[Pramāṇa](https://indike.org/pramana/) › [Studies](https://indike.org/pramana/ins) › [Architecture and art](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art) › [Manasara Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Manasara-Shilpashastra; III. Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Manasara: Translation; V. Architecture of Manasara: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture)](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927) › v1 # Manasara Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Manasara-Shilpashastra; III. Manasara on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Manasara: Translation; V. Architecture of Manasara: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1: Volume 1 Mānasāra Series (I. A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture; II. Indian Architecture according to Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra; III. Mānasāra on Architecture and Sculpture: Sanskrit Text; IV. Architecture of Mānasāra: Translation; V. Architecture of Mānasāra: Illustrations; VI. Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad; VII. An Encyclopaedia of Hindu Architecture) v1 - **Language:** English ## Contents - [v1.c1 Front matter](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c1) — 6 parts - [v1.c2 A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c2) — 3 parts - [v1.c3 Preface](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3) — 27 parts - [v1.c4 Abbreviations](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c4) — 10 parts - [v1.c5 The Dictionary Order of the Roman Alphabet](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c5) — 5 parts - [v1.c6 A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6) — 526 parts - [v1.c7 Appendix I. A Sketch of Sanskrit Treatises on Architecture](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c7) — 388 parts - [v1.c8 Appendix II. A List of Historical Architects with Short Notes on Their Works](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c8) — 200 parts - [v1.c9 Index](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c9) — 708 parts ### Volume 1 ### Front matter ### [v1.c1.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c1.1) John Marshall JM - ### [v1.c1.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c1.2) Purchased by D.G.A's Office ### [v1.c1.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c1.3) Manasara's Series, Vol I ### [v1.c1.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c1.4) A ### [v1.c1.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c1.5) DICTIONARY OF HINDU ARCHITECTURE ### [v1.c1.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c1.6) This image is a blank page containing only incidental marks/scan artifacts and no printable text. ### A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture ### [v1.c2.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c2.1) TREATING OF SANSKRIT ARCHITECTURAL TERMS, WITH ILLUSTRATIVE QUOTATIONS FROM ŚILPAŚĀSTRAS, GENERAL LITERATURE AND ARCHÆOLOGICAL RECORDS ### [v1.c2.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c2.2) BY PRASANNA KUMAR ACHARYA, I.E.S. M.A. (CALCUTTA), Ph.D. (LEIDEN), D.LIT. (LONDON), University Professor of Sanskrit, Allahabad ### [v1.c2.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c2.4) PUBLISHED BY THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON NEW YORK BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS ### Preface ### [v1.c3.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.1) \*Origin and scope of the work\*—This dictionary owes its name to the University of London¹. A glossary of the architectural terms used in the Mānasāra, the standard work on Hindu architecture, was prepared for my private use when I found it indispensable after struggling for two and half years to edit for the first time and translate into English a text which is written in five different scripts², possesses eleven badly preserved manuscripts, has undergone five recensions and comprises more than 10,000 lines of a language rightly remarked by Dr. Bühler as the "most barbarous Sanskrit."³ In this connection there arose an occasion for me to express to the University the opinion that an Encyclopædia of Hindu architecture was badly needed. Architectural expressions appear throughout the whole field of general Sanskrit literature and the epigraphical records, as well as in the extensive special branch of literature known as Vāstu-śāstras, more familiarly called Śilpa-śāstras. Existing dictionaries, in Sanskrit, English or any other language, do not elucidate architectural expressions: and the texts of the Vāstu-śāstras have been waiting for hundreds of years to be unearthed from manuscripts which are quite inaccessible without the guidance of a special dictionary that would also be instrumental in bringing to light many new things hitherto left unexplained in inscriptions and general literature. The University selected me as the person most immediately concerned and entrusted me with the task suggesting that I should "make a full dictionary of all architectural terms used in the Mānasāra, with explanations in English and illustrative quotations from cognate literature where available for the purpose." ### [v1.c3.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.2) ¹ It has developed out of a Thesis, which was accepted by the University for the D Lit degree. ### [v1.c3.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.3) ² Grantha, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Nāgari. ### [v1.c3.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.4) ³ Ep Ind., vol. I, p. 377; compare also Sir R. G. Bhandarkar, Ind. Ant., vol XII, pp. 140, 141. ### [v1.c3.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.5) Thus the terms included in this dictionary are primarily those found in the Mānasāra. But all the new architectural terms of any importance discovered in all the known architectural treatises, epigraphical documents, and general literature have also been added. I should estimate the new terms at about one-fourth of the total numbering approximately three thousand. No record has, however, been kept of the extent of the architectural manuscripts or the general literature searched, but some 50,000 pages of archæological documents have been gone through almost line by line. ### [v1.c3.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.6) \*Extent of architectural terms comprehended\*—In the Vāstu-śāstras architecture is taken in its broadest sense and implies what is built or constructed. Thus, in the first place, it denotes all sorts of buildings, religious, residential, and military, and their auxiliary members and component mouldings. Secondly, it implies town-planning; laying out gardens; constructing market places; making roads, bridges, gates; digging wells, tanks, trenches, drains, sewers, moats; building enclosure walls, embankments, dams, railings, ghāṭs, flights of steps for hills, ladders, etc. Thirdly, it denotes articles of house furniture, such as bedsteads, couches, tables, chairs, thrones, fans, wardrobes, clocks, baskets, conveyances, cages, nests, mills, etc. ### [v1.c3.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.7) Architecture also implies sculpture and deals with the making of phalli, idols of deities, statues of sages, images of animals and birds. It includes the making of garments and ornaments, etc. ### [v1.c3.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.8) Architecture is also concerned with such preliminary matters, as the selection of site, testing of soil, planning, designing, finding out cardinal points by means of a gnomon, dialling; and astronomical and astrological calculations. ### [v1.c3.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.9) These and similar matters are expressed by technical names which are to be understood as architectural terms for the purpose of this dictionary. ### [v1.c3.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.10) \*Principal sources and arrangement of materials\*—The sources drawn upon in this compilation may be classified under two divisions, namely, literary and archæological. The former includes all the known Vāstu-śāstras, mostly in manuscript, which are avowedly architectural treatises, such as the Mānasāra, etc. ; architectural portions of the Āgamas and the Purāṇas ; cognate portions of the Vedic and Classical literature, such as the Brāhmaṇas, the Sūtras ; the Epics, Kāvyas, Dramas, etc. The archæological records comprise all the inscriptions and other cognate matters published in the following series :—Epigraphia Indica (13 volumes), Indian Antiquary (44 volumes), Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum (2 volumes), Epigraphica Carnatica (12 volumes, in 15 parts), South Indian Inscriptions of Dr. E. Hultzsch, late Rai Bahadur V. Venkayya, and Rao Sahib H. Krishna Sastri (3 volumes, in 8 parts), General Sir A. Cunningham's Archæological Survey Reports (23 volumes), Archæological Survey, new Imperial series (vols. IV, XI, XII, XVIII, XXI, XXIII, XXIV, XXXIII, XXXIV), and Mysore Archæological Survey Reports. ### [v1.c3.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.11) Illustrative quotations from these sources are, to speak very \*generally\*, arranged in the order in which they are mentioned above. Illustrations from other sources of smaller extent have been given where they seemed most suitable. ### [v1.c3.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.12) \*Appendices\*—A sketch of the important Sanskrit treatises on architecture is given in appendix I. In appendix II is given an alphabetical list of the historical architects mentioned in the archæological records, together with short notes on their works and dates where available. ### [v1.c3.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.13) \*Ideal and general method\*—Dr. F. W. Thomas was the first to suggest the idea of compiling such a dictionary long before I felt the necessity of the glossary mentioned above. In carrying out Dr. Thomas's kind advice it seemed to me that the most natural method was the one suggested by Dr. Burgess (Ind. Ant., vol. XIV, pp. 319-320) for collecting materials for the ancient Geography of India by indexing separately all the geographical words occurring in the archæological and literary documents. Dr. Fleet illustrated this principle by making a topographical list of such words found in the Bṛihat-saṁhitā (Ind. Ant., vol. xxii, p. 169). This was followed by a similar list of words from the Bhāgavata-Purāṇa by Rev. J. E. Abbott (Ind. Ant., vol. xxviii, p. 1 f). There such list-making stopped. It would have been much easier for me if I could have made use of any such list of architectural terms from any of the documents consulted. ### [v1.c3.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.14) Professor L. D. Barnett, M.A., LITT.D., suggested that I should take Dr. S. Sörensen’s Index to the \*names\* in the Mahābhārata as my model. I have followed his method as well as that of Professors Macdonell and Keith in the Vedic Index so far as these indexes are concerned in bringing together everything useful in the form of a short article. ### [v1.c3.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.15) Despite its bulk, Sörensen’s Index mostly confines itself to the proper names contained in the Mahābhārata, and does not include any illustrative quotations. But I had to go much beyond a single work and consult an extensive field of literature, like the veteran workers of the Vedic Index of \*names\* and \*subjects\*, which though it contains subjects in addition to proper names, has not for obvious reasons cited the original passages in text or translation in addition to giving references to them. In this respect I took the largest Sanskrit work, the St. Petersburg Dictionary, as my ideal. But there, too, I had to differ from its immortal authors, Messrs. Böhtlingk and Roth, the fathers of the most useful Sanskrit researches, in two important points. First, the St. Petersburg Dictionary does not, for obvious reasons, give in all cases the full context of the passages quoted therein. For instance, from the illustrations like ‘prāsādārūḍha’ and ‘prāsādāṅgaṇa’ (see St. Pet. Dict. under Prāsāda), it is difficult to see whether ‘prāsāda’ implies a temple or a palace or an ordinary residential building, or the assembly room and confessional hall of the Buddhist priesthood. In spite of some tremendous difficulties, I found it unavoidably necessary to cite long passages, in text or translation, or sometimes both, to illustrate the particular bearing of a term. ‘Pīṭha,’ for example, implies a seat, an altar, a platform, the pedestal of a column, the basement of a building, the plinth, the Yoni part of the Liṅga, etc.; these different shades of meanings cannot be made clear by such quotations as 'pīṭhopari' or 'pīṭham ashṭāṅgulam'. The second point, by far the more significant, will further explain the need of long contexts. The St. Petersburg Dictionary refers only to well known treatises which, though covering an extensive field, are yet easily accessible, and does not deal with manuscripts locked up and preserved as relics; nor has it anything to do with the epigraphical documents. My literary quotations are in most cases from a large number of works and manuscripts, some of which are written in unfamiliar scripts and most of which are neither well known nor easily accessible; and the illustrations from all the published inscriptions and other archæological records, comprising approximately 50,000 pages, also necessitated the full context, partly for reasons stated above, and partly with a view to avoiding the possibility of distracting the attention of the reader and interfering with his grasping the argument rapidly. ### [v1.c3.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.16) \*Alphabetical order and transliteration\*—I could not avail myself of the express advice of Dr. Fleet in his highly appreciative Review of Dr. Sörensen's masterly Index (Ind. Ant., vol. XXXIV, p. 92) to arrange the words according to the European alphabetical order, which in the opinion of the reviewer has enhanced the value of the work. The European alphabet, being more imperfect than the Sanskrit alphabet with regard to the number of characters especially the vowels, and the phonetical arrangement of them, seemed unsuitable for the terms which are included in this dictionary. In either of the alphabets, the transliterated Sanskrit words in some cases would be more or less confusing (e.g., Ṛishi, Ṛiksha, Rintika, Ripu). But for the difficulties of making type-written copies¹ before the dictionary went to press, I should have preferred to have Sanskrit words written in Sanskrit characters. Following the order of the Sanskrit alphabet, words like 'vaṁśa', and 'śaṅku', are given not before 'vakra' and 'śaka' (as in the St. Pet. Dict., M. W. Dict. and the Vedic Index), but after 'vahana' and 'śashpa'. The \*anusvāra\* is derived from at least four nasal characters of the Sanskrit alphabet (ṅ, ñ, ṇ, n, m). Logically the \*anusvāra\* should follow the order of the original letters : 'śaṁku' should be where 'śaṅku' would be placed ; but this is an extremely confusing arrangement (see Apte's Dict.). There is no reason why 'śaṁku' should be read before 'śaka', there is also no reason for its being placed after 'śaṣhpa', although one should be quite justified in doing so when he is following the order of a particular alphabet, and does not hesitate to read in another alphabet e after d, i after h, o after n, and u after t, or l after k, h after g, and so forth. ### [v1.c3.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.17) ¹ Four copies of the Thesis referred to above had to be submitted to the University of London. ### [v1.c3.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.18) In Transliteration I have followed the system of the Archæological Survey of India. But I have not made any distinction between e and é, o and ó, simply because there is no such distinction in the Sanskrit language. These deviations from the trodden paths which seem to be untenable, will not, it may be hoped, cause any inconvenience to readers. ### [v1.c3.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.19) \*Acknowledgment\*—Except in important cases which deserve special notice, the names of the scholars who have edited a particular inscription or written an article, have not been added after the quotations. This need not offend anybody. I am sincerely grateful to the scholars to whom I owe the quotations. It seems, however, of little interest to know the name or names of the authors or editors of a particular passage, quoted occasionally a dozen times with full references to the article where it occurs. 'Vedi', for example, implying a throne, has a parallel instance in a passage quoted from an inscription. The passage is borrowed from the editors and my indebtedness is shown by the usual quotation marks, and I have stated that this passage occurs in "Inscriptions from Nepal, no. 15, inscription of Jayadeva, verse 25, Indian Antiquary, vol. ix, pp. 179, 182." It, however, in no way enlightens the reader to know the names of the editors, Pandit Bhagwanlal Indraji and Dr. G. Bühler, c.i.e. ### [v1.c3.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.20) Again, a portion of a verse of the Śāṅkhyāyana Śrauta-sūtra is quoted in the St. Petersburg Dictionary, but the full context is given in our dictionary, and it is stated thus: Śāṅkhyāyana Śrauta-sūtra, XVI, 18,13 (St. Pet. Dict.). Beyond this, it seems unnecessary to add the names of Messrs. Böhtlingk and Roth. Lastly, in cases of quotations from general literature, the extent of which cannot be indicated even by an approximate number of books, it was impossible in some instances to mention the author's name. Compare, for example, a ‘Glossary of Grecian Architecture’, an anonymous work; and Śilpaśāstra-sāra-saṁgrahaḥ Śivanārāyaṇātmajena prāchīna-granthebhyaḥ sāraṁ uddhṛitya prakāśitaḥ—‘Śilpaśāstra-sāra-saṁgraha’ compiled by collecting essential portions of the ancient treatises by a son of Śivanārāyaṇa; again, ‘Viśvakarma-jñāna’ corrected (saṁśodhita) by Kṛishṇa-śaṅkara-śāstrī: the author, if there were a real one beyond the mythical Viśvakarman (Creator of the Universe), is not stated anywhere in the treatise itself. ### [v1.c3.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.21) \*Need of showing the results achieved\*—Although it would be presumptuous for anybody to say that the subject of a dictionary like this has been exhausted in a pioneer work, I might be permitted, in justice to myself, to add that all the known and knowable materials which were likely to be of any use for this dictionary, have been closely consulted and utilized. Whether the results will justify the great labour involved will have to be left to the actual experiment of those who are in need of such a work. But the tremendous difficulties of a compilation like this will perhaps be not fully brought home to all readers, because “no one but those who have taken part in similar labours, can at all realize the amount of tedious toil, I might almost say drudgery, involved in doing everything ‘singlehanded’, collecting the quotations and verifying references and meanings, making indices and lists of words, sorting and sifting an ever-increasing store of materials, revising old work, arranging and re-arranging new, correcting and re-correcting, writing and re-writing, and interlineating ‘copy’, till reams upon reams of paper have been filled, putting the eye-sight, patience, and temper to a severe trial.” ### [v1.c3.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.22) \*Aids and encouragement received\*—My sincere obligations are due to the Secretary of State for India in Council for all facilities and help which I had the privilege of receiving as a Government of India State Scholar and which were needed by a pioneer in this most exacting branch of oriental researches specially during the great European war. I take this opportunity to offer my respectful thanks in particular to Mr. (now Sir) Austen Chamberlain, Mr. (now Sir) T. W. Arnold, C.I.E., and Mr. N. C. Sen, O.B.E. Words fail me to express adequately my gratitude to Dr. F. W. Thomas, the then Librarian of India Office, London. As stated above, I owe to him the inception of the idea and courage to undertake this task. He placed at my disposal all the materials in India Office and procured for me most of the available manuscripts from different libraries in India and Europe. He facilitated my work in Holland. He arranged through the appreciation and kindness of Sir John H. Marshall, C.I.E., D.LITT., the Director General of Archæology in India, the creation of a prize-post for me directly under the Governor in Madras for the publication of this work; this arrangement unfortunately fell through owing to absence on leave of Sir John Marshall and retirement of Lord Pentland at the time when I went to take up this appointment. It was again through Dr. Thomas's introduction that Sir Claude de la Fosse, C.I.E., M.A., D.LITT., the first Vice-Chancellor of the reconstructed Allahabad University, became personally interested in this work and readily induced the great educationist Governor, Sir Harcourt Butler, to recommend to the Government of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh to defray the cost of its publication. ### [v1.c3.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.23) I take this opportunity to express my respectful gratitude to Sir Harcourt Butler and his Government. And to Sir Claude I am further indebted for his scholarly sympathy, friendly advice and constant encouragement. To the great lovers of oriental scholarship, Rai Rajeshwar Bali Sahib, O.B.E., the Minister of Education, Kunwar Jagdish Prasad, C.I.E., O.B.E., I.C.S., the Educational (now Chief) Secretary, and Mr. A. H. Mackenzie, M.A., B.SC., the Director of Public Instruction, I am in a debt of gratitude for further encouragement which has kept up my energy and spirit needed in bringing out this dictionary after working on it for the past twelve years. ### [v1.c3.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.24) For suggesting many improvements I am indebted to the veteran orientalists, Dr. L. D. Barnett of British Museum, London, and Professor E. J. Rapson of Cambridge University, who examined the whole manuscript before it went to press. I am thankful to Professor J. Ph. Vogel, PH.D., of Leiden University for helping me with all necessary books during my stay there. To Mr. E. L. G. den Dooren de Jong and Miss Ch. L. Du Ry van Beest Holle of Zoötomical Laboratory, Leiden, I owe many friendly services in connection with this work, but for which it would have been impossible for me to get on in Holland. To another talented lady friend, Miss E. J. Beck, who took the trouble of putting in the diacritical marks to a duplicate type-written copy of this dictionary, I owe, like many other Indian students, more obligations than I can adequately express. ### [v1.c3.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.25) Last but not least I am pleased to record my grateful thanks to Major W. C. Abel, M.B.E., V.D., lately the Superintendent of Government Press, Allahabad, and to his able successor, Mr. D. W. Crighton, and to their staff for their ever sympathetic and kind treatment towards me and their zealous and careful handling which was necessary in printing a dictionary like this. ### [v1.c3.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.26) P. K. ACHARYA. ### [v1.c3.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c3.27) SANSKRIT DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF ALLAHABAD: \*August, 1927.\* ### Abbreviations ### [v1.c4.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c4.1) \[References to the quotations are given in full in all cases. No list of works and authors is, therefore, appended. Abbreviations have been used only in the following cases. The order is that of the English alphabet as the names in the following list are all English.\] ### [v1.c4.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c4.2) | Arch. Surv., new Imp. series... | | \*Archæological Survey\*, new Imperial series. | | Buddhist Cave Temples | ... | \*Archæological Survey of Western India\*, new Imperial series, vol. iv, "Reports on the Buddhist Cave Temples and their Inscriptions," by Jas Burgess, LL.D., F.R.G.S. | | C. I. I. | ... | \*Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum\*, vol. iii, "Inscription of the Early Gupta Kings," by Dr. Fleet. (\*Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum\*, vol. i, "Inscriptions of Asoka," by General Sir A. Cunningham, has not been referred to, neither M. Senart's editions of the same inscriptions in different volumes of the Indian Antiquary as well as in his French volumes. The only reference to these inscriptions is given from Dr. Bühler's edition in the \*Epigraphia Indica\*; the difference in reading, if any, among the editors has been noted by their names Cunningham, Senart, Bühler.) | | C. I. I., F. G. I. | ... | \*Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum\*, "Fleet's Gupta Inscriptions." | | Chālukyān Architecture, Arch. Surv., new Imp. series (followed by volume and page, etc.). | | \*Archæological Survey of India\*, new Imperial series, vol. xxi, "Châlukyān Architecture," by Alexr. Rea, M R.A.S. | | Cock | ... | \*Eene Oud-indische stad Volgens het Epos\*, by Dr. J. K. de Cock, Groningen, 1899. | | Cunningham, Arch. Surv. Reports | ... | \*Archæological Survey of India Reports\*, by General Sir Alexander Cunningham. | ### [v1.c4.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c4.4) | \*\*F. G. I.\*\* | ... | ... | \*Dr. Fleet's Gupta Inscriptions.\* | | \*\*Ep. Carnat.\*\* | ... | ... | \*Epigraphia Carnatica\*, by Lewis Rice.¹ | | \*\*Ep. Ind.\*\* | ... | ... | \*Epigraphia Indica.\* | ### [v1.c4.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c4.5) ¹ The most arbitrary abbreviations of the names of the Taluqs, approximately 100 in the 12 volumes, have not been followed, first because it seems impossible, at least for me, to read, from his abbreviation Cn., Channarayapattana (in the Introduction, and the table of contents, but indifferently spelt 'Channarayapatna' in the title at the top of each page), from Mj., Manjarabad, etc. (see Introduction, vol. v, part I, p. 1); secondly, 100 such abbreviations will be too tedious for any patient reader to remember. These names have, therefore, been written hundreds of times in full. ### [v1.c4.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c4.6) Again there are as many as 12 kinds of paging sometimes in (each part of) each volume. Compare, for instance, vol. III. 'Contents' after one fol. of the fly-leaf, one of the names of the Taluqs, and one of a plate:— (1) Preface (page number is not given). (2) List of illustrations (page number is not given). (3) Introduction .. .. .. 1–36 (4) List of the Inscriptions classified in chronological order .. I–IX (5) Text of the Inscriptions in Roman characters .. .. 1–213 (6) Translations of the Inscriptions .. .. 1–117 Text of the Inscriptions: (7) in Kannada characters .. .. .. 1–381 (8) in Grantha and Tamil characters .. .. .. 1–32 (9) in Arabic and Persian characters .. .. .. 1–4 (10) Addenda et Corrigenda .. .. .. 1-2 (11) Alphabetical list of towns and villages where the inscriptions were found .. 1–4 (12) Index to Introduction .. .. .. 1–11 ### [v1.c4.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c4.7) This is not a solitary instance: compare also vol. v, part I, which bears 9 kinds of paging exclusive of the fly-leaf, names of Taluqs, and a plate; vol. VII has 10 kinds of paging. ### [v1.c4.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c4.8) There is yet another difficulty, perhaps the most irritating one, of consulting and referring to this extensive work comprising approximately 12,000 pages. Many of the readers for whose service this dictionary is made are not expected to be familiar with the various South Indian scripts. It is for this reason and also for sparing readers the troubles of confusing pagings that I have referred to the Roman text only. But neither the Roman text nor the translation even of the largest inscriptions covering sometimes 10 pages of 40 lines to a page (cf. vol. v, part I, pp. 262, 364, 530, etc.) has been numbered by verses, lines or paragraphs. Consequently, no one convenient method could be followed in referring to a particular passage in the Roman text and in the corresponding translation. I might have counted, from the beginning of the inscription, the lines in both the places (which I have actually done in referring to the smaller inscriptions), but that would not save troubles of readers, as they would themselves be required to count say 400 lines twice, once in the text and secondly in the translation. In such cases my references to a particular passage has been thus: Ep. Carnat., vol. v, part I,--Channaragapattana Taluq no.——, Roman text or Translation, p.——, line (of that particular page, and not from the beginning of the inscription), sometimes from the bottom upwards, stated distinctly in so many words (e.g., line 2 from bottom upwards, instead of saying line 43, i.e., from the top downwards); occasionally it appeared more convenient to say p. 43, para. 7, line 9, instead of counting all the lines from the top or bottom of the page. ### [v1.c4.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c4.9) | Gloss. Grecian Arch. ... | A Glossary of Terms used in Grecian, Roman, Italian and Gothic architecture, by Anonymous, London, 1838. | | Gwilt, Encycl. (generally followed by the cardinal number of articles and occasionally by page). | \*An Encyclopædia of Architecture\*, by Joseph Gwilt, f.s.a., f.r.a.s., 1867. | | H. S. I. I. ... ... | \*South Indian Inscriptions\*, by Dr. Hultzsch. | | Fergusson, Hist. of Ind. and East. Arch. | \*History of Indian and Eastern Architecture\*, by James Fergusson, d.c.l., f.r.s., m.r.a s., 1891. | | Hist. of Arch. Fletcher ... | \*A History of Architecture\*, by Fletcher, 1908. | | Ind. Ant. ... ... | \*The Indian Antiquary\*.∗ | | J. A. S. B. (followed by volume and page, etc.). | Bengal Asiatic Society's Journal. | | J. A S. Bom. Br. (followed by volume, page, etc. and N. S. added to indicate new series). | Bombay Branch, Asiatic Society's Journal. | | J. A. O. S. (followed by part and page, etc.). | The Journal of the American Oriental Society. | | J. R. A. S., N. S (followed by volume, page, etc.). | The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, new series. | ### [v1.c4.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c4.10) ∗ In the earlier volumes of this series, pages are divided, not invariably, however, into two columns, which are abbreviated thus : Ind. Ant , vol. v (preceded by the name of the article or the inscription), p. 320, C. 1 or 2 (=column 1st or 2nd), para. 1 or 2 (where there is more than one), line, say, 7 (of the para. when it is followed by any, or simply lines to be counted from the top ; in cases where it appeared more convenient, it is stated thus : line 7 from bottom upwards). In the earlier volumes the foot-notes are not marked by the numerical figures, 1, 2, 3 and so forth ; they are indicated by some inconvenient signs, e.g.,\*, †, ‡, etc. It was not possible to refer to these notes by any particular name. Some of the inscriptions published in this series have been given three different titles in three places of reference, namely, one in the table of contents, a different one as the heading of the inscription in the body of the volume, and a third one on the top of the pages wherein it is described. Compare, for example, the following :— (1) Two Praśastis of Nānāka, a court poet of Vīśaladeva of Gujarata (Ind. Ant., vol. xi, contents, at the end of the volume). (2) Sanskrit Grants and Inscriptions of Gujrat Kings, nos. iii and iv, Praśastis of Nānāka, a court poet of King Vīśaladeva of Gujrat (in the heading of the article, p. 98). (3) Sanskrit Grants and Inscriptions (on the top of pages 99, 101, 103, 105, 107). I have generally referred to the last named title, i.e., the one occurring on the top of the pages. ### [v1.c4.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c4.11) | K. S. I. I. | ... | \*South Indian Inscriptions\*, by Rao Sahib H. Krishnashastri. | | M. ... | ... | \*The Mānasāra\*, edited and translated by P. K. Acharya, I E.S., M.A., PH.D , D.LITT. | | Monumental Antiquities and Inscriptions, North-Western Provinces, Arch. Surv., new Imp. series (followed by volume, page, etc.). | | \*Archæological Survey of India\*, new Imperial series, vol. XII, "The Monumental Antiquities and Inscriptions in the North-Western Provinces and Oudh," by A. Führer, PH.D. | | Muhammadan Architecture of Bharoch, etc., Burgess, Arch. Surv., new Imp. series (followed by volume, page, etc). | | \*Archæological Survey of India\*, new Imperial series, vol. XXIII (Western India, vol. VI), on "The Muhammadan Architecture of Bharoch, Cambay, Dholka, Champanir, and Mahmudabad in Gujrat," by Jas Burgess, C.I.E., LL.D., F.R.S.E. | | Mysore Arch. Surv. Report, Narasimhachar (followed by year, page, etc), | | Annual Report of the Mysore Archæological department, by R. Narasimhachar. | | M. W. Dict. ... | ... | A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, by Sir Monier Williams, M.A., 1872. | | Pallava Architecture, Rea, Arch. Surv., new Imp. series (followed by volume, page, etc.). | | \*Archæological Survey of India\*, new Imperial series, vol. XXIV, "Pallava Architecture," by Alexander Rea, F.S.A. (Scot.), M.R.A S. | | Pet. Dict. ... | ... | Sanskrit-Worterbuch von Böhtlingk and Rudolf Roth, 1855. | | Rām Rāz, Ess. Arch. (of) Hind. | | Essay on the Architecture of the Hindus, by Rām Rāz, London, 1834. | | Sharqi Arch. of Jaunpur, Führer, Arch. Surv., new Imp. series (followed by volume, page, etc.). | | \*Archæological Survey of India\*, new Imperial series, vol. XI, "The Sharqi Architecture of Jaunpur," by A. Führer, PH.D., with drawings and architectural descriptions by Ed. W. Smith. | | V. S. I. I. ... | ... | \*South Indian Inscriptions\*, by Rai Bahadur V. Venkayya. | | Vedic Index, Macdonell and Keith. | | \*Vedic Index of names and subjects\*, by Arthur Anthony Macdonell, M.A., PH.D., and Arthur Berriedale Keith, M.A., D.C.L., 1912. | | Vitruvius (followed by Book and chapter). | | The ten Books of Vitruvius, translated from Latin by Joseph Gwilt, F.S.A., 1880. | ### The Dictionary Order of the Roman Alphabet ### [v1.c5.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c5.1) a, ā; i, ī; u, ū; ṛi, ṛī; e, ai; o, au; ### [v1.c5.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c5.2) k, kh; g, gh; ṅ; ch, chh; j, jh; ñ; ### [v1.c5.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c5.3) ṭ, ṭh; ḍ, ḍh; ṇ; t, th; d, dh; n; ### [v1.c5.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c5.4) p, ph; b, bh; m; y, r, l, v; ### [v1.c5.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c5.5) ś, sh, s; h; ṁ; ḥ. ### A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture ### [v1.c6.1](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.1) AKSHA—The eye, a die, the base of a column. ### [v1.c6.2](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.2) (1) The base of a column : ### [v1.c6.3](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.3) Athavākshaṁ (=adhishṭhānaṁ) navāṁśochchaṁ janma chaikena kārayet । ### [v1.c6.4](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.4) (Mānasāra, XIV. 17, note.) ### [v1.c6.5](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.5) (2) The eye : ### [v1.c6.6](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.6) Asyāyāmaṁ tri-mātraṁ syād vistāraṁ chaika-mātrakam । ### [v1.c6.7](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.7) Akshāyāmārdha-mātraṁ syād vistāraṁ yuktito nyaset । (M. LX. 29-30.) ### [v1.c6.8](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.8) (3) A die : ### [v1.c6.9](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.9) Akshaiḥ sphaṭika-saṁyuktaṁ tulā-bhājanam eva cha । ### [v1.c6.10](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.10) (M. LXVIII. 28.) ### [v1.c6.11](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.11) (4) Referring to the window-like part of a \*dolā\* (swing, hammock, palanquin), and of chariot : ### [v1.c6.12](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.12) Purataḥ prishṭhato madhye parva(darpa)ṇaṁ bhadra-saṁyutam । ### [v1.c6.13](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.13) Pārśvayor vā(dvā)raṇaṁ kuryāt tasyādho'kshaṁ susaṁyutam । (M. L. 165-166.) ### [v1.c6.14](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.14) Tasyādhaḥ karṇanaṁ kuryād akshotsedhārdham eva cha । ### [v1.c6.15](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.15) (M. XLI. 51, see further context under \*Aksha-bhāra\*.) ### [v1.c6.16](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.16) See \*Gavāksha\*. ### [v1.c6.17](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.17) Cf. \*Mitāksharā\* (ed. Cal. 1829.), 146. 1. (Pet. Dict.): ### [v1.c6.18](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.18) Akshaḥ pāda-stambhayor upari-nivishṭa-tulādhāra-paṭṭaḥ । ### [v1.c6.19](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.19) Akshāgra-kīla । Pushkarāksha (see \*Pāṇini\*, 5, 4, 76). Dhārābhir aksha-mātrābhiḥ (\*Arjunasamāgama\*, ed. Bopp, 8, 4). ### [v1.c6.20](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.20) AKSHA-BHĀRA---A lower part of a chariot : ### [v1.c6.21](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.21) Tasyādho (=below the pāda or pillar) karṇaṁ kuryād akshotsedhārdham eva cha l Tat-tad-deśe tu chhidraṁ syād aksha-bhāre rathāntakam l Chhidre praveśayet kīlam yuktyā cha paṭṭayojitam l (M. XLII. 51–53.) ### [v1.c6.22](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.22) AKSHI-SŪTRA—The line of the eyes : ### [v1.c6.23](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.23) Mukhāyāmaṁ tridhā bhavet l Akshi-sūtrāvasānaṁ cha tasyādho(as) tat-padāntakam l Hikkā-sūtrād adho bāhu-dīrgham ṛikshāṅgulam bhavet l ### [v1.c6.24](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.24) AGNI-DVĀRA—The door on the south-east : ### [v1.c6.25](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.25) Chatur-dikshu chatush-koṇe mahā-dvāraṁ prakalpayet l Pūrva-dvāraṁ athaiśāne chāgni-dvāraṁ tu dakshiṇe l Pitur-dvāraṁ tu tat-pratyag vāyau dvāraṁ tathottaram l (M. IX. 292, 294-295.) ### [v1.c6.26](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.26) AGRAHĀRA—A village inhabited by the Brāhmaṇas : ### [v1.c6.27](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.27) Viprair vidvadbhir ābhogyaṁ maṅgalaṁ cheti kīrtitam l Agrahāras tad evaṁ uktaṁ viprendrāḥ Kāmikāgame ॥ (Kāmikāgama XX 3.) Agrahāraṁ vinānyeshu sthānīyādishu vāstushu l Prāg-ādishu chatur-dikshu vāyau īśe śivālayaḥ ॥ (\*Ibid.\* XXVI. 32.) \*Nīlakaṇṭha\*, 16. 3. (\*Pet. Dict.\*): Agraṁ brāhmaṇa-bhojanaṁ tad-arthaṁ hriyante rāja-dhanāt pṛithak kriyante te agrahārāḥ kshetrādayaḥ l Chatur-bhuja (comm. Mbh.): Agrahāra=śāsana. ### [v1.c6.28](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.28) AGHANA--Not solid, a hollow moulding, column or pillar : ### [v1.c6.29](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.29) Ghanaṁ chāpy aghanaṁ chaiva vinyāsam atha vakshyate l (Vistārāyāma-śobhādi purvavad-gopurāntakam) l Yaṁ mānaṁ bahir anyena chulikā-māna-sammitam l (M. XXXIII. 290–292, see also 293--309.) Referring to windows (or rather pillar of windows) : Tad-vistāra-ghanaṁ sarvaṁ kuryād vai śilpi(a)vit-tamaḥ l Gopure kūṭa-koshṭ(h)āli-grīve pādāntare tathā l Ghane vāpy aghane vāpi yathā vātāyanair-yutam l ### [v1.c6.30](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.30) cf: Vistāraṁ cha dvi-mātraṁ syād agram ekāṅgulaṁ bhavet । Ghanam ekāṅgulaṁ chaiva । (M. LX. 17-18). Referring to the image of a bull : Ghanaṁ vāpy aghanaṁ vāpi kuryāttu śilpi(a)-vit-tamaḥ । (M. LXII. 17). ### [v1.c6.31](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.31) AGHANA-MĀNA—(see \*aghana\*.) Measurement by the interior of a structure. Evaṁ tat(d) ghana-mānam uktam aghanaṁ vakshyate' dhunā ॥ Vistārāyāma-bhaktiḥ syād uktavat yuktito nyaset । Dvi-tribhāga-viśāle tu āyataṁ tat prakalpayet । Bhakti-tri-bhāgam ekāṁśaṁ bhitti-vistāraṁ eva cha । Śeshaṁ tad garbha gehaṁ tu madhya-bhāge tu veśanam । (M: XXXIII. 331-335 f.). ### [v1.c6.32](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.32) AṄKA(GA)ṆA—(see \*prāṅgaṇa\*.) Same as Aṅgaṇa, a court, a courtyard. Yathā madhye'ṅkanaṁ kuryāt pañcha-bhāgena vistṛitam (M. XXXIV. 143). Kalpa-drumasya purato bahir aṅkanam syāt (M. XLVIII. 72). Athātaḥ saṁpravakshye'ham aṅgaṇasya tu lakshaṇam । Aṅgaṇaṁ dhvaja-yoniḥ syān mukhāyāmābhidhaṁyutam ॥ Pādukānāṁ bahir-bhāgam aṅgaṇaṁ tat vidur budhāḥ । Dhvajaḥ sarvatra saṁpanna iti śāstra-nidarśanam ॥ (\*Vāstu-vidyā\* ed. Gaṇapati Śāstri. VI. 1-2). Madhye tu prāṅgaṇaṁ kāryaṁ viśālenaika-paṁktikam । Ardha-paṁkti-vivṛidhyā tu triṁśat paṁkty antam ishyate ॥ 40. Āyāme chaika-paṁkty ādi tri-guṇāntaṁ viśālatā । Evaṁ brahmāṅgaṇaṁ kāryaṁ jala-pāta-yutaṁ navā ॥ 41. Madhyamaṁ chāṅgaṇa-sthānaṁ maṇḍapena yutaṁ tu vā ॥ 66. Prāg aṅgaṇaṁ pradhānaṁ syāt prāgavāgaṅgaṇaṁ jvaraḥ ॥ 131. (“Kāmikāgama”, xxxv) : Ujatāṅgaṇa-bhūmishu (“Raghuvaṁśa”. ed. Cal. 1. 52, \*Pet Dict\*). ### [v1.c6.33](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.33) Vimānaṁ haṁsa-yuktam etat tishṭhati te'ṅgaṇe ("\*Devī māhātmya\*," ed. Cal. 5. 50 (\*ibid\*). ### [v1.c6.34](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.34) Nṛipāṅgaṇa. (Kāvya chandrikā 166, 15 '\*ibid\*). ### [v1.c6.35](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.35) Nṛipāṅgana (dental, n. Bhartṛihari. 2. 46 (\*ibid\*). ### [v1.c6.36](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.36) Mahārājāṅgaṇaṁ śūrāḥ praviśantu mahodayam (\*Rāmāyaṇa II\*, 3, 19 (\*ibid\*). ### [v1.c6.37](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.37) Matsya-tīrthada sannidhānadali Liṅgaṇṇa bagitinda doḍḍa-asvāthada baḷige aṅgaṇa 12 māḍida sēvā—"Liṅgaṇṇa with devotion erected (a maṇṭapa of) 12 aṅgaṇas near the big asvattha tree in proximity to the Matsyatīrtha, on the bank of the Arkapushkarini." (\*Ep. Carnat. vol. IV\*. Edatore Taluq, no. 3, Roman text. p. 84, Transl. p. 52). ### [v1.c6.38](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.38) AṄGA-DŪSHAṆA—The defects of the limbs; the penalties of a defective construction. ### [v1.c6.39](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.39) "\*Mānasāra\*", Chap. lxix, 1—73: ### [v1.c6.40](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.40) The chapter is named Aṅgadūshaṇa in the colophon. The term would literally mean the defects of the limbs. The chapter opens with the proposal that the penalties on the master, the king,and the kingdom following a defective construction will be described : ### [v1.c6.41](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.41) Ālayādyanga-sarveshu hīnādhikyaṁ bhaved yadi । ### [v1.c6.42](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.42) Rāja-rāshtrādi-kartṝiṇāṁ dosha-prāptim(-r)ihochyate (1—2). ### [v1.c6.43](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.43) There should not be, as stated, any defect in the width, height, plinth, lintel, pillar, entablature, finial, dome, door, adytum, staircase, terrace, gate house, pavilion, wall etc. (3—10). ### [v1.c6.44](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.44) Cf: Tasmāt tu dosha saṁprāpti(ḥ) śilpidṛishṭi(r) nivārayet (11). ### [v1.c6.45](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.45) The illustrations too of penalties for defective construction are taken from the different architectural objects, such as door, staircase, pillar, wall, dome, spire, etc., etc. Thus it is stated that if the altar (vedikā) be defective, the master would lose his eyesight (26); if the dome be larger or shorter, the people would suffer from poverty (29); if the pillars be larger or shorter, the race of the master would be exterminated (23), and so forth. ### [v1.c6.46](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.46) AṄGULA—A finger, a finger-breadth, a measure of about three-fourths of an inch; one of some equal parts, into which an architectural or sculptural object is divided for proportional measurement. ### [v1.c6.47](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.47) (The definition of paramāṇu or atom: ### [v1.c6.48](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.48) Munīnāṁ nayanodvikshya(s) tat paramāṇur udāhṛitam (40). ### [v1.c6.49](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.49) cf : Bṛihat-saṁhitā (below). ### [v1.c6.50](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.50) Paramāṇu or atom is the lowest measurement.) ### [v1.c6.51](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.51) The details of the aṅgula-measure (41—46): ### [v1.c6.52](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.52) | 8 Paramāṇu (atoms) | = | 1 Ratha dhūli (cardust), | | 8 Cardusts | = | 1 Vālāgra (hair’s end), | | 8 Hair’s ends | = | 1 Likshā (nit), | | 8 Nits | = | 1 Yūkā (louse). | | 8 Lice | = | 1 Yava (barley corn). | | 8 Barley corns | = | 1 Aṅgula (finger). | ### [v1.c6.53](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.53) Three kinds of aṅgulas are distinguished, the largest of which is equal to 8 yavas, the intermediate one 7 yavas, and the smallest one 6 yavas (47—48). ### [v1.c6.54](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.54) Further details (49—53): ### [v1.c6.55](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.55) | 12 Aṅgulas | = | 1 Vitasti (span). | | 2 Spans or | | | | 24 Aṅgulas | = | 1 Kishku-hasta (samllest cubit). | | 25 " | = | 1 Prājāpatya-hasta. | | 26 " | = | 1 Dhanur-mushṭi-hasta. | | 27 " | = | 1 Dhanur-graha-hasta. | | 4 Cubits | = | 1 Dhanuḥ or daṇḍa (bow or rod). | | 8 Daṇḍas (rods) | = | 1 Rajju (rope). | ### [v1.c6.56](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.56) Direction is given with regard to the use of the cubits of different lengths and other measures (54—58): conveyances and bedsteads etc. are stated to be measured in the cubit of 24 aṅgulas, buildings in general (vimānas) in the cubit of 25 aṅgulas, the ground or land (vāstu) in the cubit of 26 aṅgulas, and the villages etc. in the cubit of 27 aṅgulas. The cubit of 24 aṅgulas can, however, be employed, as stated in measuring all these objects. ### [v1.c6.57](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.57) Three kinds of the Aṅgula-measure : Mātrāṅgula-gataṁ proktam aṅgulaṁ tri-vidhaṁ bhavet । (53). The mānāṅgula is the standard measure ; it is equal to eight barley corns : Yava-tārāshṭa-mātraṁ syān mānāṅgulam iti smṛitam । (56). The mātrāṅgula is the measure taken in the middle finger of the master : Kartur dakshiṇa-hastasya madhyamāṅgula-madhyame । Parva-dīrghaṁ tan-nāhaṁ mātrāṅgulam udāhṛitam । (57-58). The details of the 'deha-labdhāṅgula' are left out ; but this measure is frequently referred to : Trayas- triśach chhatāntaṁ syād deha-labdhāṅgulena vā । (64). The 'deha-labdhāṅgula' is to be understood as the measure, which is equal to one of the equal parts, into which the whole height of a statue is divided for sculptural measurement. This alone should otherwise be called aṁśa (part) ; but the term (aṁśa) is indiscriminately used for all the three aṅgula-measures, as well as for the term 'mātra.' Compare, for example, chap. LXV : Mūrdh(n)ādi-pāda-paryantaṁ tuṅga-mānaṁ praśasyate । (2). Chatur-viṁśach-chhataṁ kṛitvā tathaivāṁśena mānayet । (3). Ushṇīshāt keśa-paryantaṁ chatur-mātraṁ praśasyate । (4). Ardhāṁśaṁ gala-mānaṁ syād vedāṁśaṁ gala-tuṅgakam । (6). Sa yava-tryaṁśakaṁ chaivānāmikāyāmam ishyate । (26). Meḍhrāntaṁ ūru-dīrghaṁ syāt sapta-viṁśāṅgulaṁ bhavet । (9) The 'deha-labdhāṅgula' is also called the bera (idol)-aṅgula and the liṅga (phallus)-aṅgula, chap. LXIV. 49-53 : Aṁśakaṁ mānam evoktam aṅgulair mānam uchyate । Yal-liṅga-tuṅgaṁ saṁgrāhya chatur-viṁśach-chhatāntakam । Liṅgāṅgulam iti proktaṁ beraṁ tālavaśād-api । Kṛitvā berāṅgulaṁ proktaṁ mānāṅgulam ihochyate । Yava-tārāshṭa-mātraṁ syād devānāṁ aṅgulaṁ bhavet । The 'deva (god's)-aṅgula' mentioned in the last line (53) is apparently the māna (standard) aṅgula. ### [v1.c6.58](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.58) Jālāntarage bhānau yad-aṇutaraṁ darśanaṁ rajo yāti | Tadvindyāt paramāṇum prathamaṁ tad-dhi pramāṇānām || Paramāṇu-rajo-vālāgra-likshā-yūkā yavo'ṅgulaṁ cheti | Ashṭa-guṇāni yathottaram aṅgulam ekaṁ bhavati mātrā || ### [v1.c6.59](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.59) "Commentary quotes a parallel passage, the former stanza of which recurs in Manu, VIII, 132 (cf. below), whereas the latter wholly differs : ### [v1.c6.60](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.60) Tathā cha jālāntara-gate bhānau yat sūkshmaṁ dṛiśyate rajaḥ | Prathamaṁ tat pramāṇānāṁ trasa-reṇuṁ prachakshate || Tasmād rajaḥ kachāgraṁ cha likshā yukā yavo'ṅgulam | Kramād ashṭa-guṇaṁ jñeyaṁ jina-saṁkhyāṅgulaiḥ samāḥ || ### [v1.c6.61](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.61) From an unknown author are the verses quoted by (3) Bāpū-Deva in his edition of the \*Siddhānta-śiromaṇi\*, p. 52 : ### [v1.c6.62](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.62) Veśmāntaḥ patiteshu bhāskara-kareshvālokyate yad-rajaḥ | Sa proktaḥ paramāṇur ashṭa guṇitais tair eva reṇur bhavet || Tair vālāgram athāshṭabhiḥ kacha-mukhair likshā cha yūkā shṭabhiḥ | Syāt tribhiścha tadashtakena cha yavo'shṭābhis cha tair aṅgulam || ### [v1.c6.63](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.63) "Digit (āṅgula) has here (B. S. LVIII 4) no absolute, but a relative value; it is the module and equal to 1/108 of the whole height of the idol, or 1/180 of idol and seat together". Commentary : yasmāt kāshṭhāt pāshāṇādikād vā pratimā kriyate tad dairghyaṁ pīṭha-pramāṇa-vivarjitaṁ dvādaśa-bhāga-vibhaktaṁ kṛitvā tatraiko bhāgo navadhā kāryaḥ, so'ṅgula-sajñako bhavati, yasmād ashṭādhikam aṅgula-śatam pratimā pramāṇaṁ vakshyati. (Kern. \*J. R. A. S.\* (N. S.) volume VI, p. 323, notes 1, 2). ### [v1.c6.64](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.64) (4) Introduction (pp. 8-9) to "Rājavallabha Maṇḍaṇa", Ed. Nārāyaṇa Bhārati and Yaśovanta Bhārati ### [v1.c6.65](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.65) | 1 aṅgula | = | mātrā. | 5 aṅgula | = | tala. | | 2 ,, | = | kalā. | 6 ,, | = | kara pāda. | | 3 ,, | = | parvan. | 7 ,, | = | dṛishṭi. | | 4 ,, | = | mushṭi. | 8 ,, | = | tūṇī. | ### [v1.c6.66](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.66) | 9 | aṅgula | = | prādeśa. | 24 | aṅgula | = | aratni. | | 10 | ,, | = | saya tāla. | 42 | ,, | = | kishku. | | 11 | ,, | = | go-karṇa. | 84 | ,, | = | purusha (height | | 12 | ,, | = | vitasti (span). | | | | of a man). | | 14 | ,, | = | anāha-pada. | 96 | ,, | = | dhanus. | | 21 | ,, | = | ratni. | 106 | ,, | = | daṇḍa. | ### [v1.c6.67](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.67) This is apparently taken from the Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa. (See below.) ### [v1.c6.68](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.68) (5) "Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa," chap. 7 (Vāyu-prokte pūrva-bhāge dvitīye anushaṅgapāde) gives a curious origin of the aṅgula measure: It is stated (in v. 91-95) that people at first used to live in caves, mountains and rivers etc. They began to build houses in order to protect themselves from cold and heat (śītoshṇa-vāraṇāt). Then they built kheṭas (towns), puras (houses), grāmas (villages) and nagaras (cities). And to measure their length, breadth, and the intermediate distance between two settlements (sanniveśa) the people instinctively (yathājñānam) employed their own fingers. Thence forward the aṅgulas are used as standard of measurement. ### [v1.c6.69](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.69) Then follow the details of the aṅgula measurement (V. 96-101) ### [v1.c6.70](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.70) Jayāṅgula-pradeśāṁs trīn hastaḥ kishkuṁ dhanūṁshi cha । Daśatvaṅgula-parvāṇi prādeśa iti saṁjñitaḥ ॥ 96. Aṅgushṭhasya pradeśinyā vyāsa(ḥ) prādeśa uchyate । Tālaḥ smṛito madhyamayā gokarṇaś chāpyanāmayā ॥ 97. Kanishṭhayā vitastis tu dvādaśāṅgula uchyate । Ratnir aṅgula-parvāṇi saṁkhyayā tvekaviṁśatiḥ ॥ 98. Chatvāri-viṁśatiś chaiva hastaḥ syād aṅgulāni tu । Kishkuḥ smṛito dviratnis tu dvi-chatvāriṁśad aṅgulaḥ ॥ 99. Chatur hasto dhanur daṇḍo nālikā yugam eva cha । Dhanuḥ sahasre dve tatra gavyūtis taiḥ kṛitā tadā ॥ 100. Ashṭau dhanuḥ sahasrāṇi yojanaṁ tair vibhāvitaṁ । Etena jojaneneha sanniveśās tataḥ kṛitāḥ ॥ 101. ### [v1.c6.71](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.71) (6) "Matsya Purāṇa", chap. 258, v. 17-19 : ### [v1.c6.72](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.72) Jālāntara-pravishṭānāṁ bhānūnāṁ yad rajaḥ sphuṭam । Trasa-reṇuḥ sa vijñeyo vālāgraṁ tair athāshṭabhiḥ ॥ 17. ### [v1.c6.73](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.73) Tad-ashṭakena tu likhyātu yūkā likhyāshṭakair matā । Javo yūkāshṭakaṁ tad-yad ashṭabhis tais tad aṅgulam ॥ 18. (Svakīyāṅguli-mānena mukhaṁ syād dvādaśāṅgulam । Mukha-mānena kartavyā sarvāvayava-kalpanā ॥ 19). ### [v1.c6.74](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.74) (7) Vāstu-vidyā, Ed. Gaṇapati Sāstri, 1. 3-5 f : ### [v1.c6.75](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.75) Tatrādau saṁpravakshyāmi sarveshāṁ māna-sādhanam । Mānenaivākhilaṁ loke vastu saṁsādhyate yataḥ ॥ Paramāṇuḥ kramād vriddho mānāṅgula iti smṛitaḥ । Paramāṇur iti prokto yogināṁ drishṭi-gocharaḥ ॥ Paramāṇur ashṭābhis trasa-reṇur iti smṛitaḥ । Trasa-reṇuś cha romāgraṁ likshā-yūkā-yavās tathā ॥ and so forth (see \*Mānasāra\*). ### [v1.c6.76](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.76) (8) "Bimbamāna", Ms. (British Museum 558, 5292), V. 9 : ### [v1.c6.77](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.77) Yad-bimba-pramāṇena mānāṅgula(ṁ) vibhājite । Tena bimbasya mānaṁ tu tatra(ṁ) āyāmam ishyate । ### [v1.c6.78](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.78) (9) "Suprabhedāgama," \*Paṭala\*, xxx : ### [v1.c6.79](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.79) Athātaḥ saṁpravakshyāmi aṅgulānāṁ tu lakshaṇaṁ । Mānāṅgulaṁ tu prathamaṁ syāt mātrāṅgulaṁ dvitīyakam ॥ 1. Deha-labdha-pramāṇaṁ tu tritīyaṁ aṅgulaṁ smṛitaṁ । Yasmāt paraṁ aṇur nāsti paramāṇus tad uchyate ॥ 2. Paramāṇur adhaś chaivāpi cha keśāgra eva cha । R(l)ikshā-yūkā-yavās tatra kramaśo'shṭa-guṇair matam ॥ 3. Mānāṅgulam iti proktaṁ tato mātrāṅgulaṁ śṛiṇu । Āchārya-dakshiṇe haste madhyamāṅguli-madhyame ॥ 4. Parva(ṁ) mātrāṅgulaṁ jñeyaṁ deha-labdhāṅgulaṁ śṛiṇu । Pratimāyās tathotsedhe tāla-gaṇyena bhājite ॥ 5. Teshvekaṁ bhāga-van-mānāṁ deha-labdhāṅgulaṁ smṛitaṁ । The objects measured in the three kinds of aṅgulas : Prāsāda-maṇḍapāṁś chaiva prākārān gopurān api ॥ 6. Grāmādya-kshetra-gaṇyeshu mānāṅgula-vidhānataḥ । Āchārya-dakshāṅgulibhir mite vyāsa-mitādhikaiḥ (sic) ॥ 7. Kūrche pavitrake chaiva sruve srugbhir athānyakaiḥ । Yāgē prayojitānīha mātrāṅguli-vidhiś charet ॥ 8. Atha mānāṅgulair vāpi kārayed yāga-karmaṇi । Deha-labdhāṅgulenaiva pratimāṁ kārayed budhaḥ ॥ 9. ### [v1.c6.80](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.80) Then follow the technical names of the aṅgulas (v. 10—16) : One aṅgula is called——bindu, moksha. Two aṅgulas are ,, ——kalā (elsewhere it is the name of one aṅgula), kolaka, padma, akshi, aśvini. Three ,, ,, ,, ——rudrākshi, agni, guṇa, śūla (and) vidyā. Four , ,, ,, ——yuga (and) bhāga, veda, and turīya. Five ,, ,, ,, ——rudrānana, indriya, bhūta, and vāṇa. Six ,, ,, ,, ——karman, aṅga, ayana, and rasa. Seven ,, ,, ,, ——pātāla, muni, dhātu, and abdhi. Eight ,, ,, ,, —— basu, loka-(īśa?), and mūrti. Nine ,, ,, ,, ——dvāra, sūtra, graha, and śakti. Ten ,, ,, ,, —— diś, nāḍi, āyudha, and prādurbhāva. Twenty ,, ,, ,, ——trishu (and) vishku. Thirty ,, ,, ,, ——gati. Forty ,, ,, ,, ——trijagat (?). Fifty ,, ,, ,, ——śakvari. Sixty ,, ,, ,, ——atiśakvari. Seventy ,, ,, ,, ——yashṭi. Eighty ,, ,, ,, ——atyashṭi. Ninety ,, ,, ,, ——dhṛiti. Hundred ,, ,, ,, ——atidhṛiti. The cardinal numbers are described (v. 17—20) : ### [v1.c6.81](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.81) Ekaṁ daśaṁ śataṁ chaiva sahasram ayutaṁ punaḥ || 17. Niyutaṁ prayutaṁ chaiva koṭiṁ chaiva yathārbudam | Bṛindaṁ kharvaṁ nikharvaṁ cha śaṅkhaṁ padmam ataḥ param || 18. Samudra-madhyāntarākhyaṁ aparaṁ tathā | Parārdham evākhyātaṁ daśa-vṛitt(-ddh)yuttarottaram || 19. Evam etāni choktāni saṁkhyā-sthānaṁ viṁśatiḥ | ### [v1.c6.82](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.82) Three kinds of the vitasti (span), which is equal to 12 aṅgulas, are distinguished by their technical names : ### [v1.c6.83](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.83) Tālaṁ yamaṁ tri-bhāgaṁ cha shaṭ-kalāś cha vitastakam || 20 Shaṭ-kolakaṁ mukhaṁ chaiva dvādaśāṅgula-saṁjñakam | ### [v1.c6.84](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.84) Aṅgushṭha-tarjani-yuktaṁ prādeśaṁ iti kīrtitam || 21. (Madhyamāṅgushṭha-saṁyuktaṁ tāla-mānam iti smṛitam |) Aṅgushṭhānāmikā-yuktaṁ vitastir iti chochyate || 22. Kanishṭhāṅgushṭhayor yuktaṁ go-karṇaṁ iti saṁjñikam | ### [v1.c6.85](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.85) The correct reading of the last two lines should be : ### [v1.c6.86](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.86) Aṅgushṭhānāmikā-yuktaṁ go-karṇaṁ iti saṁjñikam || 22. Kanishṭhāṅgushṭhayor yuktaṁ(-tā) vitastir iti chochyate | ### [v1.c6.87](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.87) Compare : Brahmāṇḍa purāṇa I, VII, 97,98 (see under GOKARṆA and VITASTI). ### [v1.c6.88](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.88) Prādeśaś cha vitastis cha gokarṇaś cha ime trayaḥ || 23. ### [v1.c6.89](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.89) The two kinds of the measure by the fist : ### [v1.c6.90](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.90) Jajñādike prayoktavyāḥ prāsādādau na māpayet | Ratniḥ saṁvṛita-mushṭiḥ syād aratniḥ prasṛitāṅguliḥ || 24. ### [v1.c6.91](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.91) Different kinds of the hasta or cubit measures : ### [v1.c6.92](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.92) Kishkus cha prājāpatyaś cha dhanur-mushṭi-dhanu(r)grahau | Aṅgulas tu chatur-viṁśat kishkur ityuchyate budhaiḥ || 25. Pañcha-viṁśatibhiś chaiva prājāpatyam udāhṛitam | Shaḍ-viṁśati-dhanur-mushṭiḥ sapta-viṁśad-dhanu(r)grahaḥ || 26. ### [v1.c6.93](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.93) The objects measured in these cubits : ### [v1.c6.94](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.94) Kishku-hastādi-chatvāri-mānāṅgula-vaśāt-tamaḥ (?) | Ebhir hasta-pramāṇais tu prāsādādīni kārayet || 27. Śayanaṁ chāsanaṁ chaiva kishku-māna-vaśāt kuru | Liṅgaṁ cha piṇḍikāṁ chaiva prāsādaṁ gopuraṁ tathā || 28. Prākāra-maṇḍapaṁ chaiva prājāpatya-kareṇa tu | ### [v1.c6.95](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.95) The higher measures : ### [v1.c6.96](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.96) Dhanu(r)grahaś chatushkaṁ yad daṇḍa-mānaṁ prakīrtitam || 29 Sahasra-daṇḍa-mānena krośa-mātraṁ vidhīyate | Gavyūtir dvi-guṇaṁ jñeyaṁ tad-dhi(dvi)-guṇaṁ cha ghātakam || 30. Ghātakasya chatushkaṁ tu yojanā parikīrtitā || 31. ### [v1.c6.97](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.97) (10) "Manu-saṁhitā", VIII. 271 (cf. under "Bṛihat-saṁhitā" above) : ### [v1.c6.98](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.98) Nikshepyo'yomayaḥ śaṅkur jvalannasye daśāṅgulaḥ | ### [v1.c6.99](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.99) Na hyaviddhaṁ tayor gātre babhūvāṅgulam antaraṁ l. ### [v1.c6.100](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.100) (12) “Aratni, cubit”. According to the \*Śulvasūtra\* of Baudhāyana (Fleet. J. R. A. S., 1912,231, 2), this measure is equal to 24 aṅgulas or ‘finger-breadths’. The \*Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa\* (x. 2,1,3) also mentions 24 aṅgulas or ‘finger-breadths’ as a measure, but without reference to the aratni (see below), cf. Eggeling, \*Sacred Books of the East\*, 43, 300, n.3.”. ### [v1.c6.101](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.101) (13) “Prādeśa frequently occurs in the “Brāhmaṇas” (Vedic Index ii, 152). (“Aitareya,” viii 5; “Śatapatha,” iii, 5, 4, 5; “Chhāndogya upanishad”, v. 18, 1, etc..) as a measure of length, a span”, (\*ibid.\* II-50.) ### [v1.c6.102](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.102) (14) “The “Śatāpatha-Brāhmaṇa”, 10, 2, 1, 2:—Tasy-aish-āvamā mātrā yad aṅgulayaḥ;—this is his lowest measure, namely the fingers.” ### [v1.c6.103](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.103) (15) “In some table the aratni is distinguished from the hasta, and is defined as measuring 21 aṅgula. But the “Śulvasūtra” of Baudhāyana defines it as equal to 2 prādeśa each of 12 aṅgula, and so agrees in making it equal to 24 aṅgula. In any case, our present point is that the “Kauṭilīya-Arthaśāstra” gives its value as 24 aṅgula.” (Fleet \*J. R. A. S.\*, 1912, p. 231 notes 1, 2.). Compare also \*ibid.\* pp. 231, 232, 233: ### [v1.c6.104](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.104) (16) “Like some of the other Hindu tables, it “(Kauṭilīya-Arthaśāstra”) starts (p. 106, line 3) with the paramāṇu or ‘most minute atom.’ It takes its measures up to the aṅgula, through four intermediate grades, by “eights”: it defines the aṅgula (line 7) as being equal to 8 yava-madhya, or 8 barley-corns laid side by side: and it further defines it as the middle breadth of the middle finger of a middle-sized man. It tells us (line 11) that 12 \*aṅgula\* are 1 \*vitasti\* or “span and (line 13) that 2 \*vitasti\* are 1 \*aratni\*: here, by its aratni of 24 aṅgula it means the measure which in other tables is usually called hasta or kara, “the fore-arm, the cubit”; and, in fact, it adds \*prājāpatya\* hasta as another name of its \*aratni\*.” ### [v1.c6.105](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.105) “In the regular course of the table it tells us next (line 20) that 4 aratni (i.e. 4 hasta or cubits) are 1 daṇḍa, ‘staff’, or dhanus, ‘bow’ (from which it follows that 1 dhanus = 96 aṅgula).” “Now the aṅgula or finger-breadth may be the theoretical unit: it may well have been originally the actual unit and the source of the other measures. But we can hardly doubt that the hasta or cubit eventually took its place as the practical unit; and that a correct scale was maintained by keeping in public offices a standard hasta marked off into 2 vitasti and 24 aṅgula. At any rate, the hasta is the practical measure to which we must attend in estimating all the others.” (17) “Following Colebrooke (“Essays,” I. 540, note), I take the hasta for easy computation at exactly 18 inches, which gives ¾ inch as the value of the aṅgula.” ### [v1.c6.106](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.106) AṄGHRI—A foot, generally a small (dwarf) pillar constructed on a larger one, or in the upper parts of a storey; a pilaster: ### [v1.c6.107](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.107) Tad-dvayaṁ chāṅghri-tuṅgaṁ syād ekāṁsaṁ prastarānvitam @H (M. XII, 35). Chatush-pādaṁ tri-pādaṁ cha dvi-pādaikāṅghrim eva vā (M. LXVII. 8). Tatra hīnādhikaṁ chet pāda-sthānāṅghrikāśrayam | Sarveshāṁ bhitti-māneshu tatra dosho na vidyate (M. LXIX. 60-61). ### [v1.c6.108](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.108) As a synonym of the pillar: ### [v1.c6.109](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.109) Jaṅghā cha charaṇaṁ chaiva sthalī stambhamaṅghrikam @H (M. xv. 4). ### [v1.c6.110](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.110) As a pillar of the first floor: ### [v1.c6.111](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.111) Tadūrdhve’ṅghri śarāṁśaṁ syāt (M. xx. 16). Adri-sopāna-pārśve tu na kuryāt pārśvayor aṅghrikam (M. xxx. 163). ### [v1.c6.112](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.112) As a dwarf pillar placed upon a larger column: ### [v1.c6.113](https://indike.org/pramana/ins.art.acharya-1927.v1.c6.113) Athavā sapta-saptāṁśaṁ vibhajet tritalodaye | Chatur-bhāgam adhishṭhānaṁ tad-dvayaṁ pāda-tuṅgakam | _First 164 of 8,288 passages. 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