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Manasara Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Manasara-Shilpashastra; III. Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Manasara: Translation; V. Architecture of Manasara: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c6.s10: Kh

Mānasāra Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra; III. Mānasāra on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Mānasāra: Translation; V. Architecture of Mānasāra: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1.c6.s10

Language
English

Kh

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KHAṬṬAKA(-ṬṬĀ)—A bedstead, a seat, a pedestal or throne.

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Mūrttinām iha prishṭhataḥ kari-vadhū-prishṭha-pratishṭhā-jushāṁ
tau-mūrttir vāme āśma-khaṭṭaka-gatāḥ kāṁtā-sametā daśa ।
“Behind the statues placed on the backs of female elephants, . . . . . (he) caused to be made here ten images of those (persons mentioned above) together with their wives on ‘khaṭṭaka’ of spotless stones.”

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“The word khattaka, judging from the context, seems to have the meaning of pedestal or throne.” Dr. Lüders. (Mount Abu Inscrip. no. I, v. 64, Ep. Ind. vol. VIII. pp. 212, 218, 200).

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KHAḌGA—A type of octangular building.

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(Garuḍa-Purāṇa, chap. 47, v. 21, 23, 31-32, see under Prāsāda).

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KHAṆḌA-HARMYA—A sectional tower.

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Adho-bhāga-dvayenātha kūṭam ekena vā bhavet ।
Talam ekaṁ bhaved grāsaṁ (?) khaṇḍa-harmyaṁ tri-bhūmike ॥
Āndhārāndhāri-hārokta-khaṇḍa-harmya-viśeshitam (vimānam) ॥

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KHAṆḌOTTARA—A kind of entablature (prastara).

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Pāda-vistāra-vistāraṁ samodaya-samanvitam ।
Khaṇḍottaram iti jñeyaṁ pādenotsedhaṁ saṁyutam॥

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KHARVAṬA—A village, a fort, a fortified city.

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(1) A village (M. IX. 456), a fortified town (M. X. 36).

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In connection with the foundations:

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Gramādīnāṁ nagarādīnāṁ pura-pattana-kharvaṭe ।
Koshṭha-kolādi-sarvēshāṁ garbha-sthānam ihochyate ।

v1.c6.s10.14

A kind of pavilion used as the dining-hall of the kings :

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Nṛipāṇāṁ bhojanārthaṁ syāt kharvaṭākhyaṁ tu maṇḍapam ।

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(2) A fortress to defend a group of two hundred villages:

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Dvi-śata-grāmyā khārvaṭikam ।

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(3) Kshullaka-prākāra-veshṭitaṁ kharvaṭam ।

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(4) Karvaṭāni kunnagarāṇi ।

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(5) Dhanuḥ-śataṁ pariṇāho grāma-kshetrāntaraṁ bhavet ।

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Dve śate kharvaṭasya syān nagarasya chatuḥ-śatam ॥

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(6) Vaṇijām api bhogyaṁ tu tad-vad eva (like nagara) samīritam |
Yat sthānaṁ brāhmaṇānāṁ tu kharvaṭaṁ puravāsinām ||
Nagaryāvartanaṁ yat kharvaṭaṁ tad udāhṛitam ||
(Kāmikāgama, xx. 7, 9).

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(7) Iya-khavadamhi—“ (By means of this vase Vagra Maréga's son Kamagulya, who has fixed his residence) in this place Khavaṭa ........ ” Mr. Pargiter.

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So far the editor is right. But in his long note on this expression he has rather too elaborately dwelt on a number of conjectures without however having been able to arrive at any conclusion whatever. This Prākrit expression can easily be rendered into Sanskrit by *atra kharvaṭe* (in this city or town).

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(The Inscrip. on the Wardak vase, line 1, Ep. Ind. vol. xi. pp. 210, 211, 212, last para).

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(8) “ An ornament to the Kuntala-deśa was the Vanavase twelve thousand Kingdom, the chief capital (pradhāna-rājadhānī) was Chandragupti, with another name of Gomanta-parvata, in the twelve *kharvaṭa* country (attached to which), in Nāgarakhaṇḍa of Yaḍa-nāda Kāntapuri, otherwise named Vīra-Mārapapuri, belonging to Kamaṭṭapuri, situated on the bank of the Varadā-river, the king, in order that his government might continue as long as sun and moon, as an offering to Kṛishṇa (with all the usual rights), gave, free of all imposts,”

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(Ep. Carnat. vol. viii. part I, Sorab Taluq, no. 375, Transl. p. 66, last para).

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(9) Grāma-nagara-kheḍa-karvvaḍa-maḍamba-droṇamukha - paṭṭanaṅgalinidam aneka-māṭa-kūṭa-prāsāda-devāyatanani-gali-dam oppuva-agrahāra-paṭṭanaṁgalimdam atiśāyav-appa .... | “ At Teridāl a merchant town situated in the centre and the first in importance among the twelve (towns) in the glorious Kundi three-thousand, adorned with villages, towns, hamlets,

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villages sourrounded by hills, groups of villages, sea-girt towns, and chief cities, with elegant mansions, palaces and temples, and with shining agrahāra-towns in the country of Kuntala ”.

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(10) “ With myriads of people, practices of virtue, agreeable occupations, streams of the (nine) sentiments, pleasure gardens, separated lovers, splendid tanks, full lotus-beds, gilded boats for spring festivals, ghaṭikā-sthānas (religious centres), the supports of dharmma and mines of enjoyment, moats which were as if the sea being overcome had returned here on accouut of the collection of gems, groups of the lotus faces of beautiful women fair as the moon, (grāma-nagara-kheḍa-kharvvaṇa-maḍamba-droṇamukha-pura-pattaṇa-rājadhāni), on whatever side one looked, in these nine forms did the Kuṇṭala-deśa shine.”

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(Ep. Carnat. vol. viii. Shikārpur Taluq, no. 197, Transl. p. 124, para 1, last seven lines ; Roman text, p. 214, line 27, f).

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KHALŪRAKA(-RIKĀ)—Waffenübungen bestimter Platz (Pet. Dict.), a parade, a place for military exercise (M. Williams, Dict.); a parlour, a reception-hall or a drawing-room round a house; an enclosure-building round a house, village, city or fort (Kāmikāgama, lv. 20, see below).

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(1) Etad droṇaṁ cha bhūpānāṁ āyudhābhyāsa-maṇḍapam | Sarvaṁ daśāṁśakaṁ dīrghaṁ netra-tri-bhāga-maṇḍapam | Tat-pure’lindaṁ ekāṁśaṁ navāṁśena yutāṅkaṇam | Tat-pārśve purataś chaiva te yugmāṁśe khalūrikāḥ | Droṇākhya-maṇḍapaṁ chaivam esha yuddhārtha-yogyakam |

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Ashṭāshṭāṁśa-vistāram āyāmaṁ tatra kalpayet ।
Tan-madhye dvi-dvi-bhāgena kalpayet vivṛitāṅkaṇam ।
Tad-bahiś chāvṛitāṁśena kuryāch-chaikā khalūrikā ॥
(Ibid. 440-442).

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See also lines 443-453, and then compare :

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Nṛipāṇāṁ bhojanārthaṁ syāt kharvaṭākhyaṁ tu maṇḍapam ।
(Ibid. 455).

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Then (lines 446, 450) ‘khalūrikā’ is stated to be built round a dining-hall and hence not for any military purpose; it appears like a parlour.

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Compare also :

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Tan-madhye pañcha-bhāgena sapta-bhāgāṅkaṇaṁ tathā ।
Tad-bāhye paritāṁśena kuryād antar alindakam ।
Kalūrikāpi tad-bāhye tri-tri-bhāgena maṇḍapam ।
(Ibid. 284-286).
Evaṁ vasanta-yogyaṁ syāt devānāṁ kshatriyādīnām ।
(Ibid. 296).
Tad-vibhāga-dvi-bhāgena vistāraṁ maṇḍapaṁ bhavet ।
Dvi-tri-bhāgāṅkaṇaṁ pūrve eka bhāgaṁ khalūrakam ।
(Ibid. 351-352).

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(2) Evambhūtasya vāsasya samantāt syāt khalūrikā । Vāsa-vyāsaṁ chatur-bhāgaṁ kṛitvā chaikādi-bhāgataḥ ॥ Vṛiddhyāṁ vāsasya bāhye tu shoḍaśāvadhi-bhāgakān । Vyapohya paritaḥ kuryāt prathamāvaraṇāditạh ॥ Kalūrikāṁ(s) tu chaikādi-sapta-bhāgāvasānakāḥ । Mukhe cha pārśvayoḥ pṛishṭhe pattayaḥ syur yatheshṭataḥ ॥ Oja-yugma-pramāṇena nyūnā vāpy-adhikā tu vā । Sabhadra vā vibhadrā vā khalūrī syād yatheshṭataḥ ॥ Etāsām antarālaṁ tu samaṁ vā vishamaṁ tu vā । Kalūrī-dhāma-madhyaṁ tu tad-vad eva vidhīyate ॥

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Etāṁ khalūrikāṁ kuryāt prāsādādishu buddhimān ||
Devānāṁ manujānāṁ cha viśeshād rāja-dhāmani ||
Gopuraṁ cha khalūrī cha mūla-vāstu nirīkshitam ||

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(Ibid. 107a, 118, 128).

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Samāvṛitā khalūrikā tāny-evoktāni paṇḍitāḥ |
Nagara-grāma-durgāṇāṁ śeshāny-uktāni veśmanām ||

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(Ibid. lv. 20).

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KHĒṬAKA—A village (M. ix. 456), a fortified town (M. x. 36, 39).
(1) Tatas tan-nirmayāmāsuḥ kheṭāni cha purāṇi cha || Grāmāṁś chaiva yathābhāgaṁ tathaiva nagarāṇi cha || Kheṭānāṁ cha purāṇāṁ cha grāmāṇāṁ chaiva sarvaśaḥ | Tri-vidhānāṁ cha durgāṇāṁ parvatodaka-dhanvinām || Nagarād ardha-vishkambhaḥ kheṭaṁ paraṁ tad-ūrddvataḥ | Nagarād yojanaṁ kheṭaṁ kheṭād grāmo'rdha-yojanam || (Brahmāṇḍa-Purāṇa, part I, 2nd anushaṁgapāda, chapter 7, v. 93, 94, 105, 111).
(2) Pāṁsu-prākāra-nibadha-kheṭam | (Rāyapaseni-sūtra vyākhāna, p. 206).
(3) Kheṭāni dhūlī-prākāropetāni | (Praśna-vyākaraṇa-sūtra-vyākhyāna, p. 306). See Kautilīya-Arthaśāstra (chap. xxii. p. 46, foot note).
(4) Vane jana-pade chaiva kevale śūdra-sevitaḥ | Kaṇṭakaḥ kheṭako grāmaḥ kramāt tri-vidham īritaḥ || (Kāmikāgama, xx. 10).
(5) Nagarāṇi kheṭān jana-padāṁs tathā | (Mahābhārata, iii. 13, 220, etc).
(6) Pura-grāmākāra-kheṭa-vāṭa-śibira-vraja-ghosha.... | (Bhāgavata-Purāṇa, 5, 30).
(7) One of the 750 villages "which are designated by (their chief town) Śrī-Harsapura." (Rāshtrakuta Grant of Krishna ii, Ep. Ind. vol. i. p. 55, 57, line 33, p. 53, foot note 3).
(8) "The modern Kheḍā (Khaira)." (Ind. Ant. vol. x. p. 378; vol. xiv. p. 198).

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(9) Lāṭa-deśāntarvvartti kheṭaka-maṇḍalāntarggataḥ Kevañcha-nāmā grāmaḥ। (Cambay Plates of Govinda IV, line 52, Ep. Ind. vol. VII. pp. 40,45).

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(10) Śrī-kheṭakāhāre-uppalaheṭā-pathake mahilābali-nāma-grāmaḥ—“The village, named Mohibābali, in the Uppalaheṭāpathaka in the famous Kheṭaka (?city) āhāra.” (Ind. Ant. vol. VII. p. 72, plate II, line 5-6).

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(11) Kheṭakāhāraṁ vishaye baṇḍarijidri-pathakāntarggata-aśilāpallikā-grāmaḥ। “Kheṭaka is of course the modern Khedā or Kaira itself (lat. 22° 44' N. ; long 72° 45' E).” (Alina Copper plate Inscrip. of Siladitya VII, lines 66-67, C. I. I. vol. III. F. G. I. no. 39, pp. 179, 189, 173, and notes 2, 3).

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(12) Grāma-nagara-kheḍa-karvvaḍa-maḍamba-droṇamukha-paṭṭaṇanigalimdam aneka-māṭa-kūṭa-prāsāda-devāyatanam gaḻidam oppuva-agrahāra-paṭṭanaṁgalimdam atisāyavappa। “At Teridala ,a merchant-town situated in the centre and the first in importance among the twelve (towns) in the glorious Kundi Three thousand, adorned with villages, towns, hamlets, villages sourrounded by hills, groups of villages, sea-girt towns, and chief cities, with elegant mansions, palaces, and with shining temples, and agrahāra-towns in the country of Kuntala.” (Old Kanarese Inscrip. at Terdal, line 58, Ind. Ant. vol. XIV. pp. 19, 25).

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(13) “With myriads of people, practices of virtue, agreeable occupations, streams of the nine sentiments, pleasure-gardens, separated lovers, splendid tanks, full lotus beds, gilded boats for spring festivals, ghaṭikā-sthānas (religious centres), the supports of dharmma and mines of enjoyment, moats which were as if the sea being overcome had returned here on account of the collection of gems, groups of the lotus

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faces of beautiful women fair as the moon (grāma-nagara-kheḍa-kharvvaṇa-maḍaṁba-droṇamukha-pura-pattana-rāja-dhānīm) on whatever side one looked, in these nine forms did the Kuntala-deśā shine."

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(It should be noticed that the passage within brackets is almost identical with the corresponding passage in quotation no. 12 above).

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(Ep. Carnat. vol. VII. Shikappur Taluq, no. 197, Transl. p. 134, para 1, last seven lines ; Roman text, p. 214, line 27 f).

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