[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Vernacular Literatures](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular) › [Kannada literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada) › [Grammar, poetics and lexicography](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra) › [Karṇāṭakabhāṣābhūṣaṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana) › [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt) › 6 # Karnatakabhashabhushana 6 English (machine translation) 6 - **Language:** English ## Contents - [6.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.1) — 2 parts - [6.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.2) — 2 parts - [6.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.3) — 8 parts - [6.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.4) — 8 parts - [6.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.5) — 11 parts - [6.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.6) — 8 parts - [6.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.7) — 8 parts - [6.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.8) — 12 parts - [6.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.9) — 16 parts - [6.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.10) — 10 parts - [6.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.11) — 6 parts - [6.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.12) — 11 parts - [6.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.13) — 6 parts - [6.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.14) — 6 parts - [6.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.15) — 13 parts - [6.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.16) — 6 parts - [6.17](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.17) — 4 parts - [6.18](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.18) — 4 parts - [6.19](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.19) — 4 parts - [6.20](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.20) — 10 parts - [6.21](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.21) — 16 parts - [6.22](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.22) — 8 parts - [6.23](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.23) — 13 parts - [6.24](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.24) — 11 parts - [6.25](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.25) — 13 parts - [6.26](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.26) — 9 parts - [6.27](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.27) — 11 parts - [6.28](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.28) — 6 parts - [6.29](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.29) — 9 parts - [6.30](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.30) — 6 parts - [6.31](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.31) — 10 parts - [6.32](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.32) — 14 parts - [6.33](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.33) — 8 parts - [6.34](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.34) — 6 parts - [6.35](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.35) — 5 parts - [6.36](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.36) — 3 parts - [6.37](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.37) — 3 parts - [6.38](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.38) — 3 parts - [6.39](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.39) — 3 parts - [6.40](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.40) — 4 parts - [6.41](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.41) — 4 parts - [6.42](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.42) — 6 parts ### [6.1.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.1.1) A compound of nominal stems is a semantically unified whole. ### [6.1.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.1.2) A compound of nominal stems, that is, of inflected nominal words, is to be understood as having a unified meaning, an interrelated meaning. ### [6.2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.2.1) The internal case inflections therein are to be elided. ### [6.2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.2.2) Therein, in that compound, internal case inflections undergo elision. ### [6.3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.3.1) A tatpuruṣa compound denotes the meaning of the posterior member. ### [6.3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.3.2) A compound functioning in the meaning of the posterior member is designated a tatpuruṣa compound. ### [6.3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.3.3) aramane, ### [6.3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.3.4) soḷegēri, ### [6.3.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.3.5) māṅgay, ### [6.3.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.3.6) nīrpīre, ### [6.3.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.3.7) ānevālu, ### [6.3.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.3.8) ponnōle. ### [6.4.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.4.1) That very \[compound\] having a single referent is a karmadhāraya compound. ### [6.4.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.4.2) If that very tatpuruṣa compound has a single referent, it is designated a karmadhāraya compound. ### [6.4.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.4.3) taḷitōḷ, ### [6.4.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.4.4) kendaḷaṁ, ### [6.4.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.4.5) teḷpasiṟ, ### [6.4.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.4.6) permole, ### [6.4.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.4.7) karnneydil, ### [6.4.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.4.8) kaṭṭāḷ. ### [6.5.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.5.1) If it begins with a numeral, \[it is\] a dvigu compound. ### [6.5.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.5.2) If its initial word is a numeral, that very karmadhāraya compound is designated a dvigu compound. ### [6.5.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.5.3) ortale, ### [6.5.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.5.4) orpiḍi, ### [6.5.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.5.5) irkey, ### [6.5.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.5.6) irkaṇ, ### [6.5.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.5.7) mūlōkaṁ, ### [6.5.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.5.8) mukkoḍe, ### [6.5.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.5.9) nālguvudaṁ, ### [6.5.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.5.10) aysaraṁ, ### [6.5.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.5.11) ayveṇḍir. ### [6.6.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.6.1) An avyayībhāva compound has the meaning of the prior member predominant. ### [6.6.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.6.2) A compound functioning primarily in the meaning of the prior member is designated an avyayībhāva compound. ### [6.6.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.6.3) kiḻkeṟe, ### [6.6.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.6.4) kiḻpoḍe, ### [6.6.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.6.5) mēṅgey, ### [6.6.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.6.6) mēṅgāl, ### [6.6.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.6.7) aṅgey, ### [6.6.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.6.8) aṅgāl. ### [6.7.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.7.1) A dvandva compound has the meaning of all members predominant. ### [6.7.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.7.2) The conjunction of all the inflected words receives the technical term 'dvandva compound'. ### [6.7.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.7.3) keyvanegaḷ \['hands and houses'\] ### [6.7.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.7.4) keṟetoṟegaḷ \['tanks and streams'\] ### [6.7.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.7.5) kaṟemaṟegaḷ \['milking and concealment'\] ### [6.7.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.7.6) nāḍubīḍugaḷ \['countries and settlements'\] ### [6.7.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.7.7) biṭṭagaṭṭaṅgaḷ \['tribute-lands and mounds'\] ### [6.7.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.7.8) keykālgaḷ \['hands and feet'\] ### [6.8.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.8.1) \[6.8\] The bahuvrīhi compound has the external referent as primary. ### [6.8.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.8.2) A compound in which the meaning of another inflected word is current receives the technical term 'bahuvrīhi compound'. ### [6.8.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.8.3) karbuvillaṁ \['one who has a sugarcane bow'\] ### [6.8.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.8.4) kuḍuvillaṁ \['one who has a bent bow'\] ### [6.8.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.8.5) kallerdeyaṁ \['one who has a stone heart'\] ### [6.8.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.8.6) kusigoralaṁ \['one who has a thin neck'\] ### [6.8.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.8.7) nuccakkivallaṁ \['one who likes broken rice'\] ### [6.8.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.8.8) kendaleyaṁ \['one who has a red head'\] ### [6.8.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.8.9) mellaḍiyaṁ \['one who has soft feet'\] ### [6.8.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.8.10) kuṟugeyyaṁ \['one who has short arms'\] ### [6.8.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.8.11) bisugadiraṁ \['he who has hot rays', i.e., the sun\] ### [6.8.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.8.12) taṇgadiraṁ \['he who has cool rays', i.e., the moon\] ### [6.9.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.9.1) \[6.9\] A Sanskrit-matched word is compounded together with an indigenous word. ### [6.9.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.9.2) An inflected word that is equal to a Sanskrit inflected word is a Sanskrit-matched word. It is compounded together with an indigenous word. ### [6.9.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.9.3) paradēsaṁ ### [6.9.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.9.4) parakottaḻi ### [6.9.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.9.5) paraveṇ ### [6.9.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.9.6) parameṇḍaḷigaṁ ### [6.9.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.9.7) oḷgavi ### [6.9.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.9.8) beḷgavi ### [6.9.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.9.9) aḻigavi ### [6.9.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.9.10) kūrasi ### [6.9.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.9.11) mājanaṁ ### [6.9.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.9.12) māpātakaṁ ### [6.9.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.9.13) turagadaḻaṁ ### [6.9.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.9.14) maṅgaḷārati ### [6.9.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.9.15) kaḍurāgaṁ ### [6.9.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.9.16) poḍavīśaṁ ### [6.10.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.10.1) \[6.10\] A thematic relation \[is compounded\] with a semantically compatible verb form occurring next. ### [6.10.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.10.2) A thematic relation, such as the object, is compounded together with a semantically compatible inflected word expressing an action standing after \[it\]. ### [6.10.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.10.3) ūrēṟal bandaṁ \['he came to ascend/enter the town'\] ### [6.10.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.10.4) nāḻkaḍepōdaṁ \['he went towards tomorrow'\] ### [6.10.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.10.5) teṟedettaṁ \['he lifted having opened'\] ### [6.10.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.10.6) eḻtugoṇḍaṁ \['he took dragging'\] ### [6.10.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.10.7) seṟeyirdaṁ \['he was in prison'\] ### [6.10.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.10.8) okkalpōdaṁ \['he went as tenant'\] ### [6.10.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.10.9) billettidaṁ \['he lifted a bow'\] ### [6.10.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.10.10) sēdevaḍegaṁ \['he suffers fatigue'\] ### [6.11.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.11.1) \[6.11\] After that which ends in a, there is m. ### [6.11.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.11.2) After a thematic relation ending in a that is being compounded with \[a word\] expressing an action, there is the augment of the phoneme m. ### [6.11.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.11.3) manaṅgoḷguṁ \['it captivates the mind'\] ### [6.11.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.11.4) guṇaṅgoṇḍaṁ \['he took virtue'\] ### [6.11.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.11.5) jasambaḍedaṁ \['he attained fame'\] ### [6.11.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.11.6) kaḷasamiṭṭaṁ \['he placed a finial'\] ### [6.12.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.12.1) \[6.12\] There is elision of that which begins with the penultimate vowel of a prior member having a substantive as posterior member. ### [6.12.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.12.2) Of a prior member standing in the form of a qualifier whose posterior member is a substantive, there is elision of the part beginning with the penultimate vowel. ### [6.12.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.12.3) kārmaḍu ### [6.12.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.12.4) kūrvāḷ ### [6.12.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.12.5) immāvu ### [6.12.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.12.6) innuṇisu ### [6.12.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.12.7) nuṇbaraṁ ### [6.12.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.12.8) oḷvātu ### [6.12.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.12.9) oḷguṇaṁ ### [6.12.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.12.10) oḷnuḍi; ### [6.12.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.12.11) oḷvānasaṁ. ### [6.13.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.13.1) Short e is \[the substitute\] for the phoneme i. ### [6.13.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.13.2) When elision has been made of that \[segment\] beginning with the penultimate vowel, the previous vowel, the phoneme i, becomes a light \[i.e. short\] phoneme e: ### [6.13.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.13.3) permaraṁ; ### [6.13.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.13.4) permāḷ; ### [6.13.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.13.5) beḷmugil; ### [6.13.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.13.6) beḷdiṅgaḷ. ### [6.14.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.14.1) And in some places not. ### [6.14.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.14.2) In some places, the previously mentioned short phoneme e does not occur in place of the phoneme i: ### [6.14.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.14.3) biṇgone; ### [6.14.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.14.4) biṇpoṟe; ### [6.14.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.14.5) niṭṭerde; ### [6.14.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.14.6) niṭṭerke. ### [6.15.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.15.1) Before \[a member\] beginning with a vowel, however, a long \[vowel replaces\] a non-heavy \[member\]. ### [6.15.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.15.2) When a word beginning with a vowel follows, the substitute of a long \[vowel\] occurs for a prior member that is not heavy: ### [6.15.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.15.3) kārosaḍu; ### [6.15.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.15.4) kāriruḷ; ### [6.15.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.15.5) pēroḍal. ### [6.15.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.15.6) Why the qualification “non-heavy”? ### [6.15.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.15.7) paccōle; ### [6.15.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.15.8) paccōti. ### [6.15.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.15.9) \[The rule\] “and in some places not” continues to govern. Therefore here, a long \[vowel\] does occur: ### [6.15.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.15.10) īṅgoral; ### [6.15.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.15.11) īṅcaraṁ; ### [6.15.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.15.12) īṅgaḍal; ### [6.15.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.15.13) īmbuḷi. ### [6.16.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.16.1) Gemination \[occurs\] of ṇa, ṭa, ḷa, na, and ta. ### [6.16.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.16.2) When elision of the segment beginning with the penultimate vowel has been made, gemination occurs for the remaining phonemes ṇa, ṭa, ḷa, na, and ta when a word beginning with a vowel follows: ### [6.16.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.16.3) taṇṇelar; ### [6.16.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.16.4) kaṭṭāyaṁ; ### [6.16.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.16.5) innuṇisu; ### [6.16.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.16.6) kittaḍi. ### [6.17.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.17.1) The phoneme ṭa \[replaces the part\] that follows the first single vowel of the two \[words\] kaḍidu and niḍidu. ### [6.17.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.17.2) Of these two, kaḍidu and niḍidu, the phoneme ṭa replaces the segment that follows the first single vowel: ### [6.17.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.17.3) kaṭṭāḷ; ### [6.17.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.17.4) niṭṭaḍakil. ### [6.18.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.18.1) And of naḍu. ### [6.18.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.18.2) And of this \[word\] naḍu, the phoneme ṭa replaces the phoneme ḍa: ### [6.18.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.18.3) naṭṭaruḷ; ### [6.18.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.18.4) naṭṭaḍavi. ### [6.19.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.19.1) The phoneme ta \[is the substitute\] of kiṟidu. ### [6.19.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.19.2) Furthermore, the phoneme ta occurs at the end of the word kiṟidu: ### [6.19.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.19.3) kittaḍi; ### [6.19.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.19.4) kittīḷe. ### [6.20.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.20.1) Before consonants, they end in the phoneme u. ### [6.20.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.20.2) When consonants follow, those \[words\], beginning with kaḍidu, have the state of ending in the phoneme u: ### [6.20.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.20.3) kaḍugudure; ### [6.20.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.20.4) kaḍuvāḷ; ### [6.20.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.20.5) niḍudōḷ; ### [6.20.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.20.6) niḍuvurvu; ### [6.20.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.20.7) naḍuvagal; ### [6.20.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.20.8) naḍumane; ### [6.20.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.20.9) kiṟunele; ### [6.20.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.20.10) kiṟumiḍi. ### [6.21.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.21.1) The state of ending in the phoneme a for \[the stems\] beginning with posatu is exceptionally listed. ### [6.21.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.21.2) When elision of the segment beginning with the penultimate vowel occurs, the state of ending in the phoneme a is exceptionally listed for words such as posatu, paḻadu, and eḷadu: ### [6.21.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.21.3) posasuggi; ### [6.21.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.21.4) posa aḍake; ### [6.21.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.21.5) paḻagaḻave. ### [6.21.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.21.6) paḻa alagu; ### [6.21.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.21.7) eḷamāvu; ### [6.21.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.21.8) eḷa añce; ### [6.21.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.21.9) poṟamāṟu; ### [6.21.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.21.10) poṟa aḍi; ### [6.21.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.21.11) oḷejagaḷaṁ; ### [6.21.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.21.12) oḷe aṭṭaṁ. ### [6.21.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.21.13) Some accept uḷ- as a substitute for oḷa as well: ### [6.21.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.21.14) uḷvakkaṁ; ### [6.21.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.21.15) uḷḷāḷ; ### [6.21.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.21.16) uḷḷuḍe. ### [6.22.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.22.1) For the words keccane, beccane, and paccane, the portion beginning with c- becomes m-. ### [6.22.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.22.2) For the three words beginning with keccane, the portion beginning with the letter c becomes m when consonants follow. ### [6.22.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.22.3) keṅguḍi; ### [6.22.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.22.4) kendāvare; ### [6.22.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.22.5) bennīr; ### [6.22.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.22.6) bembūdi; ### [6.22.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.22.7) pandale; ### [6.22.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.22.8) pandaḷir. ### [6.23.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.23.1) And \[they may\] end in -su. ### [6.23.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.23.2) For them—namely keccane and so on—there is also the state of ending in -su when a consonant follows. ### [6.23.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.23.3) kisugal; ### [6.23.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.23.4) kisugāḍu; ### [6.23.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.23.5) bisugavir; ### [6.23.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.23.6) bisugal; ### [6.23.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.23.7) pasuvandar; ### [6.23.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.23.8) pasuvol. ### [6.23.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.23.9) Because desired forms are established through the splitting of rules, in some instances ending in -su does not occur: ### [6.23.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.23.10) paccaḍake; ### [6.23.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.23.11) paccōle; ### [6.23.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.23.12) beccaḍi; ### [6.23.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.23.13) beccōḍu. ### [6.24.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.24.1) And there is optionally the vowel i in place of e. ### [6.24.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.24.2) When the rule for ending in -su applies, the substitute i optionally replaces the vowel e. ### [6.24.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.24.3) kisuvol; ### [6.24.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.24.4) kisusañje; ### [6.24.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.24.5) bisunettar; ### [6.24.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.24.6) bisusuyil. ### [6.24.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.24.7) By fixed option, in some instances e alone remains, not i: ### [6.24.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6.24.8) kēsuri; _First 200 of 370 passages. [Read on](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6)_ ## Linked texts (1) - [Karṇāṭakabhāṣābhūṣaṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana.6.1.1) — Nāgavarma II, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.6) · Pramāṇa