[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Foreign](https://indike.org/pramana/inf) › [Greek](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr) › [Roman Imperial (31 BCE – 330 CE)](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman) › [Γεωγραφικά](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo) › 15.2 # Γεωγραφικά 15.2 Γεωγραφικά 15.2 - **Language:** Ancient Greek ### [15.2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.15.2.1) μετὰ δὲ τὴν Ἰνδικήν ἐστιν ἡ Ἀριανή, μερὶς πρώτη τῆς ὑπὸ Πέρσαις τῆς μετὰ τὸν Ἰνδὸν ποταμὸν καὶ τῶν ἄνω σατραπειῶν τῶν ἐκτὸς τοῦ Ταύρου, τὰ μὲν νότια καὶ τὰ ἀρκτικὰ μέρη τῇ αὐτῇ θαλάττῃ καὶ τοῖς αὐτοῖς ὄρεσιν ἀφοριζομένη οἷσπερ καὶ ἡ Ἰνδική, καὶ τῷ αὐτῷ ποταμῷ τῷ Ἰνδῷ, μέσον ἔχουσα αὐτὸν ἑαυτῆς τε καὶ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς, ἐντεῦθεν δὲ πρὸς τὴν ἑσπέραν ἐκτεινομένη μέχρι τῆς ἀπὸ Κασπίων πυλῶν εἰς Καρμανίαν γραφομένης γραμμῆς, ὥστε εἶναι τετράπλευρον τὸ σχῆμα. τὸ μὲν οὖν νότιον πλευρὸν ἀπὸ τῶν ἐκβολῶν ἄρχεται τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ καὶ τῆς Παταληνῆς, τελευτᾷ δὲ πρὸς Καρμανίαν καὶ τοῦ Περσικοῦ κόλπου τὸ στόμα, ἄκραν ἔχον ἐκκειμένην ἱκανῶς πρὸς νότον· εἶτα εἰς τὸν κόλπον λαμβάνει καμπὴν ὡς ἐπὶ τὴν Περσίδα. οἰκοῦσι δὲ Ἄρβιες πρῶτον, ὁμώνυμοι τῷ ποταμῷ Ἄρβει τῷ ὁρίζοντι αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ τῶν ἑξῆς Ὠριτῶν, ὅσον χιλίων σταδίων ἔχοντες παραλίαν, ὥς φησι Νέαρχος· Ἰνδῶν δʼ ἐστὶ μερὶς καὶ αὕτη· εἶτʼ Ὠρῖται ἔθνος αὐτόνομον· τούτων δʼ ὁ παράπλους χιλίων ὀκτακοσίων, ὁ δὲ τῶν ἑξῆς Ἰχθυοφάγων ἑπτακισχίλιοι τετρακόσιοι, ὁ δὲ τῶν Καρμανίων τρισχίλιοι ἑπτακόσιοι μέχρι Περσίδος· ὥσθʼ οἱ σύμπαντες μύριοι τρισχίλιοι ἐννακόσιοι. > NEXT to India is Ariana, the first portion of the country subject to the Persians, lying beyond the Indus, and the first of the higher satrapies without the Taurus. On the north it is bounded by the same mountains as India, on the south by the same sea, and by the same river Indus, which separates it from India. It stretches thence towards the west as far as the line drawn from the Caspian Gates to Carmania, whence its figure is quadrilateral. > The southern side begins from the mouths of the Indus, and from Patalene, and terminates at Carmania and the mouth of the Persian Gulf, by a promontory projecting a considerable distance to the south. It then makes a bend towards the gulf in the direction of Persia. > The Arbies, who have the same name as the river Arbis, are the first inhabitants we meet with in this country. They are separated by the Arbis from the next tribe, the Oritae, and according to Nearchus, occupy a tract of sea-coast of about 1000 stadia in length; this country also is a part of India. Next are the Oritae, a people governed by their own laws. The voyage along the coast belonging to this people extends 1800 stadia, that along the country of the Ichthyophagi, who follow next, extends 7400 stadia; that along the country of the Carmani as far as Persia, 3700 stadia. The whole number of stadia is 13,900. > — Hans Claude Hamilton & William Falconer 1854, The Geography of Strabo ### [15.2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.15.2.2) ̔αλιτενὴς δʼ ἐστὶν ἡ τῶν Ἰχθυοφάγων καὶ ἄδενδρος ἡ πλείστη φοινίκων καὶ ἀκάνθης τινὸς καὶ μυρίκης· καὶ ὑδάτων δὲ καὶ τροφῆς ἡμέρου σπάνις· τοῖς δʼ ἰχθύσι χρῶνται καὶ αὐτοὶ καὶ θρέμματα καὶ τοῖς ὀμβρίοις ὕδασι καὶ ὀρυκτοῖς· καὶ τὰ κρέα δὲ τῶν θρεμμάτων ἰχθύων προσβάλλει· οἰκήσεις δὲ ποιοῦνται τοῖς ὀστέοις τῶν κητῶν χρώμενοι καὶ κόγχοις ὀστρέων τὸ πλέον, δοκοῖς μὲν ταῖς πλευραῖς καὶ ὑπερείσμασι, θυρώμασι δὲ ταῖς σιαγόσιν· οἱ σπόνδυλοι δʼ αὐτοῖς εἰσιν ὅλμοι, ἐν οἷς πτίττουσι τοὺς ἰχθύας ἐν ἡλίῳ κατοπτήσαντες, εἶτʼ ἀρτοποιοῦνται σίτου μικρὰ καταμίξαντες· καὶ γὰρ μύλοι αὐτοῖς εἰσι, σιδήρου μὴ ὄντος. καὶ τοῦτο μὲν ἧττον θαυμαστόν· καὶ γὰρ ἄλλοθεν ἐνέγκασθαι δυνατόν· ἀλλὰ πῶς ἐπικόπτουσιν ἀποτριβέντα; λίθοις μέντοι φασίν, οἷς καὶ τὰ βέλη καὶ τὰ ἀκοντίσματα πεπυρακτωμένα ἀποξύνουσι. τοὺς δʼ ἰχθύας τοὺς μὲν ἐν κλιβάνοις κατοπτῶσι, τοὺς δὲ πλείστους ὠμοφαγοῦσι· περιβάλλονται δὲ δικτύοις φλοιοῦ φοινικίνου. > The greater part of the country inhabited by the Ichthyophagi is on a level with the sea. No trees, except palms and a kind of thorn, and the tamarisk, grow there. There is also a scarcity of water, and of food produced by cultivation. Both they and their cattle subsist upon fish, and are supplied by rain water and wells. The flesh of the animals has the smell of fish. Their dwellings are built with the bones of large whales and shells, the ribs furnishing beams and supports, and the jaw-bones, door-ways. The vertebral bones serve as mortars in which fish, which have been previously dried in the sun, are pounded. Of this, with the addition of flour, cakes are made; for they have grinding mills (for corn), although they have no iron. This however is not so surprising, because it is possible for them to import it from other parts. But how do they hollow out the mills again, when worn away? with the same stones, they say, with which their arrows and javelins, which are hardened in the fire, are sharpened. Some fish are dressed in ovens, but the greater part is eaten raw. The fish are taken in nets made of the bark of the palm. > — Hans Claude Hamilton & William Falconer 1854, The Geography of Strabo ### [15.2.3](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.15.2.3) ̔υπέρκειται δὲ τούτων ἡ Γεδρωσία, τῆς μὲν Ἰνδικῆς ἧττον ἔμπυρος τῆς δʼ ἄλλης Ἀσίας μᾶλλον, καὶ τοῖς καρποῖς καὶ τοῖς ὕδασιν ἐνδεὴς πλὴν θέρους, οὐ πολὺ ἀμείνων τῆς τῶν Ἰχθυοφάγων· ἀρωματοφόρος δὲ νάρδου μάλιστα καὶ σμύρνης, ὥστε τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρου στρατιὰν ὁδεύουσαν ἀντὶ ὀρόφου καὶ στρωμάτων τούτοις χρῆσθαι, εὐωδιαζομένην ἅμα καὶ ὑγιεινότερον τὸν ἀέρα ἔχουσαν παρὰ τοῦτο· γενέσθαι δʼ αὐτοῖς θέρους τὴν ἐκ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς ἄφοδον ἐπίτηδες συνέβη· τότε γὰρ ὄμβρους ἔχειν τὴν Γεδρωσίαν καὶ ποὺς ποταμοὺς πληροῦσθαι καὶ τὰ ὑδρεῖα, χειμῶνος δʼ ἐπιλείπειν· πίπτειν δὲ τοὺς ὄμβρους ἐν τοῖς ἄνω μέρεσι τοῖς προσαρκτίοις καὶ ἐγγὺς τῶν ὀρῶν· πληρουμένων δὲ τῶν ποταμῶν καὶ τὰ πεδία τὰ πλησιάζοντα τῇ θαλάττῃ ποτίζεσθαι καὶ ὑδρείων εὐπορεῖν. προέπεμψε δʼ εἰς τὴν ἔρημον μεταλλευτὰς τῶν ὑδρείων ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ τοὺς ναύσταθμα αὐτῷ καὶ τῷ στόλῳ κατασκευάσοντας. > Above the Ichthyophagi is situated Gedrosia, a country less exposed to the heat of the sun than India, but more so than the rest of Asia. As it is without fruits and water, except in summer, it is not much better than the country of the Ichthyophagi. But it produces aromatics, particularly nard and myrrh, in such quantity, that the army of Alexander used them on the march for tent coverings and beds; they thus breathed an air full of odours, and at the same time more salubrious. > The summer was purposely chosen for leaving India, for at that season it rains in Gedrosia, and the rivers and wells are filled, but in winter they fail. The rain falls in the higher parts to the north, and near the mountains: when the rivers swell, the plains near the sea are watered, and the wells are also filled. Alexander sent persons before him into the desert country to dig wells and to prepare stations for himself and his fleet. > — Hans Claude Hamilton & William Falconer 1854, The Geography of Strabo ### [15.2.4](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.15.2.4) τριχῇ γὰρ διελὼν τὰς δυνάμεις, τῇ μὲν αὐτὸς ὥρμησε διὰ τῆς Γεδρωσίας, ἀφιστάμενος τῆς θαλάττης τὸ πλεῖστον πεντακοσίους σταδίους, ἵνʼ ἅμα καὶ τῷ ναυτικῷ τὴν παραλίαν ἐπιτηδείαν παρασκευάζοι, πολλάκις δὲ καὶ συνάπτων τῇ θαλάττῃ καίπερ ἀπόρους καὶ τραχείας ἐχούσῃ τὰς ἀκτάς· τὴν δὲ προέπεμψε μετὰ Κρατεροῦ διὰ τῆς μεσογαίας, ἅμα χειρουμένου τε τὴν Ἀριανὴν καὶ προϊόντος ἐπὶ τοὺς αὐτοὺς τόπους ἐφʼ οὓς Ἀλέξανδρος τὴν πορείαν εἶχε· τὸ δὲ ναυτικὸν Νεάρχῳ καὶ Ὀνησικρίτῳ τῷ ἀρχικυβερνήτῃ παραδοὺς ἐκέλευσεν οἰκείας στάσεως ἐπιλαμβανομένους ἐπακολουθεῖν καὶ ἀντιπαραπλεῖν αὐτοῦ τῇ πορείᾳ. > Having separated his forces into three divisions, he set out with one division through Gedrosia, keeping at the utmost from the sea not more than 500 stadia, in order to secure the coast for his fleet; but he frequently approached the sea-side, although the beach was impracticable and rugged. The second division he sent forward under the command of Craterus through the interior, with a view of reducing Ariana, and of proceeding to the same places to which he himself was directing his march. (The third division), the fleet he intrusted to Nearchus and Onesicritus, his master pilot, giving them orders to take up convenient positions in following him, and to sail along the coast parallel to his line of march. > — Hans Claude Hamilton & William Falconer 1854, The Geography of Strabo ### [15.2.5](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.15.2.5) καὶ δὴ καί φησιν ὁ Νέαρχος, ἤδη τοῦ βασιλέως τελοῦντος τὴν ὁδόν, αὐτὸς μετοπώρου κατὰ πλειάδος ἐπιτολὴν ἑσπερίαν ἄρξασθαι τοῦ πλοῦ, μήπω μὲν τῶν πνευμάτων οἰκείων ὄντων, τῶν δὲ βαρβάρων ἐπιχειρούντων αὐτοῖς καὶ ἐξελαυνόντων· καταθαρρῆσαι γὰρ ἀπελθόντος τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἐλευθεριάσαι. κρατερὸς δʼ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ὑδάσπου ἀρξάμενος διʼ Ἀραχωτῶν ᾔει καὶ Δραγγῶν εἰς Καρμανίαν. πολλὰ δʼ ἐταλαιπώρει ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος καθʼ ὅλην τὴν ὁδὸν διὰ λυπρᾶς ἰών· πόρρωθεν δʼ ὁμοίως ἐπεχορηγεῖτο μικρὰ καὶ σπάνια ὥστε λιμώττειν τὸ στράτευμα· καὶ τὰ ὑποζύγια ἐπέλιπε, καὶ τὰ σκεύη κατελείπετο ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς καὶ τοῖς στρατοπέδοις· ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν φοινίκων ἦν ἡ σωτηρία τοῦ τε καρποῦ καὶ τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου. φασὶ δὲ φιλονεικῆσαι τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον καίπερ εἰδότα τὰς ἀπορίας πρὸς τὴν κατέχουσαν δόξαν, ὡς Σεμίραμις μὲν ἐξ Ἰνδῶν φεύγουσα σωθείη μετὰ ἀνδρῶν ὡς εἴκοσι, Κῦρος δὲ ἑπτά, εἰ δύναιτο αὐτὸς τοσοῦτο στράτευμα διασῶσαι διὰ τῆς αὐτῆς χώρας, νικῶν καὶ ταῦτα. > Nearchus says, that while Alexander was on his march, he himself commenced his voyage, in the autumn, about the achronical rising of the Pleiades, the wind not being before favourable. The Barbarians however, taking courage at the departure of the king, became daring, and attempted to throw off their subjection, attacked them, and endeavoured to drive them out of the country. But Craterus set out from the Hydaspes, and proceeded through the country of the Arachoti and of the Drangae into Carmania. > Alexander was greatly distressed throughout the whole march, as his road lay through a barren country. The supplies of provisions which he obtained came from a distance, and were scanty and unfrequent, so much so that the army suffered greatly from hunger, the beasts of burden dropped down, and the baggage was abandoned, both on the march and in the camp. The army was saved by eating dates and the marrow of the palm-tree. > Alexander however (says Nearchus), although acquainted with the hardships of the enterprise, was ambitious of conducting this large army in safety, as a conqueror, through the same country where, according to the prevailing report, Semiramis escaped by flight from India with about twenty, and Cyrus with about seven men. > — Hans Claude Hamilton & William Falconer 1854, The Geography of Strabo ### [15.2.6](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.15.2.6) πρὸς δὲ τῇ ἀπορίᾳ χαλεπὸν ἦν καὶ τὸ καῦμα καὶ τὸ βάθος τῆς ψάμμου καὶ ἡ θερμότης, ἔστι δʼ ὅπου καὶ θῖνες ὑψηλοὶ ὥστε πρὸς τῷ δυσχερῶς ἀναφέρειν τὰ σκέλη καθάπερ ἐκ βυθοῦ καὶ ἀναβάσεις εἶναι καὶ καταβάσεις· ἀνάγκη δʼ ἦν καὶ σταθμοὺς ποιεῖσθαι μακροὺς διὰ τὰ ὑδρεῖα διακοσίων καὶ τετρακοσίων σταδίων, ἔστι δʼ ὅτε καὶ ἑξακοσίων, νυκτοποροῦντας τὸ πλέον. πόρρω δὲ τῶν ὑδρείων ἐστρατοπεδεύοντο ἐν τριάκοντα σταδίοις πολλάκις τοῦ μὴ ἐμφορεῖσθαι κατὰ δίψος· πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐμπίπτοντες σὺν ὅπλοις ἔπινον ὡς ἂν ὑποβρύχιοι, φυσώμενοι δʼ ἐπέπλεον ἐκπεπνευκότες καὶ τὰ ὑδρεῖα βραχέα ὄντα διέφθειρον· οἱ δʼ ἐν τῷ ἡλίῳ κατὰ μέσην τὴν ὁδὸν ἀπηγορευκότες ἔκειντο ὑπὸ δίψους· ἔπειτα τρομώδεις μετὰ παλμοῦ χειρῶν καὶ σκελῶν ἔθνησκον παραπλησίως ὡς ἂν ῥίγους καὶ φρίκης ἐχόμενοι. συνέβαινε δέ τισι καὶ ἐκτραπομένοις τὴν ὁδὸν καταδαρθεῖν κρατουμένοις ὑπὸ ὕπνου καὶ κόπου, ὑστερήσαντες δʼ οἱ μὲν ἀπώλοντο πλάνῃ τῶν ὁδῶν καὶ ὑπὸ ἀπορίας ἁπάντων καὶ καύματος, οἱ δʼ ἐσώθησαν πολλὰ ταλαιπωρήσαντες· πολλὰ δὲ κατέκλυσε καὶ τῶν σωμάτων καὶ τῶν χρηστηρίων ἐπιπεσὼν χειμάρρους νύκτωρ· καὶ τῆς βασιλικῆς δὲ κατασκευῆς ἐξηλείφθη πολλή· καὶ τῶν καθοδηγῶν δὲ κατʼ ἄγνοιαν πολὺ εἰς τὴν μεσόγαιαν ἐκτραπομένων ὥστε μηκέτι ὁρᾶν τὴν θάλατταν, συνεὶς ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐξαυτῆς ὥρμησε ζητήσων τὴν ᾐόνα, καὶ ἐπειδὴ εὗρε καὶ ὀρύξας εἶδεν ὕδωρ πότιμον, μεταπέμπεται τὸ στρατόπεδον, καὶ λοιπὸν μέχρι ἡμερῶν ἑπτὰ πλησίον ᾔει τῆς ᾐόνος εὐπορῶν ὑδρείας· ἔπειτʼ αὖθις εἰς τὴν μεσόγαιαν ἀνεχώρησεν. > Besides the want of provisions, the scorching heat was distressing, as also the deep and burning sand. In some places there were sand-hills, so that in addition to the difficulty of lifting the legs, as out of a pit, there were ascents and descents. It was necessary also, on account of the watering places, to make long marches of two, four, and sometimes even of six hundred stadia, for the most part during the night. Frequently the encampment was at a distance of 30 stadia from the watering places, in order that the soldiers might not be induced by thirst to drink to excess. For many of them plunged into the water in their armour, and continued drinking until they were drowned; when swollen after death they floated, and corrupted the shallow water of the cisterns. Others, exhausted by thirst, lay exposed to the sun, in the middle of the road. They then became tremulous, their hands and their feet shook, and they died like persons seized with cold and shivering. Some turned out of the road to indulge in sleep, overcome with drowsiness and fatigue; some were left behind, and perished, being ignorant of the road, destitute of everything, and overpowered by heat. Others escaped after great sufferings. A torrent of water, which fell in the night time, overwhelmed and destroyed many persons, and much baggage; a great part even of the royal equipage was swept away. > The guides, through ignorance, deviated so far into the interior, that the sea was no longer in sight. The king, perceiving the danger, immediately set out in search of the coast; when he had discovered it, and by sinking wells had found water fit for drinking, he sent for the army: afterwards he continued his march for seven days near the shore, with a good supply of water. He then again returned into the interior. > — Hans Claude Hamilton & William Falconer 1854, The Geography of Strabo ### [15.2.7](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.15.2.7) ἦν δέ τι ὅμοιον τῇ δάφνῃ φυτόν, οὗ τὸ γευσάμενον τῶν ὑποζυγίων ἀπέθνησκε μετὰ ἐπιληψίας καὶ ἀφροῦ· ἄκανθα δὲ τοὺς καρποὺς ἐπὶ γῆς κεχυμένη, καθάπερ οἱ σίκυοι, πλήρης ἦν ὀποῦ· τούτου δὲ ῥανίδες εἰς ὀφθαλμὸν ἐμπεσοῦσαι πᾶν ἀπετύφλουν ζῷον· οἵ τε ὠμοὶ φοίνικες ἔπνιγον πολλούς. ἦν δὲ κίνδυνος καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ὄφεων· ἐν γὰρ τοῖς θισὶν ἐπεφύκει βοτάνη, ταύτῃ δʼ ὑποδεδυκότες ἐλάνθανον τοὺς δὲ πληγέντας ἀπέκτεινον. ἐν δὲ τοῖς Ὠρίταις τὰ τοξεύματα χρίεσθαι θανασίμοις φαρμάκοις ἔφασαν, ξύλινα ὄντα καὶ πεπυρακτωμένα· τρωθέντα δὲ Πτολεμαῖον κινδυνεύειν· ἐν ὕπνῳ δὲ παραστάντα τινὰ τῷ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ δεῖξαι ῥίζαν αὐτόπρεμνον, ἣν κελεῦσαι τρίβοντα ἐπιτιθέναι τῷ τρωθέντι· ἐκ δὲ τοῦ ὕπνου γενόμενον, μεμνημένον τῆς ὄψεως εὑρεῖν ζητοῦντα τὴν ῥίζαν πολλὴν πεφυκυῖαν καὶ χρήσασθαι καὶ αὐτὸν καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους· ἰδόντας δὲ τοὺς βαρβάρους εὑρημένον τὸ ἀλέξημα ὑπηκόους γενέσθαι τῷ βασιλεῖ. εἰκὸς δέ τινα μηνῦσαι τῶν εἰδότων, τὸ δὲ μυθῶδες προσετέθη κολακείας χάριν. ἐλθὼν δʼ εἰς τὸ βασίλειον τῶν Γεδρωσίων ἑξηκοσταῖος ἀπὸ Ὠρῶν, διαναπαύσας τὰ πλήθη μικρόν, ἀπῆρεν εἰς τὴν Καρμανίαν. > There was a plant resembling the laurel, which if eaten by the beasts of burden caused them to die of epilepsy, accompanied with foaming at the mouth. A thorn also, the fruit of which, like gourds, strewed the ground, and was full of a juice; if drops of it fell into the eyes of any kind of animal it became completely blind. Many persons were suffocated by eating unripe dates. Danger also was to be apprehended from serpents; for on the sand-hills there grew a plant, underneath which they crept and hid themselves. The persons wounded by them died. > The Oritae, it was said, smeared the points of their arrows, which were of wood hardened in the fire, with deadly poisons. When Ptolemy was wounded and in danger of his life a person appeared in a dream to Alexander, and showed him a root with leaves and branches, which he told him to bruise and place upon the wound. Alexander awoke from his dream, and remembering the vision, searched and found the root growing in abundance, of which both he and others made use; when the Barbarians perceived that the antidote for the poison was discovered, they surrendered to the king. It is probable, however, that some one acquainted with the plant informed the king of its virtues, and that the fabulous part of the story was invented for the purpose of flattery. > Having arrived at the palace of the Gedrosii on the sixtieth day after leaving the Ori, and allowed his army a short period of rest, he set out for Carmania. > — Hans Claude Hamilton & William Falconer 1854, The Geography of Strabo ### [15.2.8](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.15.2.8) τὸ μὲν δὴ νότιον τῆς Ἀριανῆς πλευρὸν τοιαύτην τινὰ ἔχει τὴν τῆς παραλίας διάθεσιν καὶ τῆς ὑπερκειμένης πλησίον γῆς τῆς τῶν Γεδρωσίων καὶ Ὠριτῶν. πολλὴ δʼ ἐστὶ καὶ εἰς τὴν μεσόγαιαν ἀνέχουσα καὶ ἡ Γεδρωσία μέχρι τοῦ συνάψαι Δράγγαις τε καὶ Ἀραχωτοῖς καὶ Παροπαμισάδαις, περὶ ὧν Ἐρατοσθένης οὕτως εἴρηκεν· οὐ γὰρ ἔχομέν τι λέγειν βέλτιον περὶ αὐτῶν. ὁρίζεσθαι μὲν γάρ φησι τὴν Ἀριανὴν ἐκ μὲν τῶν πρὸς ἕω τῷ Ἰνδῷ, πρὸς νότον δὲ τῇ μεγάλῃ θαλάττῃ, πρὸς ἄρκτον δὲ τῷ Παροπαμισῷ καὶ τοῖς ἑξῆς ὄρεσι μέχρι Κασπίων πυλῶν, τὰ δὲ πρὸς ἑσπέραν τοῖς αὐτοῖς ὅροις οἷς ἡ μὲν Παρθυηνὴ πρὸς Μηδίαν ἡ δὲ Καρμανία πρὸς τὴν Παραιτακηνὴν καὶ Περσίδα διώρισται· πλάτος δὲ τῆς χώρας τὸ τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ μῆκος τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ Παροπαμισοῦ μέχρι τῶν ἐκβολῶν μύριοι καὶ δισχίλιοι στάδιοι (οἱ δὲ τρισχιλίους φασί)· μῆκος δὲ ἀπὸ Κασπίων πυλῶν, ὡς ἐν τοῖς Ἀσιατικοῖς σταθμοῖς ἀναγέγραπται, διττόν. μέχρι μὲν Ἀλεξανδρείας τῆς ἐν Ἀρίοις ἀπὸ Κασπίων πυλῶν διὰ τῆς Παρθυαίας μία καὶ ἡ αὐτὴ ὁδός· εἶθʼ ἡ μὲν ἐπʼ εὐθείας διὰ τῆς Βακτριανῆς καὶ τῆς ὑπερβάσεως τοῦ ὄρους εἰς Ὀρτόσπανα ἐπὶ τὴν ἐκ Βάκτρων τρίοδον ἥτις ἐστὶν ἐν τοῖς Παροπαμισάδαις· ἡ δʼ ἐκτρέπεται μικρὸν ἀπὸ τῆς Ἀρίας πρὸς νότον εἰς Προφθασίαν τῆς Δραγγιανῆς· εἶτα πάλιν ἡ λοιπὴ μέχρι τῶν ὅρων τῆς Ἰνδικῆς καὶ τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ· ὥστε μακροτέρα ἐστὶν αὕτη ἡ διὰ τῶν Δραγγῶν καὶ Ἀραχωτῶν, σταδίων μυρίων πεντακισχιλίων τριακοσίων ἡ πᾶσα. εἰ δή τις ἀφέλοι τοὺς χιλίους τριακοσίους, ἔχοι ἂν τὸ λοιπὸν τὸ ἐπʼ εὐθείας μῆκος τῆς χώρας, μυρίων καὶ τετρακισχιλίων· οὐ πολὺ γὰρ ἔλαττον τῆς παραλίας, κἂν παραύξωσί τινες αὐτὸ πρὸς τοῖς μυρίοις τὴν Καρμανίαν ἑξακισχιλίων τιθέντες· ἢ γὰρ σὺν τοῖς κόλποις φανοῦνται τιθέντες ἢ σὺν τῇ ἐντὸς τοῦ Περσικοῦ κόλπου παραλίᾳ τῇ Καρμανικῇ. ἐπεκτείνεται δὲ τοὔνομα τῆς Ἀριανῆς μέχρι μέρους τινὸς καὶ Περσῶν καὶ Μήδων καὶ ἔτι τῶν πρὸς ἄρκτον Βακτρίων καὶ Σογδιανῶν· εἰσὶ γάρ πως καὶ ὁμόγλωττοι παρὰ μικρόν. > The position of the southern side of Ariana is thus situated, with reference to the sea-coast, the country of the Gedrosii and the Oritae lying near and above it. A great part of Gedrosia extends into the interior until it touches upon the Drangae, Arachoti, and Paropamisadae, of whom Eratosthenes speaks in the following manner: we cannot give a better description. Ariana, he says, “is bounded on the east by the Indus, on the south by the Great Sea, on the north by the Paropamisus and the succeeding chain of mountains as far as the Caspian Gates, on the west by the same limits by which the territory of the Parthians is separated from Media, and Carmania from Paraetacene and Persia. > The breadth of the country is the length of the Indus, reckoned from the Paropamisus as far as the mouths of that river, and amounts to 12,000, or according to others to 13,000, stadia. The length, beginning from the Caspian Gates, as it is laid down in Asiatic Stathmi, is estimated in two different ways. From the Caspian Gates to Alexandreia among the Arii through Parthia is one and the same road. Then a road leads in a straight line through Bactriana, and over the pass of the mountain to Ortospana, to the meeting of the three roads from Bactra, which is among the Paropamisadae. The other branch turns off a little from Aria towards the south to Prophthasia in Drangiana; then the remainder leads as far as the confines of India and of the Indus; so that the road through the Drangae and the Arachoti is longer, the whole amounting to 15,300 stadia. But if we deduct 1300 stadia, we shall have the remainder as the length of the country in a straight line, namely, 14,000 stadia; for the length of the coast is not much less, although some persons increase this sum by adding to the 10,000 stadia Carmania, which is reckoned at 6000 stadia. For they seem to reckon it either together with the gulfs, or together with the Carmanian coast within the Persian Gulf. The name also of Ariana is extended so as to include some part of Persia, Media, and the north of Bactria and Sogdiana; for these nations speak nearly the same language. > — Hans Claude Hamilton & William Falconer 1854, The Geography of Strabo ### [15.2.9](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.15.2.9) ̔η δὲ τάξις τῶν ἐθνῶν τοιαύτη· παρὰ μὲν τὸν Ἰνδὸν οἱ Παροπαμισάδαι, ὧν ὑπέρκειται ὁ Παροπαμισὸς ὄρος, εἶτʼ Ἀραχωτοὶ πρὸς νότον, εἶτʼ ἐφεξῆς πρὸς νότον Γεδρωσηνοὶ σὺν τοῖς ἄλλοις τοῖς τὴν παραλίαν ἔχουσιν· ἅπασι δὲ παρὰ τὰ πλάτη τῶν χωρίων παράκειται ὁ Ἰνδός. \* τούτων δʼ ἐκ μέρους τῶν παρὰ τὸν Ἰνδὸν ἔχουσί τινα Ἰνδοὶ πρότερον ὄντα Περσῶν, ἃ ἀφείλετο μὲν ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος τῶν Ἀριανῶν καὶ κατοικίας ἰδίας συνεστήσατο, ἔδωκε δὲ Σέλευκος ὁ Νικάτωρ Σανδροκόττῳ, συνθέμενος ἐπιγαμίαν καὶ ἀντιλαβὼν ἐλέφαντας πεντακοσίους. τοῖς Παροπαμισάδαις δὲ παράκεινται πρὸς τὴν ἑσπέραν Ἄριοι, τοῖς δὲ Ἀραχωτοῖς Δράγγαι καὶ τοῖς Γεδρωσίοις· οἱ δʼ Ἄριοι τοῖς Δράγγαις ἅμα καὶ πρὸς ἄρκτον παράκεινται καὶ πρὸς ἑσπέραν, ἐγκυκλούμενοι μικρά πως· ἡ δὲ Βακτριανὴ τῇ τε Ἀρίᾳ πρὸς ἄρκτον παράκειται καὶ τοῖς Παροπαμισάδαις, διʼ ὧνπερ Ἀλέξανδρος ὑπερέβαλε τὸν Καύκασον ἐλαύνων τὴν ἐπὶ Βάκτρων· πρὸς ἑσπέραν δὲ ἐφεξῆς εἰσι τοῖς Ἀρίοις Παρθυαῖοι καὶ τὰ περὶ τὰς Κασπίους πύλας· πρὸς νότον δὲ τούτοις ἡ ἔρημος τῆς Καρμανίας, εἶθʼ ἡ λοιπὴ Καρμανία καὶ Γεδρωσία. > The order in which these nations are disposed is as follows. Along the Indus are the Paropamisadae, above whom lies the mountain Paropamisus; then towards the south are the Arachoti; then next to these towards the south, the Gedroseni, together with other tribes who occupy the sea-coast; the Indus runs parallel along the breadth of these tracts. The Indians occupy \[in part\] some of the countries situated along the Indus, which formerly belonged to the Persians: Alexander deprived the Ariani of them, and established there settlements of his own. But Seleucus Nicator gave them to Sandrocottus in consequence of a marriage contract, and received in return five hundred elephants. > The Arii are situated on the west, by the side of the Paropamisadae, and the Drangae by the Arachoti and Gedrosii. The Arii are situated by the side of the Drangae both on the north and west, and nearly encompass them. Bactriana adjoins Aria on the north, and the Paropamisadae, through whose territory Alexander passed when he crossed the Caucasus on his way to Bactra. Towards the west, next to the Arii, are the Parthians, and the parts about the Caspian Gates. Towards the south of Parthia is the desert of Carmania; then follows the remainder of Carmania and Gedrosia. > — Hans Claude Hamilton & William Falconer 1854, The Geography of Strabo ### [15.2.10](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.15.2.10) γνοίη δʼ ἄν τις τὰ περὶ τὴν λεχθεῖσαν ὀρεινὴν ἔτι μᾶλλον προσιστορήσας τὴν ὁδὸν ᾗ ἐχρήσατο διώκων τοὺς περὶ Βησσὸν ὡς ἐπὶ Βάκτρων Ἀλέξανδρος ἐκ τῆς Παρθυηνῆς· εἰς γὰρ τὴν Ἀρίαν ἧκεν, εἶτʼ εἰς Δράγγας, ὅπου Φιλώταν ἀνεῖλε τὸν Παρμενίωνος υἱὸν φωράσας ἐπιβουλήν· ἔπεμψε δὲ καὶ εἰς Ἐκβάτανα τοὺς καὶ τὸν πατέρα αὐτοῦ ἀνελοῦντας ὡς κοινωνὸν τῆς ἐπιβουλῆς· φασὶ δʼ αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ δρομάδων καμήλων ὁδὸν ἡμερῶν τριάκοντα ἢ καὶ τετταράκοντα ἑνδεκαταίους διανύσαι καὶ τελευτῆσαι τὴν πρᾶξιν. οἱ δὲ Δράγγαι περσίζοντες τἆλλα κατὰ τὸν βίον οἴνου σπανίζουσι, γίνεται δὲ παρʼ αὐτοῖς καττίτερος. εἶτʼ ἐκ Δραγγῶν ἐπί τε τοὺς Εὐεργέτας ἧκεν, οὓς ὁ Κῦρος οὕτως ὠνόμασε, καὶ τοὺς Ἀραχωτούς, εἶτα διὰ τῶν Παροπαμισαδῶν ὑπὸ πλειάδος δύσιν· ἔστι δʼ ὀρεινὴ καὶ κεχιονοβόλητο τότε ὥστε χαλεπῶς ὡδεύετο· πυκναὶ μέντοι κῶμαι δεχόμεναι πάντων εὔποροι πλὴν ἐλαίου παρεμυθοῦντο τὰς δυσκολίας· εἶχόν τε ἐν ἀριστερᾷ τὰς ἀκρωρείας. ἔστι δὲ τὰ μεσημβρινὰ μὲν τοῦ ὄρους τοῦ Παροπαμισοῦ Ἰνδικά τε καὶ Ἀριανά· τὰ δὲ προσάρκτια τὰ μὲν πρὸς ἑσπέραν Βάκτρια τοῖς Βακτρίοις βαρβάρων. διαχειμάσας δʼ αὐτόθι ὑπερδέξιον ἔχων τὴν Ἰνδικὴν καὶ πόλιν κτίσας ὑπερήκρισεν εἰς τὴν Βακτριανὴν διὰ ψιλῶν ὁδῶν πλὴν τερμίνθου θαμνώδους ὀλίγης, ἀπορούμενος καὶ τροφῆς ὥστε ταῖς τῶν κτηνῶν σαρξὶ χρῆσθαι, καὶ ταύταις ὠμαῖς διὰ τὴν ἀξυλίαν· πρὸς δὲ τὴν ὠμοσιτίαν πεπτικὸν ἦν αὐτοῖς τὸ σίλφιον πολὺ πεφυκός. πεντεκαιδεκαταῖος δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς κτισθείσης πόλεως καὶ τῶν χειμαδίων ἧκεν εἰς Ἄδραψα, πόλιν τῆς Βακτριανῆς. > We shall better understand the position of the places about the above-mentioned mountainous tract, if we further examine the route which Alexander took from the Parthian territory to Bactriana, when he was in pursuit of Bessus. He came first to Ariana, next to the Drangae, where he put to death Philotas, the son of Parmenio, having detected his traitorous intentions. He despatched persons to Ecbatana also to put the father to death as an accomplice in the conspiracy. It is said that these persons performed in eleven days, upon dromedaries, a journey of 30 or 40 days, and executed their business. > The Drangae resemble the Persians in all other respects in their mode of life, except that they have little wine. Tin is found in the country. > Alexander next went from the Drangae to the Euergetae, (to whom Cyrus gave this name,) and to the Arachoti; then through the territory of the Paropamisadae at the setting of the Pleiad. It is a mountainous country, and at that time was covered with snow, so that the march was performed with difficulty. The numerous villages, however, on their march, which were well provided with everything except oil, afforded relief in their distress. On their left hand were the summits of the mountains. > The southern parts of the Paropamisus belong to India and Ariana; the northern parts towards the west belong to Bactriana \[towards the east to Sogdiana \* \* Bactrian barbarians\]. Having wintered there, with India above to the right hand, and having founded a city, he crossed the summits of the mountains into Bactriana. The road was bare of everything except a few trees of the bushy terminthus; the army was driven from want of food to eat the flesh of the beasts or burthen, and that in a raw state for want of firewood; but silphium grew in great abundance, which promoted the digestion of this raw food. Fifteen days after founding the city and leaving winter quarters, he came to Adrapsa (Darapsa?), a city of Bactriana. > — Hans Claude Hamilton & William Falconer 1854, The Geography of Strabo ### [15.2.11](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.15.2.11) περὶ ταῦτα δέ που τὰ μέρη τῆς ὁμόρου τῇ Ἰνδικῇ καὶ τὴν Χααρηνὴν εἶναι συμβαίνει· ἔστι δὲ τῶν ὑπὸ τοῖς Παρθυαίοις αὕτη προσεχεστάτη τῇ Ἰνδικῇ· διέχει δὲ τῆς \* Ἀριανῆς διʼ Ἀραχωτῶν καὶ τῆς λεχθείσης ὀρεινῆς σταδίους μυρίους \* ἐνακισχιλίους. ταύτην δὲ τὴν χώραν διεξιὼν Κρατερὸς καταστρεφόμενος ἅμα τοὺς ἀπειθοῦντας ᾔει συμμῖξαι τὴν ταχίστην σπεύδων τῷ βασιλεῖ· καὶ δὴ περὶ τοὺς αὐτοὺς χρόνους σχεδόν τι συνέδραμον εἰς τὴν Καρμανίαν αἱ πεζαὶ δυνάμεις ἀμφότεραι· καὶ μικρὸν ὕστερον οἱ περὶ Νέαρχον εἰσέπλεον εἰς τὸν Περσικὸν κόλπον, πολλὰ ταλαιπωρήσαντες διὰ τὴν ἄλην καὶ τὴν ταλαιπωρίαν καὶ τὰ μεγέθη τῶν κητῶν. > Chaarene is situated somewhere about this part of the country bordering upon India. This, of all the places subject to the Parthians, lies nearest to India. It is distant 10,000 or 9000 stadia from Bactriana, through the country of the Arachoti, and the above-mentioned mountainous tract. Craterus traversed this country, subjugating those who refused to submit, and hastened with the greatest expedition to form a junction with the king. Nearly about the same time both armies, consisting of infantry, entered Carmania together, and at a short interval afterwards Nearchus sailed with his fleet into the Persian Gulf, having undergone great danger and distress from wandering in his course, and among other causes, from great whales. > — Hans Claude Hamilton & William Falconer 1854, The Geography of Strabo ### [15.2.12](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.15.2.12) εἰκὸς μὲν οὖν πρὸς ὑπερβολὴν ἠδολεσχηκέναι πολλὰ τοὺς πλεύσαντας, ὅμως δʼ οὖν εἰρήκασι παραδηλοῦντες ἅμα καὶ τὸ παραστὰν αὐτοῖς πάθος, διότι προσδοκία μᾶλλον ἢ κίνδυνος ὑπῆρχε τοῖς ἀληθέσι. τὸ δὲ μάλιστα ταράττον φυσητήρων μεγέθη ῥοῦν ἀπεργαζομένων μέγαν ἀθρόον καὶ ἀχλὺν ἐκ τῶν ἀναφυσημάτων, ὥστε τὰ πρὸ ποδῶν μέρη μὴ ὁρᾶσθαι· ἐπεὶ δʼ οἱ καθηγεμόνες τοῦ πλοῦ, δεδιότων ταῦτα τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὴν δʼ αἰτίαν οὐχ ὁρώντων, ἐμήνυσαν ὅτι θηρία εἴη, τάχα δʼ ἀπαλλάττοιτο σάλπιγγος ἀκούσαντα καὶ κρότου, ἐκ τούτου Νέαρχος ταῖς ναυσὶν ἐπῆγε μὲν τὸ ῥόθιον καθʼ ἅπερ ἐκώλυον, καὶ ἅμα ταῖς σάλπιγξιν ἐφόβει, τὰ δὲ θηρία ἔδυνεν· εἶτʼ ἀνεφαίνετο κατὰ πρύμναν ὥστε ναυμαχίας ἀγωνίαν παρεῖχεν, ἀλλʼ αὐτίκα ἀφίστατο. > It is probable that those who sailed in the expedition greatly exaggerated many circumstances; yet their statements prove the sufferings to which they were exposed, and that their apprehensions were greater than the real danger. That which alarmed them the most was the magnitude of the whales, which occasioned great commotion in the sea from their numbers; their blowing was attended with so great a darkness, that the sailors could not see where they stood. But when the pilots informed the sailors, who were terrified at the sight and ignorant of the cause, that they were animals which might easily be driven away by the sound of a trumpet, and by loud noises, Nearchus impelled the vessels with violence in the direction of the impediment, and at the same time frightened the animals with the sound of trumpets. The whales dived, and again rose at the prow of the vessels, so as to give the appearance of a naval combat; but they soon made off. > — Hans Claude Hamilton & William Falconer 1854, The Geography of Strabo ### [15.2.13](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.15.2.13) λέγουσι μὲν οὖν καὶ οἱ νῦν πλέοντες εἰς Ἰνδοὺς μεγέθη θηρίων καὶ ἐπιφανείας, ἀλλʼ οὔτε ἀθρόων οὔτʼ ἐπιφερομένων πολλάκις, ἀλλʼ ἀποσοβηθέντα τῇ κραυγῇ καὶ τῇ σάλπιγγι ἀπαλλάττεσθαι. φασὶ δʼ αὐτὰ μὲν μὴ πλησιάζειν τῇ γῇ, τὰ δʼ ὀστᾶ διαλυθέντων ψιλωθέντα ἐκκυμαίνεσθαι ῥᾳδίως καὶ χορηγεῖν τὴν λεχθεῖσαν ὕλην τοῖς Ἰχθυοφάγοις περὶ τὰς καλυβοποιίας. μέγεθος δὲ τῶν κητῶν φησιν ὁ Νέαρχος τριῶν καὶ εἴκοσιν ὀργυιῶν. πιστευθέν τι δὲ ἱκανῶς ὑπὸ τῶν ἐν τῷ στόλῳ φησὶν ὁ Νέαρχος ἐξελέγξαι ψεῦδος ὄν, ὡς εἴη τις ἐν τῷ πόρῳ νῆσος ἡ ἀφανίζοι τοὺς προσορμισθέντας· κέρκουρον γάρ τινα πλέοντα, ἐπειδὴ κατὰ τὴν νῆσον ταύτην ἐγεγόνει, μηκέτι ὁραθῆναι· πεμφθέντας δέ τινας ἐπὶ τὴν ζήτησιν ἐκβῆναι μὲν μὴ θαρρεῖν εἰς τὴν νῆσον, \* ἐκπλέοντας δʼ ἀνακαλεῖν κραυγῇ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, μηδενὸς δʼ ὑπακούοντος ἐπανελθεῖν. ἁπάντων δʼ αἰτιωμένων τὴν νῆσον αὐτὸς ἔφη πλεῦσαι καὶ προσορμισθεὶς ἐκβῆναι μετὰ μέρους τῶν συμπλευσάντων καὶ περιελθεῖν τὴν νῆσον· ὡς δʼ οὐδὲν εὕρισκεν ἴχνος τῶν ζητουμένων, ἀπογνόντα ἐπανελθεῖν καὶ διδάξαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ὡς ἡ μὲν νῆσος ψευδῆ τὴν αἰτίαν ἔχοι (καὶ γὰρ αὐτῷ καὶ τοῖς συνεκβᾶσιν ὁ αὐτὸς ὑπάρξαι φθόρος), ἄλλος δέ τις τῷ κερκούρῳ τρόπος τοῦ ἀφανισμοῦ συμβαίη, μυρίων ὄντων δυνατῶν. > Those who now sail to India speak of the size of these animals and their mode of appearance, but as coming neither in bodies nor frequently, yet as repulsed by shouts and by the sound of trumpets. They affirm that they do not approach the land, but that the bones of those which die, bared of flesh, are readily thrown up by the waves, and supply the Ichthyophagi with the above-mentioned material for the construction of their cabins. According to Nearchus, the size of these animals is three and twenty orguiae in length. > Nearchus says that he proved the confident belief of the sailors in the existence of an island situated in the passage, and destructive to those who anchored near it, to be false. > A bark in its course, when it came opposite to this island, was never afterwards seen, and some men who were sent in search did not venture to disembark upon the island, but shouted and called to the crew, when, receiving no answer, they returned. But as all imputed this disappearance to the island, Nearchus said that he himself sailed to it, went ashore, disembarked with a part of his crew, and went round it. But not discovering any trace of those of whom he was in search, he abandoned the attempt, and informed his men that no fault was to be imputed to the island (for otherwise destruction would have come upon himself and those who disembarked with him), but that some other cause (and innumerable others were possible) might have occasioned the loss of the vessel. > — Hans Claude Hamilton & William Falconer 1854, The Geography of Strabo ### [15.2.14](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.15.2.14) ̔η δὲ Καρμανία τελευταία μέν ἐστι τῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ παραλίας, ἀρκτικωτέρα δʼ ἐστὶ πολὺ τῆς τοῦ Ἰνδοῦ ἐκβολῆς· τὸ μέντοι πρῶτον αὐτῆς ἄκρον ἔκκειται πρὸς νότον εἰς τὴν μεγάλην θάλατταν, ποιήσασα δὲ τὸ στόμα τοῦ Περσικοῦ κόλπου πρὸς τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς εὐδαίμονος Ἀραβίας ἄκραν ἐν ἀπόψει οὖσαν, κάμπτεται πρὸς τὸν Περσικὸν κόλπον ἕως ἂν συνάψῃ τῇ Περσίδι· πολλὴ δὲ κἀν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ ἐστὶν ἐκτεινομένη μεταξὺ τῆς Γεδρωσίας καὶ τῆς Περσίδος, παραλλάττουσα πλέον τῆς Γεδρωσίας πρὸς τὴν ἄρκτον. δηλοῖ δʼ ἡ εὐκαρπία· καὶ γὰρ πάμφορος καὶ μεγαλόδενδρος πλὴν ἐλαίας καὶ ποταμοῖς κατάρρυτος. ἡ δὲ Γεδρωσία διαφέρει μικρὸν τῆς τῶν Ἰχθυοφάγων, ὥστʼ ἀκαρπία κατέχει πολλάκις· διὸ φυλάττουσι τὸν ἐνιαύσιον καρπὸν εἰς ἔτη πλείω ταμιευόμενοι. Ὀνησίκριτος δὲ λέγει ποταμὸν ἐν τῇ Καρμανίᾳ καταφέροντα ψήγματα χρυσοῦ· καὶ ὀρυκτοῦ δὲ εἶναι μέταλλον καὶ ἀργύρου καὶ χαλκοῦ καὶ μίλτου· ὄρη τε εἶναι δύο τὸ μὲν ἀρσενικοῦ τὸ δὲ ἁλός. ἔχει δέ τινα καὶ ἔρημον συνάπτουσαν ἤδη τῇ Παρθυαίᾳ καὶ τῇ Παραιτακηνῇ. γεώργια δʼ ἔχει παραπλήσια τοῖς Περσικοῖς τά τε ἄλλα καὶ ἄμπελον· ταύτης δʼ ἡ Καρμανία λεγομένη παρʼ ἡμῖν καὶ δίπηχυν ἔχει πολλάκις τὸν βότρυν πυκνορρῶγά τε ὄντα καὶ μεγαλορρῶγα, ἣν εἰκὸς ἐκεῖ εὐερνεστέραν εἶναι. χρῶνται δʼ ὄνοις οἱ πολλοὶ καὶ πρὸς πόλεμον σπάνει τῶν ἵππων· ὄνον τε θύουσι τῷ Ἄρει, ὅνπερ σέβονται θεῶν μόνον, καὶ εἰσὶ πολεμισταί· γαμεῖ δʼ οὐδεὶς πρὶν ἂν πολεμίου κεφαλὴν ἀποτεμὼν ἀνενέγκῃ ἐπὶ τὸν βασιλέα· ὁ δὲ τὸ κρανίον μὲν ἐπὶ τῶν βασιλείων ἀνατίθησι, τὴν δὲ γλῶτταν λεπτοτομήσας καταμίξας ἀλεύρῳ γευσάμενος αὐτὸς δίδωσι τῷ ἀνενέγκαντι καὶ τοῖς οἰκείοις κατασιτήσασθαι· ἐνδοξότατος δʼ ἐστὶν ᾧ πλεῖσται κεφαλαὶ ἀνηνέχθησαν. Νέαρχος δὲ τὰ πλεῖστα ἔθη καὶ τὴν διάλεκτον τῶν Καρμανιτῶν Περσικά τε καὶ Μηδικὰ εἴρηκε. τὸ δὲ στόμα τοῦ Περσικοῦ κόλπου μεῖζον διάρματος ἡμερησίου. > Carmania is the last portion of the sea-coast which begins from the Indus. Its first promontory projects towards the south into the Great Sea. After it has formed the mouth of the Persian Gulf towards the promontory, which is in sight, of Arabia Felix, it bends towards the Persian Gulf, and is continued till it touches Persia. > Carmania is large, situated in the interior, and extending itself between Gedrosia and Persia, but stretches more to the north than Gedrosia. This is indicated by its fertility, for it not only produces everything, but the trees are of a large size, excepting however the olive; it is also watered by rivers. Gedrosia also differs little from the country of the Ichthyophagi, so that frequently there is no produce from the ground. They therefore keep the annual produce in store for several years. > Onesicritus says, that a river in Carmania brings down gold-dust; that there are mines of silver, copper, and minium; and that there are two mountains, one of which contains arsenic, the other salt. > There belongs to it a desert tract, which is contiguous to Parthia and Paraetacene. The produce of the ground is like that of Persia; and among other productions the vine. The Carmanian vine, as we call it, often bears bunches of grapes of two cubits in size; the seeds are very numerous and very large; probably the plant grows in its native soil with great luxuriance. > Asses, on account of the scarcity of horses, are generally made use of even in war. They sacrifice an ass to Mars, who is the only deity worshipped by them, for they are a warlike people. No one marries before he has cut off the head of an enemy and presented it to the king, who deposits the scull in the royal treasury. The tongue is minced and mixed with flour, which the king, after tasting it, gives to the person who brought it, to be eaten by himself and his family. That king is the most highly respected, to whom the greatest number of heads are presented. > According to Nearchus, most of the customs and the language of the inhabitants of Carmania resemble those of the Persians and Medes. > The passage across the mouth of the Persian Gulf does not occupy more than one day. > — Hans Claude Hamilton & William Falconer 1854, The Geography of Strabo ## Translations (2) - [The Geography of Strabo](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo~en-hamilton-falconer.15.2.1) — Hans Claude Hamilton & William Falconer 1854, English - [Ancient India as Described in Classical Literature (Strabo, book 15)](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo~en-mccrindle.15.2.1) — John Watson McCrindle 1901, English ## Linked texts (1) - [Social and Rural Economy of Northern India, cir. 600 B.C.–200 A.D.](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.economy.bose-1942.v1.c20.240) — Atindranath Bose, English --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.15.2](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.15.2) · Pramāṇa