.6) avaḷaṁ \[‘that woman (acc.)’\], ### [5.5.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.5.7) ivaḷaṁ \[‘this woman (acc.)’\]. ### [5.5.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.5.8) uvaḷaṁ. ### [5.5.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.5.9) āke, ### [5.5.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.5.10) īke, ### [5.5.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.5.11) ūke, ### [5.5.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.5.12) ākeyaṁ, ### [5.5.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.5.13) īkeyaṁ, ### [5.5.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.5.14) ūkeyaṁ. ### [5.6.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.6.1) \[There is\] lengthening before ta and ka. ### [5.6.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.6.2) When ta and ka follow those \[bases\], beginning with adu, there is lengthening as substitute for the preceding vowel. ### [5.6.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.6.3) The examples have already been stated. ### [5.7.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.7.1) Sometimes there is inversion of feminine and masculine. ### [5.7.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.7.2) In feminine and masculine \[genders\], sometimes there is inversion, \[that is,\] interchange, in words such as karuṇā, abhilāṣa, and the like. ### [5.7.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.7.3) karuṇaṁ, ### [5.7.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.7.4) abhilāṣe, ### [5.7.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.7.5) upatyakaṁ. ### [5.8.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.8.1) There is always neuterness in kaḷatra and the like. ### [5.8.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.8.2) In words beginning with kaḷatra, there is always only the neuter gender. ### [5.8.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.8.3) idu dharmakaḷatraṁ, ### [5.8.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.8.4) idu apatyaṁ, ### [5.8.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.8.5) idu kūsu. ### [5.9.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.9.1) From ā \[comes\] light e. ### [5.9.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.9.2) In place of the phoneme ā standing at the end of a nominal stem, when case inflections follow, there is a light e. ### [5.9.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.9.3) vasudhe, ### [5.9.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.9.4) vanite, ### [5.9.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.9.5) daye, ### [5.9.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.9.6) candrike, ### [5.9.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.9.7) māle, ### [5.9.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.9.8) śāle, ### [5.9.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.9.9) dhāre, ### [5.9.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.9.10) drākṣe, ### [5.9.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.9.11) and so forth. ### [5.10.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.10.1) \[There is\] shortening of ī and ū. ### [5.10.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.10.2) A short \[vowel\] occurs in place of the phonemes ī and ū occurring at the end of a nominal stem. ### [5.10.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.10.3) lakṣmi, ### [5.10.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.10.4) nadi, ### [5.10.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.10.5) nāri, ### [5.10.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.10.6) sarasvati, ### [5.10.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.10.7) sarayu, ### [5.10.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.10.8) kuhu, ### [5.10.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.10.9) vadhu, ### [5.10.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.10.10) vāvōru. ### [5.11.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.11.1) Not in a monosyllabic inflected word. ### [5.11.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.11.2) In that inflected word which is monosyllabic, there is no shortening of the phonemes ī and ū. ### [5.11.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.11.3) śrī, ### [5.11.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.11.4) strī, ### [5.11.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.11.5) bhū, ### [5.11.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.11.6) bhrū. ### [5.12.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.12.1) āra optionally for the word ending in tr̥ after a root. ### [5.12.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.12.2) There is optionally the substitute āra for a tr̥-affixed word ordained after a root. ### [5.12.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.12.3) kartāraṁ, ### [5.12.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.12.4) kartr̥, ### [5.12.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.12.5) dhātāraṁ, ### [5.12.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.12.6) dhātr̥, ### [5.12.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.12.7) bhartāraṁ, ### [5.12.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.12.8) bhartr̥, ### [5.12.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.12.9) dātāraṁ, ### [5.12.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.12.10) dātr̥, ### [5.12.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.12.11) hōtāraṁ, ### [5.12.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.12.12) hōtr̥. ### [5.13.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.13.1) Ending in r for vidhātṛ in the sense of Brahman. ### [5.13.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.13.2) When Brahmā is denoted, the word vidhātr̥ optionally ends in r. ### [5.13.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.13.3) vidhātraṁ, ### [5.13.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.13.4) \[or\] vidhātr̥. ### [5.14.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.14.1) \[The substitute is\] ar elsewhere. ### [5.14.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.14.2) For the word ending in tr̥ occurring elsewhere than after a verbal root signifying action, ar is \[the substitute\]. ### [5.14.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.14.3) pitaraṁ, ### [5.14.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.14.4) pitr̥; ### [5.14.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.14.5) bhrātaraṁ, ### [5.14.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.14.6) bhrātr̥; ### [5.14.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.14.7) and so forth. ### [5.15.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.15.1) Of śvan, yuvan, and adhvan, \[the end is\] ān. ### [5.15.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.15.2) For the end of these \[words\]—namely śvan, yuvan, and adhvan—ān is \[the substitute\]. ### [5.15.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.15.3) śvānaṁ, ### [5.15.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.15.4) yuvānaṁ, ### [5.15.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.15.5) adhvānaṁ. ### [5.16.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.16.1) Of sakhi, \[the end is\] āya. ### [5.16.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.16.2) For the end of the word sakhi, the affix āya occurs. ### [5.16.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.16.3) sakhāyaṁ. ### [5.17.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.17.1) The penultimate of \[stems ending in\] vans and yans is optionally long. ### [5.17.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.17.2) The penultimate of those ending in the affixes vans and yans is optionally long. ### [5.17.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.17.3) Examples are given below. ### [5.18.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.18.1) And \[there is\] the property of ending in a. ### [5.18.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.18.2) For those two ending in the affixes vans and yans, when the penultimate has been made long, the property of ending in the vowel a also occurs. ### [5.18.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.18.3) vidvāṁsaṁ, ### [5.18.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.18.4) kanīyāṁsaṁ. ### [5.18.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.18.5) Due to the continuation of the term vā ('optionally'), in certain cases there is an option: ### [5.18.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.18.6) jyāyāṁsaṁ, ### [5.18.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.18.7) jyāyaṁ; ### [5.18.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.18.8) śrēyāṁsaṁ, ### [5.18.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.18.9) śrēyaṁ. ### [5.19.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.19.1) At pause, for a consonant \[the substitute is a\]. ### [5.19.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.19.2) For a consonant occurring at pause, the property of ending in the vowel a occurs. ### [5.19.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.19.3) sampadaṁ, ### [5.19.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.19.4) marutaṁ, ### [5.19.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.19.5) vihāyasaṁ. ### [5.20.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20.1) Elision is optional. ### [5.20.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20.2) For a consonant standing at pause, elision occurs optionally. ### [5.20.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20.3) navavayaṁ, ### [5.20.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20.4) navavayasaṁ; ### [5.20.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20.5) jātavēdaṁ, ### [5.20.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20.6) jātavēdasaṁ; ### [5.20.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20.7) uśanaṁ, ### [5.20.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20.8) uśanasaṁ. ### [5.20.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20.9) By fixed option (vyavasthitavibhāṣā), in certain cases there is only elision: ### [5.20.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20.10) nabhaṁ, ### [5.20.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20.11) manaṁ. ### [5.20.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20.12) In certain cases there is only the property of ending in a: ### [5.20.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20.13) divaṁ, ### [5.20.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20.14) kakubhaṁ. ### [5.20.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20.15) In certain cases there is only the property of ending in u. ### [5.20.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20.16) At pause, gemination \[occurs\]: ### [5.20.17](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20.17) vākku, ### [5.20.18](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20.18) dikku, ### [5.20.19](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20.19) vīruttu, ### [5.20.20](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.20.20) pariṣattu. ### [5.21.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.21.1) For m and n, the anusvāra dot \[is the substitute\]. ### [5.21.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.21.2) For m and n, the anusvāra dot occurs at pause. ### [5.21.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.21.3) kulaṁ, ### [5.21.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.21.4) jalaṁ, ### [5.21.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.21.5) polaṁ. ### [5.21.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.21.6) nelaṁ, ### [5.21.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.21.7) nīṁ, ### [5.21.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.21.8) āṁ, ### [5.21.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.21.9) tāṁ. ### [5.22.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.22.1) Before a consonant class, the final \[nasal\] of that consonant class \[occurs\]. ### [5.22.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.22.2) When a consonant of a consonant class follows, in place of m and n there is the fifth consonant, the final of that consonant class. ### [5.22.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.22.3) biṅkaṅkaṭṭaṁ, ### [5.22.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.22.4) tāñcalacittaṁ, ### [5.22.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.22.5) sutteṇṭakkuṁ, ### [5.22.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.22.6) melpantōrpaṁ, ### [5.22.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.22.7) balpambisuṭaṁ. ### [5.23.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.23.1) ṇ \[replaces\] n in conjunction with ṇ. ### [5.23.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.23.2) In connection with the letter ṇ, there is replacement of the letter n by ṇ. ### [5.23.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.23.3) taṇṇeḻal, ### [5.23.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.23.4) taṇṇīr. ### [5.24.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.24.1) h optionally \[replaces\] p. ### [5.24.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.24.2) In place of the letter p, there is optionally the letter h. ### [5.24.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.24.3) palage, ### [5.24.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.24.4) halage; ### [5.24.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.24.5) kāpu, ### [5.24.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.24.6) kāhu. ### [5.25.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.25.1) s \[replaces\] ś and ṣ. ### [5.25.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.25.2) In place of the letters ś and ṣ, there is the letter s. ### [5.25.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.25.3) sasi, ### [5.25.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.25.4) sēse, ### [5.25.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.25.5) sisu, ### [5.25.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.25.6) masi. ### [5.26.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.26.1) In a conjunct with r, however, i \[is inserted\] between them. ### [5.26.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.26.2) When there is a conjunct with r, between \[ś or\] ṣ and r there is the letter i. ### [5.26.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.26.3) parisaṁ, ### [5.26.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.26.4) siri, ### [5.26.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.26.5) harisaṁ, ### [5.26.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5.26.6) barisaṁ, _First 200 of 280 passages. [Read on](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5)_ ## Linked texts (1) - [Karṇāṭakabhāṣābhūṣaṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana.5.1.1) — Nāgavarma II, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.5) · Pramāṇa