[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Indian literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in) › [Vernacular Literatures](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular) › [Kannada literature](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada) › [Grammar, poetics and lexicography](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra) › [Karṇāṭakabhāṣābhūṣaṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana) › [English (machine translation)](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt) › 8 # Karnatakabhashabhushana 8 English (machine translation) 8 - **Language:** English ## Contents - [8.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.1) — 2 parts - [8.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.2) — 8 parts - [8.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3) — 23 parts - [8.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.4) — 8 parts - [8.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.5) — 11 parts - [8.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.6) — 8 parts - [8.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.7) — 16 parts - [8.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.8) — 6 parts - [8.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.9) — 12 parts - [8.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.10) — 5 parts - [8.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.11) — 5 parts - [8.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.12) — 14 parts - [8.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13) — 27 parts - [8.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.14) — 11 parts - [8.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.15) — 8 parts - [8.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.16) — 8 parts - [8.17](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.17) — 17 parts - [8.18](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.18) — 17 parts - [8.19](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.19) — 13 parts - [8.20](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.20) — 10 parts - [8.21](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.21) — 5 parts - [8.22](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.22) — 7 parts - [8.23](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.23) — 18 parts - [8.24](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.24) — 9 parts - [8.25](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.25) — 6 parts - [8.26](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.26) — 12 parts - [8.27](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.27) — 8 parts - [8.28](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.28) — 7 parts - [8.29](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.29) — 6 parts - [8.30](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.30) — 8 parts - [8.31](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.31) — 6 parts - [8.32](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.32) — 8 parts - [8.33](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.33) — 15 parts - [8.34](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.34) — 6 parts - [8.35](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.35) — 10 parts - [8.36](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.36) — 11 parts - [8.37](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.37) — 4 parts - [8.38](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.38) — 4 parts - [8.39](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.39) — 4 parts - [8.40](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.40) — 4 parts - [8.41](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.41) — 6 parts - [8.42](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.42) — 5 parts - [8.43](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.43) — 10 parts - [8.44](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.44) — 4 parts - [8.45](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.45) — 11 parts - [8.46](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.46) — 10 parts - [8.47](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.47) — 2 parts ### [8.1.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.1.1) A root is that which denotes an action. ### [8.1.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.1.2) That whose very meaning is an action denotes an action. It receives the technical term 'root' \[dhātu\]. ### [8.2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.2.1) After that \[occur\] the case inflections am, ar, ay, ir, en, and evu. ### [8.2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.2.2) Following that which has the technical term 'root', these case inflections occur: am, ar, ay, ir, en, and evu. ### [8.2.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.2.3) māḍaṁ, ### [8.2.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.2.4) māḍar, ### [8.2.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.2.5) māḍay, ### [8.2.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.2.6) māḍir, ### [8.2.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.2.7) māḍen, ### [8.2.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.2.8) māḍevu. ### [8.3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.1) However, those beginning with the sounds da, dapa, and va are respectively the past, present, and future. ### [8.3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.2) Those case inflections, however, beginning with da, dapa, and the sound va, are to be known, in order, by the technical terms 'past' \[bhūtavatī\], 'present' \[vartamānā\], and 'future' \[bhaviṣyantī\]. ### [8.3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.3) Of the past: ### [8.3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.4) dam, ### [8.3.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.5) dar, ### [8.3.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.6) day, ### [8.3.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.7) dir, ### [8.3.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.8) den, ### [8.3.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.9) devu. ### [8.3.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.10) Of the present: ### [8.3.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.11) dapaṁ, ### [8.3.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.12) dapar, ### [8.3.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.13) dapay, ### [8.3.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.14) dapir, ### [8.3.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.15) dapen, ### [8.3.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.16) \[and\] dapevu. ### [8.3.17](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.17) For the future \[tense\]: ### [8.3.18](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.18) vaṁ, ### [8.3.19](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.19) var, ### [8.3.20](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.20) vay, ### [8.3.21](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.21) vir, ### [8.3.22](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.22) ven, ### [8.3.23](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.3.23) \[and\] vevu. ### [8.4.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.4.1) Not so when the sense is negative. ### [8.4.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.4.2) When the sense of negation is understood, those verbal terminations do not occur beginning thus with the sounds da, dapa, and va; they remain purely in their own form. ### [8.4.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.4.3) māḍaṁ, ### [8.4.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.4.4) māḍar, ### [8.4.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.4.5) māḍay, ### [8.4.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.4.6) māḍir, ### [8.4.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.4.7) māḍen, ### [8.4.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.4.8) māḍevu. ### [8.5.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.5.1) Among them, pairs of two are the third, second, and first persons. ### [8.5.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.5.2) When those verbal terminations are divided threefold, becoming pairs of two numbers each, they take the technical terms 'third person', 'second person', and 'first person'. ### [8.5.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.5.3) The third person: ### [8.5.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.5.4) am, ### [8.5.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.5.5) ar. ### [8.5.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.5.6) The second person: ### [8.5.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.5.7) ay, ### [8.5.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.5.8) ir. ### [8.5.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.5.9) The first person: ### [8.5.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.5.10) en, ### [8.5.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.5.11) evu. ### [8.6.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.6.1) When another referent is meant, \[there is\] the third person. ### [8.6.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.6.2) When another referent is intended to be expressed, after the root expressing action, the third person occurs. ### [8.6.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.6.3) tāṁ māḍidaṁ, ### [8.6.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.6.4) tāṁ māḍidar, ### [8.6.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.6.5) tāṁ māḍidapaṁ, ### [8.6.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.6.6) tāṁ māḍidapar, ### [8.6.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.6.7) tāṁ māḍuvaṁ, ### [8.6.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.6.8) tāṁ māḍuvar. ### [8.7.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.7.1) For yuṣmad and asmad, \[there are\] the second and first \[persons\]. ### [8.7.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.7.2) When the sense of yuṣmad and when the sense of asmad \[is to be expressed\], the second and first persons occur respectively. ### [8.7.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.7.3) In the second person: ### [8.7.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.7.4) āḍiday, ### [8.7.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.7.5) āḍidir, ### [8.7.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.7.6) āḍidapay, ### [8.7.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.7.7) āḍidapir, ### [8.7.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.7.8) āḍuvay, ### [8.7.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.7.9) āḍuvir. ### [8.7.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.7.10) In the first person: ### [8.7.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.7.11) āḍideṁ, ### [8.7.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.7.12) āḍidevu, ### [8.7.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.7.13) āḍidapeṁ, ### [8.7.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.7.14) āḍidapevu, ### [8.7.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.7.15) āḍuveṁ, ### [8.7.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.7.16) āḍuvevu. ### [8.8.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.8.1) In simultaneous use, the subsequent among them \[prevails\]. ### [8.8.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.8.2) When there is simultaneous use of those third, second, and first persons, that which is subsequent is the very person that occurs. ### [8.8.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.8.3) ātanuṁ nīnuṁ māḍidir, māḍidapir, māḍuvir; ### [8.8.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.8.4) ātanum ānuṁ māḍidevu, māḍidapevu, māḍuvevu. ### [8.8.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.8.5) nīnum ānuṁ māḍidevu, māḍidapevu, māḍuvevu (‘You and I made, make, will make’); ### [8.8.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.8.6) ātanuṁ nīnum ānuṁ kūḍi māḍidevu, māḍidapevu, māḍuvevu (‘He, you, and I together made, make, will make’). ### [8.9.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.9.1) \[Tense-suffixes apply\] in their own tense. ### [8.9.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.9.2) The suffixes denoting the past and so forth are to be prescribed in their own respective tense. This is what is meant: the past tense suffix is to be prescribed in past time; the present tense suffix in present time; the future tense suffix in future time. For example: ### [8.9.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.9.3) In the past: ### [8.9.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.9.4) puṭṭidaṁ (‘he was born’); ### [8.9.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.9.5) puṭṭidar (‘they were born’). ### [8.9.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.9.6) In the present: ### [8.9.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.9.7) puṭṭidapaṁ (‘he is being born’); ### [8.9.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.9.8) puṭṭidapar (‘they are being born’). ### [8.9.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.9.9) In the future: ### [8.9.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.9.10) puṭṭuvaṁ (‘he will be born’); ### [8.9.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.9.11) puṭṭuvar (‘they will be born’). ### [8.9.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.9.12) Likewise also in the second and first persons. ### [8.10.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.10.1) When one \[is meant\], the singular \[occurs\]. ### [8.10.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.10.2) When a single referent is intended to be expressed, only the singular occurs: ### [8.10.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.10.3) ātan orvane māḍidaṁ, māḍidapaṁ, māḍuvaṁ (‘he alone made, makes, will make’); ### [8.10.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.10.4) nīn orvane māḍiday, māḍidapay, māḍuvay (‘you alone made, make, will make’); ### [8.10.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.10.5) ān orvane māḍideṁ, māḍidapeṁ, māḍuveṁ (‘I alone made, make, will make’). ### [8.11.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.11.1) In duality and multiplicity, the other \[occurs\]. ### [8.11.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.11.2) In duality and in multiplicity, only that which is other, namely the plural, occurs: ### [8.11.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.11.3) avar māḍidar, māḍidapar, māḍuvar (‘they made, make, will make’); ### [8.11.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.11.4) nīṁ māḍidir, māḍidapir, māḍuvir (‘you \[all\] made, make, will make’); ### [8.11.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.11.5) āṁ māḍidevu, māḍidapevu, māḍuvevu (‘we made, make, will make’). ### [8.12.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.12.1) udu and uvu \[are the substitutes\] of the third person in the neuter. ### [8.12.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.12.2) In the scope of the neuter gender, these two substitutes, udu and uvu, occur respectively for the singular and the plural of the third person: ### [8.12.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.12.3) ādudu (‘it became’); ### [8.12.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.12.4) āduvu (‘they became’); ### [8.12.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.12.5) ādapudu (‘it becomes’); ### [8.12.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.12.6) ādapuvu (‘they become’); ### [8.12.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.12.7) appudu (‘it will become’); ### [8.12.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.12.8) appuvu (‘they will become’); ### [8.12.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.12.9) pōdudu (‘it went’); ### [8.12.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.12.10) pōduvu (‘they went’); ### [8.12.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.12.11) pōdapudu (‘it goes’); ### [8.12.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.12.12) pōdapuvu (‘they go’); ### [8.12.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.12.13) pōpudu (‘it will go’); ### [8.12.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.12.14) pōpuvu (‘they will go’). ### [8.13.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.1) And in \[the sense of verbal\] action. ### [8.13.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.2) When the sense of the verbal action is intended to be expressed, these two, udu and uvu, occur for the third person: ### [8.13.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.3) irpudu (‘being’); ### [8.13.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.4) irpuvu (‘beings’); ### [8.13.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.5) māḻpudu (‘doing’); ### [8.13.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.6) māḻpuvu (‘doings’); ### [8.13.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.7) kūrpudu (‘loving’); ### [8.13.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.8) kūrpuvu (‘lovings’); ### [8.13.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.9) barpudu (‘coming’); ### [8.13.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.10) barpuvu (‘comings’); ### [8.13.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.11) nōḍidudu (‘having seen’); ### [8.13.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.12) nōḍiduvu (‘having seen \[pl.\]’); ### [8.13.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.13) bēḍidudu (‘having begged’); ### [8.13.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.14) bēḍiduvu (‘having begged \[pl.\]’); ### [8.13.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.15) māḍidudu (‘having done’ \[nominative\]); ### [8.13.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.16) māḍidudaṁ (‘having done’ \[accusative\]); ### [8.13.17](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.17) māḍidudaṟiṁ (‘by having done’ \[instrumental\]); ### [8.13.18](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.18) māḍidudarke (‘for having done’ \[dative\]); ### [8.13.19](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.19) māḍidudaṟattaṇiṁ (‘from having done’ \[ablative\]); ### [8.13.20](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.20) māḍidudaṟa (‘of having done’ \[genitive\]); ### [8.13.21](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.21) māḍidudaṟoḷ (‘in having done’ \[locative\]); nōḍiduvu (‘having seen’ \[nominative plural\]); ### [8.13.22](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.22) nōḍiduvaṁ (‘having seen’ \[accusative plural\]). ### [8.13.23](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.23) nōḍiduvaṟiṁ, ### [8.13.24](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.24) nōḍiduvarke, ### [8.13.25](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.25) nōḍiduvaṟattaṇiṁ, ### [8.13.26](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.26) nōḍiduvaṟa, ### [8.13.27](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.13.27) \[and\] nōḍuduvaṟoḷ. ### [8.14.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.14.1) For its singular, tu and tū \[are substituted\] optionally according to others. ### [8.14.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.14.2) For the third-person singular prescribed in the neuter gender, tu and tū are optionally substituted according to the opinion of others. ### [8.14.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.14.3) puṭṭitu, ### [8.14.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.14.4) puṭṭittu, ### [8.14.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.14.5) sogayisitu, ### [8.14.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.14.6) sogayisittu, ### [8.14.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.14.7) aḷkitu, ### [8.14.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.14.8) \[and\] aḷkittu. By fixed option, in some cases it is something else altogether: kēṭṭattu, ### [8.14.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.14.9) sattattu, ### [8.14.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.14.10) ādattu, ### [8.14.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.14.11) \[and\] pōdattu. ### [8.15.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.15.1) In the feminine, aḷ at the end. ### [8.15.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.15.2) When the feminine is intended, aḷ occurs at the end of the third-person singular. ### [8.15.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.15.3) aṟidaḷ, ### [8.15.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.15.4) aṟidapaḷ, ### [8.15.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.15.5) aṟivaḷ, ### [8.15.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.15.6) janiyisidaḷ, ### [8.15.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.15.7) janiyisidapaḷ, ### [8.15.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.15.8) \[and\] janiyisuvaḷ. ### [8.16.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.16.1) gum and kum \[occur\] everywhere in the future. ### [8.16.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.16.2) In the future of the third person, gum and kum are substitutes everywhere across genders and numbers, in accordance with usage. ### [8.16.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.16.3) mōṟugum ātaṁ, ### [8.16.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.16.4) mōṟugum āke, ### [8.16.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.16.5) mōṟugum adu, ### [8.16.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.16.6) irkum ātaṁ, ### [8.16.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.16.7) irkum āke, ### [8.16.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.16.8) \[and\] irkum adu. ### [8.17.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.17.1) Before \[an ending\] beginning with d, the augment iD is diverse. ### [8.17.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.17.2) When a set of endings beginning with the phoneme d follows, the augment i occurs diversely. ### [8.17.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.17.3) meccidaṁ, ### [8.17.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.17.4) meccidapaṁ, ### [8.17.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.17.5) meccidar, ### [8.17.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.17.6) \[and\] meccidapar. ### [8.17.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.17.7) Because of the word bahuḷam ("diverse"), it occurs elsewhere too: ### [8.17.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.17.8) urcitu, ### [8.17.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.17.9) urcittu, ### [8.17.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.17.10) bercitu, ### [8.17.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.17.11) \[and\] bercittu. ### [8.17.12](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.17.12) In some cases it is something else altogether: ### [8.17.13](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.17.13) naḍedattu, ### [8.17.14](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.17.14) oḍedaṁ, ### [8.17.15](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.17.15) naḍedaṁ, ### [8.17.16](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.17.16) kaḷedaṁ, ### [8.17.17](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.17.17) \[and\] beḷedaṁ. ### [8.18.1](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.18.1) And i and u before \[an ending beginning with\] v. ### [8.18.2](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.18.2) When a set of endings beginning with the phoneme v follows, i and u are augments. ### [8.18.3](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.18.3) jaḍivaṁ, ### [8.18.4](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.18.4) niḍuvaṁ, ### [8.18.5](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.18.5) baḍivaṁ, ### [8.18.6](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.18.6) kuḍivaṁ, ### [8.18.7](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.18.7) māḍuvaṁ, ### [8.18.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.18.8) bēḍuvaṁ, ### [8.18.9](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.18.9) āḍuvaṁ, ### [8.18.10](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.18.10) \[and\] pāḍuvaṁ. ### [8.18.11](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8.18.11) From the word ca ("and"), something else also \[occurs\]: _First 200 of 484 passages. [Read on](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8)_ ## Linked texts (1) - [Karṇāṭakabhāṣābhūṣaṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana.8.1.1) — Nāgavarma II, Sanskrit --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8](https://indike.org/pramana/in.vernacular.kannada.sastra.bhasabhusana~en-mt.8) · Pramāṇa