[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Foreign](https://indike.org/pramana/inf) › [Greek](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr) › [Roman Imperial (31 BCE – 330 CE)](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman) › [Γεωγραφικά](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo) › 2.1.31 # Γεωγραφικά 2.1.31 Γεωγραφικά 2.1.31 - **Language:** Ancient Greek ### [2.1.31](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.2.1.31) ̔η μὲν οὖν οἰκουμένη δίχα διῄρηται τῷ τε Ταύρῳ καὶ τῇ ἐπὶ στήλας θαλάττῃ καλῶς. καὶ τοῦ νοτίου μέρους ἡ μὲν Ἰνδικὴ περιώρισται πολλοῖς· καὶ γὰρ ὄρει καὶ ποταμῷ καὶ θαλάττῃ καὶ ἑνὶ ὀνόματι ὡς ἑνὸς ἔθνους· ὥστε καὶ τετράπλευρος ὀρθῶς λέγεται καὶ ῥομβοειδής. ἡ δʼ Ἀριανὴ ἧττον μὲν τὸ εὐπερίγραφον ἔχει διὰ τὸ τὴν ἑσπερίαν πλευρὰν συγκεχύσθαι, διώρισται δʼ ὅμως ταῖς τε τρισὶ πλευραῖς ὡς ἂν εὐθείαις, καὶ τῷ ὀνόματι ὡς ἂν ἑνὸς ἔθνους. ἡ δὲ τρίτη σφραγὶς τελέως ἀπερίγραφός ἐστιν, οὕτω γε ἀφορισθεῖσα· ἥ τε γὰρ κοινὴ πλευρὰ αὐτῇ τε καὶ τῇ Ἀριανῇ συγκέχυται, ὡς προείρηται, καὶ ἡ νότιος πλευρὰ ἀργότατα εἴληπται· οὔτε γὰρ περιγράφει τὴν σφραγῖδα, διὰ μέσης τε αὐτῆς βαδίζουσα καὶ πολλὰ μέρη ἀπολείπουσα πρὸς νότον, οὔτε μῆκος ὑπογράφει τὸ μέγιστον (τὸ γὰρ προσάρκτιον πλευρὸν μεῖζον), οὔθʼ ὁ Εὐφράτης ἑσπέριόν ἐστι πλευρὸν οὐδʼ εἰ ἐπʼ εὐθείας ῥέοι, τῶν ἄκρων αὐτοῦ μὴ ἐπὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ μεσημβρινοῦ κειμένων. τί γὰρ μᾶλλον ἑσπέριον ἢ νότιον; χωρὶς δὲ τούτων, ὀλίγης οὔσης τῆς ἐπὶ θάλατταν λοιπῆς τὴν Κιλίκιον καὶ τὴν Συριακήν, τὸ μὴ μέχρι δεῦρο προάγειν δεῖν τὴν σφραγῖδα οὐ πιθανόν, τῆς τε Σεμιράμιδος καὶ τοῦ Νίνου Σύρων λεγομένων, ὧν τῆς μὲν ἡ Βαβυλὼν κτίσμα καὶ βασίλειον, τοῦ δὲ Νίνος ὡς ἂν μητρόπολις τῆς Συρίας. καὶ τῆς διαλέκτου δὲ μέχρι νῦν διαμενούσης τῆς αὐτῆς τοῖς τε ἐκτὸς τοῦ Εὐφράτου καὶ τοῖς ἐντός, τὸ ἐνταῦθα μέντοι τοιούτῳ μερισμῷ διασπᾶν ἔθνος γνωριμώτατον καὶ τὰ μέρη συνάπτειν τοῖς ἀλλοεθνέσιν ἥκιστα ἂν πρέποι. οὐδὲ γὰρ ὑπὸ μεγέθους ἀπηναγκάσθαι λέγοι ἄν· καὶ γὰρ τὸ μέχρι θαλάττης οὐ μήν πω ἂν ἐξισάζοιτο τῇ Ἰνδικῇ, ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ τῇ Ἀριανῇ, προσλαβὸν καὶ τὸ μέχρι τῶν ὅρων τῆς εὐδαίμονος Ἀραβίας καὶ τῆς Αἰγύπτου· ὥστε πολὺ κρεῖττον ἦν μέχρι δεῦρο προελθεῖν, τῆς τρίτης εἰπόντα σφραγῖδος τοσαύτῃ προσθήκῃ τῇ μέχρι τῆς Συριακῆς θαλάττης τὸ μὲν νότιον πλευρὸν οὐχ ὥσπερ ἐκεῖνος εἶπεν ἔχον, οὐδʼ ἐπʼ εὐθείας, ἀλλʼ ἀπὸ τῆς Καρμανίας εὐθὺς τὴν δεξιὰν παραλίαν εἰσπλέοντι τὸν Περσικὸν κόλπον μέχρι τῆς ἐκβολῆς τοῦ Εὐφράτου, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα τοῖς ὁρίοις τῆς Μεσήνης καὶ τῆς Βαβυλωνίας συνάπτον, ἥπερ ἐστὶν ἀρχὴ τοῦ διορίζοντος τὴν εὐδαίμονα Ἀραβίαν ἀπὸ τῆς ἄλλης ἠπείρου, εἶτʼ ἐφεξῆς αὐτὸν τοῦτον διεξιόν, διῆκόν τε μέχρι τοῦ μυχοῦ τοῦ Ἀραβίου κόλπου καὶ Πηλουσίου, καὶ ἔτι τοῦ Κανωβικοῦ στόματος τοῦ Νείλου· τοῦτο μὲν τὸ νότιον πλευρόν, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν ἑσπέριον τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ Κανωβικοῦ στόματος μέχρι τῆς Κιλικίας παραλίαν. > \[In the system of Eratosthenes\], the habitable earth has been admirably divided into two parts by the Taurus and the Mediterranean Sea, which reaches to the Pillars. On the southern side, the limits of India have been described by a variety of methods; by its mountains, its river, its seas, and its name, which seems to indicate that it is inhabited only by one people. It is with justice too that he attributes to it the form of a quadrilateral or rhomboid. Ariana is not so accurately described, on account of its western side being interwoven with the adjacent land. Still it is pretty well distinguished by its three other sides, which are formed by three nearly straight lines, and also by its name, which shows it to be only one nation. As to the Third Section of Eratosthenes, it cannot be considered to be defined or circumscribed at all; for that side of it which is common to Ariana is but ill defined, as before remarked. The southern side, too, is most negligently taken: it is, in fact, no boundary to the section at all, for it passes right through its centre, leaving entirely outside of it many of the southern portions. Nor yet does it represent the greatest length of the section, for the northern side is the longest. Nor, lastly, can the Euphrates be its western boundary, not even if it flowed in a right line, since its two extremes do not lie under the same meridian. How then is it the western rather than the southern boundary? Apart from this, the distance to the Seas of Cilicia and Syria is so inconsiderable, that there can be no reason why he should not have enlarged the third section, so as to include the kingdoms of Semiramis and Ninus, who are both of them known as Syrian monarchs; the first built Babylon, which he made his royal residence; the second Ninus, the capital of Syria; and the same dialect still exists on both sides of the Euphrates. The idea of thus dismembering so renowned a nation, and allotting its portions to strange nations with which it had no connexion, is as peculiarly unfortunate. Eratosthenes cannot plead that he was compelled to do this on account of its size, for had it extended as far as the sea and the frontiers of Arabia Felix and Egypt, even then it would not have been as large as India, or even Ariana. It would have therefore been much better to have enlarged the third section, making it comprehend the whole space as far as the Sea of Syria; but if this were done, the southern side would not be as he represents it, nor yet in a straight line, but starting from Carmania would follow the right side of the sea-shore from the Persian Gulf to the mouth of the Euphrates; it would then approach the limits of Mesene and Babylon, where the Isthmus commences which separates Arabia Felix from the rest of the continent. Traversing the Isthmus, it would continue its course to the recess of the Arabian Gulf and Pelusium, thence to the mouth of the Nile at Canopus. Such would be the southern side. The west would be traced by the sea-shore from the \[river’s\] mouth at Canopus to Cilicia. > — Hans Claude Hamilton & William Falconer 1854, The Geography of Strabo - [Previous: 2.1.30](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.2.1.30) - [Next: 2.1.32](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.2.1.32) - [Up: 2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.2.1) ## Translations (2) - [The Geography of Strabo](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo~en-hamilton-falconer.2.1.31) — Hans Claude Hamilton & William Falconer 1854, English - [Ancient India as Described in Classical Literature (Strabo, book 15)](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo~en-mccrindle.2.1.31) — John Watson McCrindle 1901, English --- Source: [https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.2.1.31](https://indike.org/pramana/inf.gr.roman.strabo.2.1.31) · Pramāṇa