فتوح البلدان 85.49-59

85.49

وولى الجنيد بن عبد الرحمن المرى من قبل عمر بن هبيرة الفزاري ثغر السند، ثم ولاه إياه هشام بن عبد الملك فلما قدم خالد بن عبد الله القسري العراق كتب هشام إلى الجنيد يأمره بمكاتبته فأتى الجنيد الديبل، ثم نزل شط مهران فمنعه حليشة العبور وأرسل إليه أني قد أسلمت وولاني الرجل الصالح بلادي ولست آمنك فأعطاه رهنا وأخذ منه رهنا بما على بلاده من الخراج، ثم أنهما ترادا الرهن وكفر حليشة وحارب وقيل أنه لم يحارب ولكن الجنيد يجني عليه، فأتى الهند فجمع جموعا وأخذ السفن واستعد للحرب فسار إليه الجنيد في السفن فالتقوا في بطيحة الشرقي فأخذ حليشة أسيرا وقد جنحت سفينته فقتله وهرب صصة بن داهر وهو يريد أن يمضي إلى العراق فيشكو غدر الجنيد، فلم يزل الجنيد يؤنسه حتى وضع يده فى يده فقتله وغزا الجنيد الكيرج، وكانوا قد نقضوا فاتخذ كباشا نطاحة فصك بها حائط المدينة حتى ثلمه ودخلها عنوة فقتل وسبى وغنم ووجه العمال إلى مرمد والمندل ودهنج وبروص، وكان الجنيد يقول القتل في الجزع أكبر منه في الصبر، ووجه الجنيد جيشا إلى أزين ووجه حبيب بن مرة في جيش إلى أرض المالية فأغاروا على أزين وغزوا بهريمد فحرقوا ربضها، وفتح الجنيد البيلمان والجرز، وحصل في منزله سوى ما أعطى زواره أربعين ألف ألف وحمل مثلها قال جرير:

Junaid went to Debal and from thence to the banks of the Mihran, but Jaishiya (son of Dahir) forbade him to cross, and sent to him, saying, "I have become a Musulman, and an excellent man confirmed me in my states, but I have no faith in thee." But (Junaid) gave him pledges and took pledges from him, together with the tribute due from his territories. They thus exchanged guarantees, but Jaishiya acted like an infidel and took up arms. But some say, on the contrary, that he did not begin the attack, but that Junaid dealt unjustly with him. Jaishiya assembled his troops, fitted out ships and prepared for war. Junaid proceeded against him in ships and they fought in the lake of Ash Sharki. Jaishiya's ship was destroyed, and he himself was taken prisoner and slain. Sasa' son of Dahir fled and proceeded towards 'Irak to complain of the treachery of Junaid, but the latter did not cease to conciliate him until they had shaken hands, and then he slew him. Junaid made war against Kiraj, the people of which had rebelled. He made use of battering-rams, and battered the walls of the town with them until they were breached, and then he stormed the place, slaying, plundering, and making captives. He then sent his officers to Marmad Mandal, Dahnaj, and Barus [Broach]. Junaid used to say, "It is better to die with bravado than with resignation." He sent a force against Uzain and he also sent Habib, son of Marra, with an army against the country of Maliba.

When the Khalif Sulaiman, son of 'Abdu-l Malik, died, he was succeeded by 'Umar son of 'Abdu-l 'Aziz. He wrote to the princes (of Hind) inviting them to become Musulmans and submit to his authority, upon which they would be treated like all other Musulmans. These princes had already heard of his promises, character, and creed, so Jaishiya and other princes turned Musulmans, and took Arab names. 'Amru, son of Muslim al Bahali was lieutenant of 'Umar on this frontier. He invaded several places in Hind and subdued them. In the days of Yazid, son of 'Abdu-l Malik, the sons of Al Muhallib fled to Sind, and Hilal, son of Ahwaz al Tamimi was sent after them. He fell in with them and killed Mudrak, son of Muhallab, at Kandabil. He also slew Mufazzal, 'Abdu-l Malik, Ziyad, Marun, and Mu'awiya, sons of Muhallab; last of all he killed Mu'awiya, son of Yazid. Junaid, son of 'Abdu-r Rahman al Marri was appointed to the frontier of Sind, under the authority of 'Umar, son of Hubaira al Fazari, and was confirmed in the government by (the Khalif) Hasham, son of 'Abdu-l Malik. When Khalid, son of 'Abdu-llah Al Kasri was sent to 'Irak (as governor) Hasham wrote to Junaid directing him to keep up a correspondence with Khalid.

They made incursions against Uzain, and they attacked Baharimad and burnt its suburbs. Junaid conquered al Bailaman and Jurz, and he received at his abode, in addition to what his visitors presented to him, forty millions, and he himself carried off a similar sum. The successor of Junaid was Tamim, son of Zaid al 'Utbi. He was feeble and imbecile, and died near Debal in a water called the "Buffalo-water." This water was so called because buffalos took refuge there from the bears which infested the banks of the Mihran. Tamim was one of the most generous of Arabs, he found in the treasury of Sind eighteen million Tatariya dirhams, which he soon spent. * * * * * In the days of Tamim, the Musulmans retired from several parts of India and left some of their positions, nor have they up to the present time advanced so far as in days gone by.

85.50

أصبح زوار الجنيد وصحبه يحيون صلت الوجه حما مواهبه

85.51

وقال أبو الجويرية:

85.52

لو كان يقعد فوق الشمس من كرم قوم بإحسانهم أو مجدهم قعدوا

85.53

محسدون على ما كان من كرم لا ينزع الله منهم ماله حسدوا

85.54

ثم ولى بعد الجنيد تميم بن زيد العتبي فضعف ووهن ومات قريبا من الديبل بماء يقال له ماء الجواميس، وإنما سمي ماء الجواميس لأنه يهرب بها إليه من دباب زرق تكون بشاطئ مهران، وكان تميم من أسخياء العرب وجد في بيت المال بالسند ثمانية عشر ألف ألف درهم طاطرية فأسرع فيها، وكان قد شخص معه في الجند فتى من بني يربوع يقال له خنيس وأمه من طيء إلى الهند فأتت الفرزدق فسألته أن يكتب إلى تميم في إقفاله وعاذت بقبر غالب أبيه، فكتب الفرزدق إلى تميم:

85.55

أتتني فعاذت يا تميم بغالب وبالحفرة السافي عليها ترابها

85.56

فهب لي خنيسا واتخذ فيه منة لحوبة أم ما يسوغ شرابها

85.57

تميم بن زيد لا تكونن حاجتي بظهر ولا يجفى عليك جوابها

85.58

فلا تكثر الترداد فيها فإنني ملول لحاجات بطيء طلابها

85.59

فلم يدر ما اسم الفتى أهو خنيش أم خنيس فأمر أن يقفل كل من كان اسمه على مثل هذه الحروف، وفي أيام تميم خرج المسلمون عن بلاد الهند ورفضوا مراكزهم فلم يعودوا إليها إلى هذه الغاية، ثم ولى الحكم بن عوانة الكلبي وقد كفر أهل الهند إلا أهل قصة فلم ير للمسلمين ملجأ يلجؤن إليه فبنى من وراء البحيرة مما يلي الهند مدينة سماها المحفوظة وجعلها مأوى لهم ومعاذا ومصرها، وقال لمشايخ كلب من أهل الشام ما ترون أن نسميها، فقال بعضهم دمشق، وقال بعضهم حمص، وقال رجل منهم سمها تدمر، فقال: دمر الله عليك يا أحمق ولكنى أسميها المحفوظة ونزلها، وكان عمرو ابن محمد بن القاسم مع الحكم، وكان يفوض إليه ويقلده جسيم أموره وأعماله، فأغزاها من المحفوظة، فلما قدم عليه وقد ظفر أمره فبنى دون البحيرة مدينة وسماها المنصورة فهي التي ينزلها العمال اليوم، وتخلص الحكم ما كان في أيدي العدو مما غلبوا عليه ورضي الناس بولايته، وكان خالد يقول وا عجبا وليت فتى العرب فرفض يعنى تميما ووليت أبخل الناس فرضي به، ثم قتل الحكم بها، ثم كان العمال بعد يقاتلون العدو فيأخذون ما استطف لهم ويفتحون الناحية قد نكث أهلها، فلما كان أول الدولة المباركة ولى أبو مسلم عبد الرحمن بن مسلم مغلسا البعدي ثغر السند وأخذ على طخارستان وسار حتى صار إلى منصور ابن جمهور الكلبي وهو بالسند فلقيه منصور فقتله وهزم جنده، فلما بلغ أبا مسلم ذلك عقد لموسى بن كعب التميمي ثم وجهه إلى السند، فلما قدمها كان بينه وبين منصور بن جمهور مهران، ثم التقيا فهزم منصورا وجيشه وقتل منظورا أخاه وخرج منصور مفلولا هاربا حتى ورد الرمل فمات عطشا، وولى موسى السند فرم المنصورة وزاد في مسجدها وغزا وافتتح، وولى أمير المؤمنين المنصور رحمه الله هشام بن عمرو التغلبي السند ففتح ما استغلق، ووجه عمرو بن جمل في بوارج إلى نارند ووجه إلى ناحية الهند فافتتح قشميرا وأصاب سبابا ورقيقا كثيرا، وفتح الملتان وكان بقندابيل متغلبة من العرب فأجلاهم عنها، وأتى القندهار في السفن ففتحها وهدم البد وبنى موضعه مسجدا، فأخصبت البلاد في ولايته فتبركوا به ودوخ الثغر وحكم أموره، ثم ولى ثغر السند عمر بن حفص بن عثمان هزار مرد ثم داود بن يزيد بن حاتم، وكان معه أبو الصمة المتغلب اليوم وهو مولى لكندة، ولم يزل أمر ذلك الثغر مستقيما حتى وليه بشر بن داود في خلافة المأمون فعصى وخالف فوجه إليه غسان بن عباد وهو رجل من أهل سواد الكوفة فخرج بشر إليه في الآمان وورد به مدينة السلام، وخلف غسان على الثغر موسى بر يحيى بن خالد بن برمك، فقتل باله ملك الشرقي وقد بذل له خمسمائة ألف درهم على أن يستبقه، وكان باله هذا التوى على غسان وكتب إليه في حضور عسكره فيمن حضره من الملوك فأبى ذلك، وأثر موسى أثرا حسنا ومات سنة إحدى وعشرين واستخلف ابنه عمران بن موسى فكتب إليه أمير المؤمنين المعتصم بالله بولاية الثغر فخرج إلى القيقان وهم زط فقاتلهم فغلبهم، وبنى مدينة سماها البيضاء وأسكنها الجند، ثم أتى المنصورة وصار منها إلى قندابيل وهي مدينة على جبل وفيها متغلب يقال له محمد بن الخليل فقاتله وفتحها وحمل رؤساءها إلى قصدار، ثم غزا الميد وقتل منهم ثلاثة آلاف وسكر سكرا يعرف بسكر الميد وعسكر عمران على نهر الرور ثم نادي بالزط الذين بحضرته فأتوه فختم أيديهم وأخذ الجزية منهم وأمرهم بأن يكون مع كل رجل منهم إذا اعترض عليه كلب، فبلغ الكلب خمسين درهما، ثم غزا الميد ومعه وجوه الزط، فحفر من البحر نهرا أجراه في بطيحتهم حتى ملح ماءهم وشن الغارات عليهم، ثم وقعت العصبية بين النزارية واليمانية فمال عمران إلى اليمانية فسار إليه عمر بن عبد العزيز الهباري فقتله وهو غار، وكان جد عمر هذا ممن قدم السند مع الحكم بن عوانة الكلبي.

Hakim, son of 'Awana al Kalbi, succeeded Tamim. The people of India had returned to idolatry excepting those of Kassa, and the Musulmans had no place of security in which they could take refuge, so he built a town on the other side of the lake facing India, and called it Al Mahfuza, "the secure," and this he made a place of refuge and security for them, and their chief town. He asked the elders of the tribe of Kalb, who were of Syrian descent, what name he should give the town. Some said Dimashk [Damascus], others, Hims [Emessa], and others Tadmur [Palmyra]. Hakim said (to the latter), "May God destroy you, O fool." He gave it the name of Al Mahfuza, and dwelt there. 'Amru, son of Muhammad son of Kasim was with Hakim, and the latter advised with him, trusted him with many important matters, and sent him out of Al Mahfuza on a warlike expedition. He was victorious in his commission, and was made an amir. He founded a city on this side of the lake, which he called Mansura, in which city the governors now dwell. Hakim recovered from the hands of the enemy those places which they had subjugated, and gave satisfaction to the people in his country. Khalid said, "It is very surprising,—I gave the charge of the country to the most generous of Arabs, that is, to Tamim, and they were disgusted. I gave it to the most niggardly of men and they were satisfied." Hakim was killed there.

The governors who succeeded continued to kill the enemy, taking whatever they could acquire and subduing the people who rebelled. When the fortunate dynasty (that of the 'Abbasides) was established, Abu Muslim appointed 'Abdu-r Rahman, son of Abu Muslim Mughallisa-l 'Abdi, to the frontier of Sind. 'Abdu-r Rahman went by way of Tukharistan, and proceeded against Mansur, son of Jamhur al Kalbi, who was in Sind. But he was met by Mansur and slain, and his forces were put to flight. When Muslim heard this he appointed Musa, son of Ka'bu-t Tamimi, and sent him to Sind. When he arrived, the river Mihran lay between him and Mansur, son of Jamhur. Still he came up with Mansur, put him and his forces to flight, and slew his brother Manzur. Mansur fled in wretched plight to the sands, where he died of thirst. Musa ruled in Sind, repaired the city of Mansura, and enlarged its mosque. He was victorious in his campaigns.

The Khalif al Mansur sent to Sind Hasham, son of 'Amru al Taghlabi, and he reduced those places which still held out. He sent 'Amru, son of Jamal, in boats to Narand. He also sent (a force) to the territories of Hind, subdued Kashmir, and took many prisoners and slaves. Multan was reduced, and he overpowered a body of Arabs who were in Kandabil, and drove them out. He then went to Kandahar in boats, and conquered it. He destroyed the budd there, and built in its place a mosque. There was abundance in the country under his rule, and the people blessed him — he extended the frontier, and enforced his decrees. 'Umar, son of Hafs, son of 'Usman Hazarmard, was then appointed governor of Sind, and after him Daud, son of Yazid, son of Hatim. There was with him Abu-l Samma, who had been a slave of the tribe of Kanda, and who is now governor. The affairs of the frontier went on prosperously until Bashar, son of Daud, was appointed under the Khilafat of Mamun. He rebelled, and set up in opposition. Ghassan, son of 'Abbad, who was a native of the neighbourhood of Kufa, was sent against him. Bashar proceeded to meet Ghassan under a safe conduct, and they both proceeded to the Muhammadan capital (Baghdad). Ghassan deputed Musa, son of Yahya, son of Khalid, son of Barmak, to the charge of the frontier. Musa killed Bala, king of Ash-sharki, although the latter had given him five hundred thousand dirhams to preserve his life.

Bala was faithful to Ghassan, and wrote to him in the presence of his army, through the princes who were with him, but his request was rejected. Musa died in 221 A.H. (836 A.D.), leaving a high reputation, and he appointed his son 'Amran as his successor. The Khalif M'utasim bi-llah wrote to him confirming him in the government of the frontier. He marched to Kikan against the Jats, whom he defeated and subjugated. He built a city there, which he called Al Baiza, "the white," and he posted a military force there. Then he proceeded to Multan, and from thence to Kandabil, which city stands upon a hill. Muhammad, son of Khalil, was reigning there, but 'Amran slew him, conquered the town, and carried away its inhabitants to Kusdar. Then he made war upon the Meds, and killed three thousand of them. There he constructed a band, which is called "Sakru-l Med," Band of the Meds. He encamped on the river at Alrur. There he summoned the Jats, who came to his presence, when he sealed their hands, took from them the jizya (capitation tax), and he ordered that every man of them should bring a dog with him when he came to wait upon him, — hence the price of a dog rose to fifty dirhams. He again attacked the Meds, having with him the chief men of the Jats. He dug a canal from the sea to their tank, so their water became salt ; and he sent out several marauding expeditions against them.

Dissensions then arose between the Nizarians and Yamanians, and 'Amran joined with the latter. 'Umar, son of 'Abu-l Aziz al Habbari, consequently went to him and killed him unawares. The ancestor of this 'Umar had come into Sind with Hakim, son of 'Awana al Kalbi. Mansur, son of Hatim, related to me that Fazl, son of Mahan, formerly a slave of the sons of Sama, got into Sindan and subdued it. He then sent an elephant to the Khalif Mamun, and wrote to him and offered up prayers for him in the Jami' masjid, which he built there. When he died he was succeeded by Muhammad son of Fazl son of Mahan. He proceeded with sixty vessels against the Meds of Hind. He killed a great number of them, captured Kalian (?) and then returned towards Sindan. But his brother, named Mahan, had made himself master of Sindan, and wrote to the Khalif Mu'tasim bi-llah, and had sent to him as a present the largest and longest saj, that had been seen. But the Indians were under the control of his brother whom they liked, so they slew Mahan and crucified him. The Indians afterwards made themselves masters of Sindan, but they spared the mosque, and the Muhammadans used to meet in it on the Friday and pray for the Khalif.